Israel–Russia relations

Israel–Russia relations

Israel
Russia
Israeli embassy in Moscow, Russia.
The Russian Compound in Jerusalem
Benjamin Netanyahu and Vladimir Putin in 2018.

Israel–Russia relations refers to the bilateral foreign relations between the two countries, Israel and Russia. Russia has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a consulate in Haifa. Israel has an embassy in Moscow and a consulate-general (to open) in Yekaterinburg.

Russia is a member of the Quartet on the Middle East. For many years, Israel was a sanctuary for many Russian Jews. This was especially the case during the Aliyah in the 1970s and the Aliyah in the 1990s. Israel and Russia were on opposing sides during the Cold War. However, the relationship between Israel and Russia began to improve significantly from the early 2000s onwards, with the election of the more pro-Israel Vladimir Putin, and in 2001 with election of the more pro-Russian Ariel Sharon.[1]

Israel is part Russophone and considered to be the world's only part Russophone country outside the former Soviet Union. Russian is the third most widely spoken first language in Israel, after Hebrew and Arabic, and has the third largest number of Russian speakers outside former Soviet countries, and the highest as a proportion of the total population.[2]

Over 100,000 Israeli citizens live in Russia,[3] with 80,000 Israelis living in Moscow,[4] while hundreds of thousands of Russian citizens reside in Israel, from around 1.5 million native Russian-speaking Israelis.[5]

History

The Soviet period

With the German invasion of Russia in 1941, Joseph Stalin reversed his long-standing opposition to Zionism, and tried to mobilize worldwide Jewish support for the Soviet war effort. A Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee was set up in Moscow. Many thousands of Jewish refugees fled the Nazis and entered the Soviet Union during the war, where they reinvigorated Jewish religious activities and opened new synagogues.[6] From late 1944, Stalin adopted an openly pro-Zionist foreign policy, apparently believing that the new country would be socialist and would speed the decline of British influence in the Middle East.[7]

In May 1947 Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko told the United Nations that the USSR supported the partition of Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state.[8] The USSR and its satellites voted in November 1947 for the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.[9] It paved the way for the creation of the State of Israel. On May 17, 1948, three days after Israel declared its independence, the Soviet Union officially recognized Israel.[10]

Israeli ambassador to the Soviet Union Golda Meir surrounded by crowd of 50,000 Jews near Moscow Choral Synagogue on the first day of Rosh Hashanah in 1948.

Golda Meir was appointed Israel's minister to the Soviet Union, with her term beginning on 2 September 1948 and ending in March, 1949. She attended Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur services at the Moscow Choral Synagogue.[11] However once Israel was established, Stalin reversed positions, favoured the Arabs, arrested the leaders of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, and launched attacks on Jews in the USSR.[12]

These relations were severed by the Soviet government in June 1967, in protest of Israeli policy during the Six Day War and immediately after.

After the fall of Communism

Victory Monument in Netanya, Israel, dedicated to the victory in World War II.
Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and President Vladimir Putin meeting in Israel
Sergei's Courtyard in Jerusalem, whose ownership was transferred from the Israeli government to Russia in 2008.

The Soviet Union resumed diplomatic relations with Israel on October 18, 1991.[13] The journalist Alexander Bovin became the first Soviet ambassador to Israel in 24 years. After the Soviet Union collapsed two months later, he continued to serve as Russia's ambassador to Israel.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union caused a very large immigration wave of Jews from Soviet states. Due to demand from the new immigrants, many Russian language newspapers appeared, and with the development of the multichannel television in Israel during the 1990s, many Russian channels started being rebroadcast in Israel. In November 2002, a new Israeli-Russian channel, Israel Plus, emerged.

