Jair Bolsonaro

Jair Bolsonaro
Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro
Assumed office
1 February 1991
Alderman of Rio de Janeiro
In office
1 January 1989 – 1 February 1991
Personal details
Born Jair Messias Bolsonaro
(1955-03-21) 21 March 1955
Glicério, São Paulo, Brazil
Political party
  • PSL (2018–present)[1]
  • PSC (2016–2018)
  • PP (2005–2016)
  • PFL (2005)
  • PTB (2003–2005)
  • PPB (1995–2003)
  • PPR (1993–1995)
  • PP (1993)
  • PDC (1989–1993)
Spouse(s)
  • Rogéria Nantes Braga (div.)
  • Ana Cristina Valle (div.)
  • Michelle Reinaldo (m. 2013)
Children 5, including Flávio and Eduardo
Alma mater Agulhas Negras Military Academy
Website Official website
Military service
Allegiance  Brazil
Service/branch Brazil Brazilian Army
Years of service 1971–1988
Rank Captain
Commands 8th Field Artillery Group
9th Parachute Artillery Group

Jair Messias Bolsonaro (Portuguese: [ʒaˈiʁ meˈsiɐs bowsoˈnaɾu]; born 21 March 1955) is a Brazilian politician who has served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies, representing the state of Rio de Janeiro, since 1991. He is a member of the Social Liberal Party (PSL).

Born in Glicério, São Paulo, Bolsonaro graduated from the Agulhas Negras Military Academy in 1977 and served in the Brazilian Army's field artillery and parachutist groups. He became known to the public in 1986, when he penned an article for Veja magazine criticizing low wages for military officials, after which he was arrested for fifteen days despite receiving letters of support from peers in the army; he was acquitted two years later.[2]

Bolsonaro joined the reserve in 1988 with the rank of captain, and ran for the Rio de Janeiro City Council that year, being elected as a member of the Christian Democratic Party. In 1990 Bolsonaro was elected to the lower chamber of Congress, and was subsequently re-elected six times. During his 27-year tenure as a congressman, Bolsonaro became known for his strong opposition to left-wing policies. Most notably, he has been a vocal opponent of same-sex marriage,[3] abortion,[4] affirmative action,[5] drug liberalization,[6] and secularism.[7] In foreign policy, he has advocated closer relations to the United States[8] and Israel.[9] He has recently advocated for economic liberal policies, like deregulation.[10] A polarizing and controversial politician, his views and comments, which have been described as far-right and conservative in nature, have drawn both praise and criticism in Brazil.[11][12][13][14]

Bolsonaro announced his pre-candidacy for president in March 2016 as a member of the Social Christian Party.[15] However, he left the party in 2018 and joined the Social Liberal Party, which launched his presidential campaign in August 2018 with retired general Hamilton Mourão as his running mate. He portrays himself as an outsider and a supporter for family values. Bolsonaro came in first place in the first round of the general election on 7 October 2018, with PT candidate Fernando Haddad coming in second place. The two candidates will face again on 28 October.[16]

Biography

Personal life

Jair Bolsonaro was born on 21 March 1955 in the town of Glicério, São Paulo,[17] in the southeast region of Brazil, to Perci Geraldo Bolsonaro and Olinda Bonturi. Jair Bolsonaro is of Italian and German descent. According to Bolsonaro himself, his great-grandfather was German and was a soldier of Adolf Hitler: "He had no choice: either he was a soldier, or he would be killed", he said.[18][19]

Bolsonaro is married to his third wife and has five children. His first wife was Rogéria Bolsonaro (with whom he has three sons: Flávio, Carlos and Eduardo). His second marriage was with Ana Cristina (with whom he has one son, Renan). His third and current wife is Michelle de Paula Firmo Reinaldo Bolsonaro, with whom he has his only daughter, Laura.[20] While working in Congress, Jair Bolsonaro hired his wife as a secretary and over the next two years she received unusual promotions and her salary more than tripled. He had to fire her after the Supreme Federal Court ruled that nepotism is illegal in the public administration.[21] As of 2016, Bolsonaro and his wife lived in Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro.[22]

Military career

In his final years in high school, Bolsonaro was admitted to the prep school of the Brazilian Army and then was sent to the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (Brazil's main military academy), graduating in 1977. He briefly served in the army's parachutist units. His superior officers described him as "ambitious and aggressive".[23][11]

Bolsonaro in 1986

His first rise to publicity came in 1986 when he gave an interview to the news magazine Veja. He complained about low salaries in the military and claimed that the High Command was firing officers due to budgetary cuts and not because they were displaying 'deviations of conduct', as the command was telling the press.[24] Despite being reprimanded by his superiors, Bolsonaro received praise from fellow officers and wives of military men, becoming a household name for a lot of hardliners and right-wingers who were growing disenchanted with Brazil's new civilian democratic government.[25] Bolsonaro served in the military for seventeen years, reaching the rank of Captain.

Political career

Bolsonaro as Rio de Janeiro city councilor, 1990

In 1988, he entered politics by getting elected city councilor in Rio de Janeiro by the Christian Democratic Party. In the 1990 elections, he was elected a federal congressman from the same party. He served four consecutive terms. He has been affiliated with several other Brazilian political parties over the years. In 2014, he was the congressman who gained the most votes in Rio de Janeiro, with 464,000 votes.

In his 26 years of service in the Brazilian National Congress, he put forward at least 171 bills and one constitutional amendment, passing two of them into law.[26] According to Bolsonaro, who claims to be persecuted by the left-wing parties, most congressmen do not vote according to their agenda, but "by who the author of the bill is".[27]

In January 2018, Bolsonaro abandoned the Social Christian Party and switched to the Social Liberal Party (PSL).[28] Following his arrival, the PSL abandoned its previous social liberal stances and moved to national conservative right-wing positions.

2018 presidential campaign

On 22 July 2018, Bolsonaro was officially nominated by the Social Liberal Party (PSL) as its presidential candidate for the 2018 election.[29] Bolsonaro was also endorsed by the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party. His coalition name was "God above all" (Deus acima de todos). Though contested by two lawsuits, the Superior Electoral Court of Brazil deferred them and his candidacy was made official on 6 August.[30]

Bolsonaro announced in August that Antônio Hamilton Mourão, a retired army general, would be his running mate for the upcoming election.[31]

According to political pundits, early in the campaign, Bolsonaro moderated his tone, taking a less aggressive and confrontational style. Economically, he started to support the idea of less government intervention in the economy (in contrast to what he has stated in the past, when he defended developmentalists policies). On the other hand, he maintained his tough stance on crime and his defense of "traditional family values".[32] Bolsonaro also said he plans to cut taxes across the board, particularly on inheritances and businesses, in order to generate growth and tackle unemployment.[33] He also promised more austerity measures and cuts in government spending, but was skewed on naming the areas where he would do those cuts. He also mentioned he would work to diminish the size and bureaucracy of the federal government by throwing a wild variety of deregulation measures.[34]

On 9 August 2018, he attended the first presidential debate of the year, organized by the TV network Rede Bandeirantes.[35] A week later, there was another debate at RedeTV!.[36] On 28 August, he gave an interview to Jornal Nacional, Brazil's best rated primetime news program, at Rede Globo.[37]

Jair Bolsonaro was the first candidate for the presidency that was able to raise over a $1 million reais in donations from the public during the 2018 campaign. In the first 59 days, he amassed an average of $17,000 reais per day in donations.[38]

Since the Workers' Party candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was arrested in April 2018, Bolsonaro has been leading opinion polls for the presidency.[39][40] A Datafolha poll from September, for instance, showed Bolsonaro as the leading candidate in the first round with 28% of vote intentions; however, run-off scenarios show Bolsonaro losing to opponents Geraldo Alckmin, Fernando Haddad and Ciro Gomes and tying with Marina Silva.[41] A more recent poll from Datafolha, conducted in the week leading up to election day, shows a considerable surge for Bolsonaro, who has 40% of vote intentions, or 36% when null or blank vote intentions are included. Fernando Haddad comes second with 25%, and Ciro Gomes comes in third with 15%.[42]