On October 19, 1999, Defence Minister of China, General Chi Haotian, after meeting with Syrian Defense Minister Mustafa Tlass in Damascus, Syria, to discuss expanding military ties between Syria and China, flew to Israel and met with Ehud Barak, the then Prime Minister and Defence Minister of Israel, where they discussed military relations. Among the military arrangements was a $1 billion Israeli-Russian sale of military aircraft to China, which were to be jointly produced by Russia and Israel.[14]

In 1999, as Foreign Minister, Ariel Sharon began to court more friendly relations with Russia as a result of the large-scale immigration of Russian-speakers to Israel, saying "The Russian vote will decide the outcome of the [Israeli] election".[15]

However, the relationship between Israel and Russia only began to improve in 2000, with the election of the more pro-Israel Vladimir Putin, and in 2001 with election of the more pro-Russian Ariel Sharon, who described Putin as "a true friend of Israel".[1]

In 2006, Israeli troops found evidence of Russian made Kornet-E and Metis-M anti-tank systems in Hezbollah's possession in southern Lebanon. In 2007, in response to accusations that it was supplying terrorist groups with weapons, Russia said it was conducting inspections of Syrian weapons storage facilities to prevent the weapons from reaching unintended customers. This strained the already-deteriorating relations between Russia and Israel.[16]

In 2006, Vladimir Zhirinovsky visiting as part of a government delegation said that he was concerned particularly about the economic situation for the more than one million Russians living in Israel, and that "Russia will never allow any kind of violence against Israel".[17][18]

Russia planned to sell advanced surface-to-air missiles to neighboring countries,[19] and condemned Israel's actions in the Gaza War.[20][21] Russia also sent 60 tons of tent, medicines, food and other humanitarian aid to the Palestinians.[22][23]

In 2011, Putin said: "Israel is, in fact, a special state to us. It is practically a Russian-speaking country. Israel is one of the few foreign countries that can be called Russian-speaking. It's apparent that more than half of the population speaks Russian".[24] Putin additionally claimed that Israel could be considered part of the Russian cultural world, and contended that "songs which are considered to be national Israeli songs in Israel are in fact Russian national songs". He further stated that he regarded Russian-speaking Israeli citizens as his compatriots and part of the 'Russian world'.[25]

During Operation Protective Edge in 2014, Putin stated that "I support Israel's battle that is intended to keep its citizens protected".[26]

In August 2014, Russia began increasing fruit imports from Israel, after banning food imports from the EU, Norway, United States, Canada and Australia.[27]

In October 2014, India and Israel started to export meat to Russia.[28]

In October 2015, Israel and Russia held meetings to coordinate over Syria, and avoid accidentally clashing or scrambling each other's communications while operating over the country.[29][30]

In March 2016, Putin said the relations with Israel were special and based "on friendship, mutual understanding and the long common history". Putin stated: "Russia and Israel have developed a special relationship. 1.5 million Israeli citizens come from the former Soviet Union, they speak the Russian language, are the bearers of Russian culture, Russian mentality. They maintain relations with their relatives and friends in Russia, and this make the interstate relations very special".[31]

Expatriate communities

Russian language in Israel

States in which Russian is an official, semi-official, and working language.

The native Russian-speaking population of Israel is the world's third-largest population of Russian native-speakers living outside the former Soviet Union territories, and the highest as a proportion of the population.[32][33] The number of native Russian-speaking Israelis numbers around 1.5 million citizens.[34]

Russian citizens living in Israel

A political party in Israel, Yisrael Beitenu is one of the most popular choices amongst Russian-speaking Israeli voters.

Hundreds of thousands of Russian-Israeli citizens live in Israel. During Russian elections, the Russian government sets up polling stations across many Israeli cities as well as smaller towns, in order to enable the Russian citizens who are living in Israel to cast their vote. During the 2012 Russian Presidential elections, hundreds of thousands of Russian-Israelis could cast their vote in Israel.[35]

In the 2018 Russian Presidential Election, Vladimir Putin was the most popular candidate within Russian Israeli voters, winning 72.62% of the vote in Israel, with Ksenia Sobchak coming in second place with 13.42%.[36] However, despite Russia setting up 14 polling stations in Israel, voter turnout was particularly low, with less than 10% of eligible Russian Israeli dual citizens in Israel showing up to vote on the day.[37]

The political party United Russia has opened an overseas branch in Israel.[38]

Victory Day in Israel

Putin meets with Red Army veterans in Israel.