The first round of the election occurred on 7 October 2018, with Bolsonaro finishing it in first place with 46% of the popular vote (or 49.2 million people). Since he failed to win overall 50% of valid votes needed to win outright, he will face the second most voted, Fernando Haddad from the Workers' Party, in the second round to be held in 28 October 2018.[43]

Attack during campaign event

Bolsonaro was stabbed in the stomach on 6 September 2018 while campaigning and interacting with supporters in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais.[44] At first, his son Flávio stated that his father's wounds were only superficial and he was recovering in the hospital.[45] But Flávio Bolsonaro later stated that the wounds seemed worse than initially thought[46] and his father most likely wouldn't be able to start campaigning personally before the end of the first round.[47] He tweeted about his father's condition, explaining that the perforation reached parts of the liver, lung, and intestine. He also stated that Bolsonaro had lost a large amount of blood, arriving at the hospital with severe hypotension (his blood pressure was 10/3, equivalent to 100/30 mmHg), but that he had since stabilized.[48][49][44] The attack was condemned by most of the other candidates in the presidential race, from both sides of the political spectrum, and by Brazilian President Michel Temer.[50] The day after the attack, Bolsonaro was transferred to the Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital, in São Paulo, after a request from his family. According to the doctors, he was in an "extremely stable" condition.[51]

Police arrested and identified the attacker as Adelio Bispo de Oliveira, who, according to security agents, claimed he was on "a mission from God".[52] He had been a member of the Socialism and Liberty Party between 2007 and 2014. His social media posts included political criticisms against both Bolsonaro and Temer.[53]

On September 29, a month after the attack, Bolsonaro was released from the hospital and returned to his home in Rio de Janeiro. Still, his condition prevents him from returning to the campaign trail for the remainder of the first round of the presidential election.[54] In the same weekend he left the hospital, thousands of people took the streets in dozens of cities in Brazil to protest against Bolsonaro and his political stances, chanting “Not him!” ("Ele não").[55] There were also rallies in support of the candidate in sixteen states.[56]

Political views

Bolsonaro in 2010

Bolsonaro's political views have been described as nationalist and populist in nature, and he is an advocate of far-right policies.[57][58] His supporters, however, claim that his views are more aligned with traditional right-wing conservatism.[59] His electorate is mainly formed by young people (usually between 16 and 24), the working middle to upper class (mainly in the southeast region of the country), conservatives in general, college graduates, some centrists and the Christian right.[60] According to some polls, Bolsonaro's main support comes from the southeast, central-west, and south regions of Brazil. His voters are usually male and white, with a noticeable gender gap, with Bolsonaro polling poorly among female voters (mustering only 18% support with this demographic).[55][61][62] Just before the 2018 election, however, it was reported that female support for him had risen to 27%.[63]

Jair Bolsonaro is known for his strong opposition to left-wing policies. Most notably, he has been a vocal opponent of same-sex marriage,[64] abortion,[65] affirmative action (particularly racial quotas),[66] immigration[67] (particularly from Haiti, Africa and the Middle East, which he once called "the scum of humanity"),[58] drug liberalization,[7] land reforms,[68] and secularism at the state level,[7] among other things.[69] He has also made statements in defense of the Brazilian military regime[70] (a dictatorship known for constant human rights violations).[71] He claims that torture is a "legitimate practice" and says that he would change the Brazilian penal code and would try to pass new legislation regarding the introduction of life imprisonment and capital punishment (which is currently banned under the Constitution of Brazil of 1988).[72] Bolsonaro supports the privatization of state-owned companies and advocates free market policies,[73] although critics have stated that his policy-making record does not in fact show him to be a supporter of economic liberalism.[74]

In a 2017 interview with journalist Claudio Dantas Sequeira from O Antagonista, Bolsonaro said that his views are directly aligned with centrist to right-wing United States citizens' views on gun ownership, abortion, gender politics and trade, despite the "left-leaning media frenzy" against him. He reiterated that he intends to reverse some disarmament laws, improve public security, and also improve trade ties with the United States, which he said were broken during Lula da Silva's and Dilma Rousseff's administrations.[75]

Bolsonaro has, during his long political career, expressed views that many regard as being far-right.[76] He has made statements that some people considered insulting, homophobic,[77] violence-inciting,[78][79][80] misogynistic, sexist,[81][79][80] racist[82][79][80] or anti-refugee.[83] Other controversial political stances expressed by Bolsonaro have been of the defense of the death penalty and of radical interventionism in Brazil by the military, along with an imposition of a Brazilian military government.[7][84]

American journalist Glenn Greenwald called Bolsonaro "the most misogynistic, hateful elected official in the democratic world".[85] News.com.au wondered whether Bolsonaro was "the world’s most repulsive politician".[82] British news magazine The Economist referred to him as a "radical", "religious nationalist", a "right-wing demagogue", and "apologist of dictators".[86]

Pro-Americanism

Bolsonaro is widely considered to be the most pro-American candidate in Brazil since the 1980s. PSL members have said that if elected, he will dramatically improve relations between the United States and Brazil.[8] During an October 2017 campaign rally in Miami, he saluted the American flag and led chants of “USA! USA!" to a large crowd.[87]

Views on women

In an interview with Zero Hora in 2015, Bolsonaro argued that men and women should not receive the same salaries, because women get pregnant; adding that he believes federal law mandating paid maternity leave harms work productivity.[88]

In a public speech in April 2017, Bolsonaro said that he had five children, that the first four were male and that for the fifth he produced a daughter out of "a moment of weakness".[89]

Bolsonaro arguing with Federal Deputy Maria do Rosário in the Chamber of Deputies, 14 September 2016

Bolsonaro provoked controversy for a series of remarks made to and about Federal Deputy and former Human Rights Minister Maria do Rosário. During a Congressional debate, Bolsonaro said that minors should be treated as adults if they commit heinous crimes such as murder or rape, to which Maria do Rosário responded by calling him a "rapist".[90][91][92] Bolsonaro then stated that Congresswoman do Rosário was "not worthy of being raped."[93] The remarks drew considerable condemnation throughout Brazil. In the aftermath of these remarks, Bolsonaro was tried and convicted in a Federal court in September 2015 on counts of hedonic damages against Rosário.[94] In June 2016, the Federal Supreme Court responded to a complaint filed by the Attorney General and decided to open two criminal actions against Bolsonaro. The Supreme Court ruled that he had potentially incited rape and defamed the honor of his fellow Deputy. He faced a penalty of 3 to 6 months of imprisonment and a fine.[95] Ultimately in August 2017, an appellate court upheld a lower court's verdict which found Bolsonaro guilty and sentenced him to pay a fine to Rosário of R$10,000 (roughly equivalent to US$2,500).[96]

Views on the Brazilian military dictatorship

Throughout his political career, Bolsonaro has made a number of admiring comments about the Brazilian military dictatorship which ruled the country from 1964 to 1985. He said in 1993, eight years after the return of democracy, that the military regime had "led to a more sustainable and prosperous Brazil".[11] Bolsonaro has publicly referred to the military dictatorship as a "glorious" period in Brazil's history,[97] and that the under the military dictatorship, Brazil enjoyed "20 years of order and progress."[97] In December 2008, Bolsonaro said that "the error of the dictatorship was that it tortured, but did not kill."[98]

Bolsonaro has also repeatedly made admiring comments about a number of other Latin American dictatorships. He praised Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori as a role model for his use of military intervention against the judiciary and legislature.[11] In a 1998 interview with Veja magazine, Bolsonaro praised the Chilean dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, and said the Pinochet regime, which killed over 3,000 Chilean citizens, "should have killed more people."[99]