Israel hosts the most extensive Victory Day celebrations outside the former USSR.[39] Due to the large number of Red Army veterans who retired to Israel from former Soviet countries, the Russian government and military regularly send delegations to meet with the Red Army veterans associations in Israel, as well as to take part in the annual Victory Day events.[40]

Israeli community of Moscow

Moscow has the largest Israeli expatriate community in the world, with 80,000 Israeli citizens living in the city as of 2014, almost all of them native Russian-speakers.[41][42] Many Israeli cultural events are hosted for the community, and many live part of the year in Israel. To cater to the Israeli community, Israeli cultural centres are located in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Yekaterinburg.[43] There are 60 flights a week between Tel Aviv and Moscow.[41]

Military collaboration

In 2004, a three-way deal was signed between Israel, Russia and India: Israel supplied the $1.1 billion EL/W-2090 radar to the Indian Air Force, with the radar fitted onto the Ilyushin Il-76 platform by Russia.[44]

On 6 September 2010, Russia and Israel signed a five-year military agreement.[45][46]

Drones

In April 2009, Russia purchased its first package of drones from Israel (the Bird Eye-400, eight I-View Mk150 and two Searcher Mk.2 UAVs). The deal was worth $53 million.[47]

In a second deal, at the end of 2009, Russia purchased an additional 36 drones from Israel, in a deal worth $100 million.[44]

In October 2010, in a third deal, Russia purchased an additional $400 million of drones from Israel Aerospace Industries. The Israeli drones are to be assembled in Russia.[48] The production of the Russian-Israeli drones began in 2012, with delivery to the Russian military scheduled for 2014.[44]

In 2015, one of the drones was reportedly shot down by the Ukrainian military near the city of Donetsk, Ukraine. [49]

In September 2015, the Russian Army purchased another $300 million package of drones from Israel, its fourth purchase of Israeli drones.[50]

Russian tourism to Israel

Israel became in recent years a destination for Russian tourists. The city of Tel Aviv in particular is a popular destination in Russia due to its ease for Russian-speakers, hot weather, and beaches.[51] According to polls, Russian tourist satisfaction after visiting Israel was found to be significantly higher than the average, compared with lower satisfaction ratings from tourists from other countries visiting Israel.[51] Almost 500,000 Russian tourists visited Israel in 2014. However, in 2015, Russian tourist numbers to Israel fell dramatically due to the economic crisis in Russia and the fall in the value of the ruble.[52] The 2015 economic crisis in Russia precipitated a crisis in Israel's tourism industry, as many Russian tourists could no longer afford to visit Israel, leading to a fall in total tourism to Israel.[53] The level of tourism from Russia to Israel continued to fall significantly in 2015.[54] By 2018, after years of downturn, Russian tourist numbers to Israel had begun to slightly recover, with Russian tourists once again the second largest body of foreign tourists in Israel, and being particularly important for the resort town of Eilat.[55]

The Church of Mary Magdalene in Jerusalem, a popular pilgrimage site

Over 400,000 pilgrims from Russia visited Israel in 2015-2016, said Patriarch Kirill of Moscow. Patriarch Kirill said that the fact that "people in Israel speak Russian creates a special atmosphere for our pilgrims, and they often feel at home in Israel". Speaking about the life of the Jewish community in Russia, he cited the chief rabbi of Russia: "He has told me many times that he does not know any other such place than Russia, where Christians and Jews have such good relations".[56]

Russian oil supplies to Israel

As of 2014, Russia is Israel's largest supplier of crude oil (alongside Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan).[57] As of 2016, Russia was Israel's main supplier of oil.[58]

Israel–Russia visa-free agreement

In 2008, Israel and Russia signed the visa-free agreement, allowing mutual visa-free travel between the two countries. Immigrants from Russia and other former Soviet republics account for a significant proportion of Israel's citizens, meaning that visits to friends and relatives in Russia are likely to be facilitated.[59]