Speaking before his vote in favor of President Dilma Rousseff's impeachment, Bolsonaro paid homage to Colonel Brilhante Ustra, an agent of Brazil's military dictatorship, and announced on the floor of the Chamber of Deputies that he was dedicating his pro-impeachment vote to Ustra's memory. Ustra had headed the DOI-CODI torture unit where Rousseff was tortured during the military dictatorship. Left-wing deputy Jean Wyllys spat at him after his own statement during the same session. The congressman claimed to have suffered homophobic offenses from Jair Bolsonaro and his allies.[100][101]

In a TV interview with Câmera Aberta in the 1990s, Bolsonaro said that if he ever became President, he would use this as an opportunity to shut down the National Congress and instigate a military coup himself:[102]

"I have no doubts – I would begin the coup on the very first day! And I am sure that at least 90% of the people would commemorate or give me an ovation. The Congress today is good for nothing, they only vote in favor of the president's projects. If he is the person who makes the decisions, who calls the shots, who laughs at the Congress, then start the coup at once, and let's make this a dictatorship"

Views on homosexuality

The LGBT-related magazine The Advocate has called Bolsonaro "Brazil's biggest homophobe".[103]

In a June 2011, interview with Playboy, Bolsonaro said that "I would be incapable of loving a gay son," and added that he would prefer any son of his "to die in an accident..."[104] In the same interview, Bolsonaro went on to say that if a gay couple moved in next door to him, it would lower the market value of his house. In a July 2011 interview with the magazine Época, Bolsonaro said that he would "fight to prevent the distribution of the 'gay kit' [a set of guidelines proposed by UNESCO to promote the rights of the LGBT community in primary schools] because "their intention is to promote homosexuality, which is an affront to the family structure, and if that makes me prejudiced, then I'm prejudiced and very proud of it."[7] In the 2013 BBC documentary Out There, by British actor Stephen Fry, Bolsonaro said that "no father is ever proud of having a gay son," and that "we Brazilians do not like homosexuals."[105]

In an 2011 interview with Jornal de Notícias, Bolsonaro linked homosexuality to pedophilia, claiming that "many of the children who are adopted by gay couples will be abused by these couples." He further argued that Brazil does not need legislation specifically targeting homophobia, because "most homosexuals are murdered by their respective pimps at hours when good citizens are already asleep."[106] In a May 2002 interview with the Folha de S.Paulo, Bolsonaro told the newspaper, "If I see two men kissing in the street, I will beat them." He then publicly defended beating gay children by saying: "If your child starts to become like that, a little gay, you take a whip and you change their behavior."[107]

In a video interview for Vice with actress Ellen Page, Page asked Bolsonaro if he thinks she should have been beaten as a child, in response to his public statements that gay children should be beaten. Bolsonaro replied to Page, "You are very nice. If I were a cadet in the military academy and saw you on the street, I would whistle at you. All right? You are very pretty.”[103] Bolsonaro added, "Over time, due to liberal habits, drugs, with women also working, the number of homosexuals has really increased."[103]

On November 9, 2017, the Court of Justice for the State of Rio de Janeiro sentenced Bolsonaro to pay a fine of $150,000 reais for hate speech because of televised comments he made in 2011 to the CQC TV program, when Bolsonaro stated that "there is no risk" of his family producing a homosexual child because his children had a "good education". Judge Luciana Teixeira said that the deputy had abused his right of free expression to commit a wrongful act. "You can not deliberately attack and humiliate, ignoring the principles of equality, just because you invoke freedom of expression," said the judge.[108]

Birth control for the poor

Bolsonaro provoked considerable controversy for public remarks made in July 2008, when he appeared to advocate the sterilization of poor people, who he suggested might be too uneducated to understand family planning education: "It is no good talking about education because most of these people are not prepared to receive education and will not educate themselves. Only birth control can save us from chaos," he said.[109][110][111]

Electoral performance

Presidential

Election Candidate First round Second round
Votes % Position Result Votes % Position Result
2018 Jair Bolsonaro 49,276,990 46.0 #1 Run-off TBD TBD TBD TBD
Source:[112]

References

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  2. ↑ Carvalho, Luiz Maklouf (1 April 2018). "O julgamento que tirou Bolsonaro do anonimato". O Estado de São Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 October 2018.
  3. ↑ "Bolsonaro: após união gay, próximo passo é legalizar pedofilia". Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  4. ↑ "Bolsonaro, em Porto Alegre, confirma ser contra o aborto e a favor da redução da maioridade penal – Jornal O Sul". 21 August 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  5. ↑ "Para ministra da Igualdade Racial, declarações de Bolsonaro são caso explícito de racismo". Política. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  6. ↑ "Jair Bolsonaro: "Sou preconceituoso, com muito orgulho"". revistaepoca.globo.com. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Jair Bolsonaro: "Sou preconceituoso, com muito orgulho"". revistaepoca.globo.com. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
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  9. ↑ Staff (October 6, 2018). "Brazil's Workers' Party likens pro-Israel presidential front-runner to Hitler". The Times of Israel. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  10. ↑ Bolsonaro diz que é liberal e adota discurso que agrada investidores, Folha
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  51. ↑ "Jair Bolsonaro é internado no Hospital Albert Einstein, em SP". G1 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 7 September 2018.
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  53. ↑ "Quem é o autor do ataque a Bolsonaro". El País Brasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  54. ↑ "Bolsonaro recebe alta e deixa hospital em São Paulo". G1 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 30 September 2018.
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  65. ↑ "Bolsonaro, em Porto Alegre, confirma ser contra o aborto e a favor da redução da maioridade penal – Jornal O Sul". 21 August 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  66. ↑ "Para ministra da Igualdade Racial, declarações de Bolsonaro são caso explícito de racismo". Política. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  67. ↑ "Bolsonaro vê imigrantes como "ameaça" e chama refugiados de "a escória do mundo" - Jornal Opção". 18 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  68. ↑ "Em Mato Grosso, Bolsonaro defende radicalização dos produtores contra MST". Retrieved 7 September 2018.
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  70. ↑ "Jair Bolsonaro defende golpe militar de 1964 em recepção a Yoani Sánchez". 20 February 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  71. ↑ Phillips, Dom (14 January 2018). "Brazil's far-right presidential contender gets soft drink named after him". the Guardian. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  72. ↑ "Terra – ISTO GENTE – Entrevista: Jair Bolsonaro". 31 May 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  73. ↑ "Bolsonaro diz que é liberal e adota discurso que agrada investidores".
  74. ↑ "Em 7 mandatos, Bolsonaro não foi um deputado liberal nem totalmente anti-PT" (in Portuguese)
  75. ↑ "ENTREVISTA | Bolsonaro revela a O Antagonista seus planos para a Presidência" (in Portuguese)
  76. ↑ "With Rousseff on the ropes, Brazil's far right sees an opening". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  77. ↑ "Unlikely and unlikable, Jair Bolsonaro could lead Brazil". DW.com.
  78. ↑ Globo. "Ellen Page confronta Jair Bolsonaro em cena de documentário". Globo.com.
  79. 1 2 3 Mark Weisbrot. "Brazil's Donald Trump?". US News.
  80. 1 2 3 "Acts of Faith. A Trump-like politician in Brazil could snag the support of a powerful religious group: evangelicals". The Washington Post.
  81. ↑ TheGuardian. "Brazilian congressman ordered to pay compensation over rape remark". TheGuardian.com.
  82. 1 2 Gavin Fernando. "Is this the world's most repulsive politician?". News.com.au.
  83. ↑ Simon Romero. "Conservative's Star Rises in Brazil as Polarizing Views Tap Into Discontent". Nytimes.com.
  84. ↑ "Leftist Lion and Far-Right Provocateur Vie for Brazil Presidency". The New York Times.
  85. ↑ "The Most Misogynistic, Hateful Elected Official in the Democratic World: Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro – The Intercept". The Intercept.
  86. ↑ "Jair Bolsonaro hopes to be Brazil's Donald Trump". Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  87. ↑ Winter, Brian (October 9, 2018). "What to Expect from Jair Bolsonaro". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  88. ↑ "Jair Bolsonaro diz que mulher deve ganhar salário menor porque engravida". revistacrescer.globo.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  89. ↑ "Piada de Bolsonaro sobre sua filha gera revolta nas redes sociais". exame.abril.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  90. ↑ "É chegada a hora de dar um "Basta!" às boçalidades de Bolsonaro, hoje o mais importante aliado da esquerda boçal: ambos se alimentam e se merecem!". Reinaldo Azevedo – VEJA.com.br.
  91. ↑ "Para rebater deputada, Bolsonaro diz que não a 'estupraria'". Márcio Falcão e Gabriela Guerreiro – Folha de São Paulo.
  92. ↑ "Bolsonaro sobre ataque a deputada: "me acusou de estuprador"". André Naddeo – Terra.
  93. ↑ "Brazilian Congressman Tells Colleague She's Not Worth Raping". The Huffington Post.
  94. ↑ "Mônica Bergamo: Bolsonaro é condenado por dizer que Maria do Rosário 'não merece' estupro". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  95. ↑ "Bolsonaro vira réu por falar que Maria do Rosário não merece ser estuprada". Política (in Portuguese). 21 June 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  96. ↑ "STJ determina que Bolsonaro indenize Maria do Rosário por danos morais". Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  97. 1 2 "Bolsonaro chama ditadura militar brasileira de "intervenção democrática"". R7.com (in Portuguese). 2015-03-31. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  98. ↑ "Defensor da Ditadura, Jair Bolsonaro reforça frase polêmica: "o erro foi torturar e não matar" - Pânico - Jovem Pan FM São Paulo 100.9". Jovem Pan FM (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  99. ↑ "As frases polêmicas de Jair Bolsonaro". Congresso em Foco (in Portuguese). 2017-08-05. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  100. ↑ "A lightning rod for attacks by Brazil's right wing". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  101. ↑ Watts, Jonathan (18 April 2016). "Dilma Rousseff: Brazilian congress votes to impeach president". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  102. ↑ "Folha de S.Paulo – Internacional – En – Brazil – Congressman Bolsonaro Defended New Military Coup in the 1990s – 04/06/2018". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  103. 1 2 3 "WATCH: Ellen Page Confronts Brazil's Biggest Homophobe on 'Gaycation'". 12 March 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  104. ↑ "Bolsonaro: "prefiro filho morto em acidente a um homossexual"". Terra (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  105. ↑ novoiluminismo (17 October 2013), Entrevista – Jair Bolsonaro e Angélica Ivo [ORIGINAL], retrieved 3 June 2018
  106. ↑ "Deputado Bolsonaro diz que Governo transforma gays numa classe privilegiada". Jornal de Notícias. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  107. ↑ "Folha de S.Paulo – Câmara: Palmada muda filho "gayzinho", declara deputado federal – 26/11/2010". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  108. ↑ "Bolsonaro é condenado a pagar R$ 150 mil por declarações contra gays". Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved 2018-09-11.
  109. ↑ Online, O POVO. "Bolsonaro defendeu esterilização de pobres como forma de combater miséria e criminalidade". www.opovo.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  110. ↑ "'Brazil's Donald Trump' critically injured in presidential campaign rally stabbing". The Independent. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
  111. ↑ "'Forced' sterilisation of Brazilian woman sparks uproar". Retrieved 2018-09-16.
  112. ↑ "Mapa da apuração no Brasil" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-10-08.
Party political offices
Preceded by
Luciano Bivar		 PSL nominee for President of Brazil
2018		 Most recent
  • "O Mito de Bolsonaro" [The Myth of Bolsonaro]. Vice Media (in Portuguese).
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