Customs union talks

Israel plans to enter a free-trade agreement with Russia. The Customs Union, bringing together Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, and Israel have launched an exploratory committee to study the prospects for the creation of a free trade zone, the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC - a single permanent regulatory body of the Customs Union) reported in March 2014.[60]

Encrypted communication line

Russia and Israel have agreed to install a direct encrypted communication network, to facilitate communications between the Russian President and Israeli Prime Minister. One analyst says: "Russia feels very close to the Israeli leadership... The Russians want to speak to Israel without anyone eavesdropping."[61]

Medical collaboration

Joint training

Israel and Russia partake in joint medical training of specialists. The Moscow Government has implemented a training program for metropolitan doctors and nurses to train in the leading Israeli hospitals: Hadassah, Ichilov Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, and Ramat Aviv Medical Center. Several hundred Russian medical specialists from Moscow hospitals are trained in Israel each year.[62]

Hadassah Medical Center

Beginning in 2018, Israel's Hadassah Medical Center, in agreement with the Mayor of Moscow, opened a branch in Skolkovo, becoming the first foreign hospital to open in Russia.[63][64] The Hadassah project in Russia was estimated at $ 40.2 million, of which about $ 26.4 million will go to equip the center with equipment. In addition, $ 3.2 million will be spent on educational activities. It is planned that 10% of the income generated by Israel's Hadassah medical center in Skolkovo will be directed to research activities in the field of oncology.[65]

Scientific collaboration agreements

Space

In 2011, Israel and Russia signed the Space Co-operation Agreement. The framework agreement is meant to develop joint research programs and other collaborations in areas like astrophysical and planetary research, space biology and medicine, navigational satellites and launching services and technology.[66]

Nuclear technology

In 2013, the Israeli and Russian government signed agreements to collaborate on nuclear imaging and the development of radioactive materials for dental treatments. Although the agreement is limited to medical treatments, it could form the basis for wider collaboration for ventures between the two countries in nuclear technology.[67]

Technology incubators

In the field of technology incubators, collaborative projects are being establish between the two states. Rusnano, the Russian government's vehicle for investments in nanotechnology, has established a branch in Israel, with the aim of setting up a fund for investment in Israeli nanotechnology ventures.[68] Similarly, Russia's Skolkovo innovation center has established a branch in Israel, the Israel-Skolkovo Gateway/Center (IsraelSK), which involves raising private capital and government grants leveraging for Israeli and Russian start-up companies.[69]

In 2016, Igor Drozdev, chairman of the board of the Skolkovo Foundation, signed a cooperation agreement with the Mayor of Yokneam, with the aim of collaboration in the development of technology between the two countries.[70][71]

In 2018, Yandex opened a computer science school in Israel for local students, in collaboration with Tel Aviv University's department of Computer Science. The school subsidized by Yandex, which will teach 50 Israeli students a year, will focus primarily in "machine learning". Joseph Klafter, president of Tel Aviv University, said: "The new joint educational program will help develop the IT sphere and national economies of both Russia and Israel."[72]

Plekhanov Russian University of Economics hold a joint course in blockchain development with the Israeli School of IT and Israel's HackerU.[73]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 The Maturing of Israeli-Russian Relations Anna Borshchevskaya, inFocus Quarterly, Spring 2016
  2. ↑ Putin Pledges To Protect All Ethnic Russians Anywhere, So, Where Are They? By Robert Coalson for Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, April 10, 2014
  3. ↑ [100,000 Former Soviet Jews In Israel Return To Russia, By Michael Mainville, The Toronto Star]
  4. ↑ Russian-born Israelis Chase Capitalist Dreams to Moscow Ofer Matan Feb 21, 2014, Haaretz
  5. ↑ К визиту Нетаньяху: что Россия может получить от экономики Израиля Алексей Голубович, Forbes Russia, 09.03.2017
  6. ↑ Hiroaki Kuromiya (2013). Stalin. Routledge. p. 193.
  7. ↑ Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (1987) p.527
  8. ↑ P. Mendes (2014). Jews and the Left: The Rise and Fall of a Political Alliance. Springer. p. 107.
  9. ↑ See UN General Assembly Resolution 181 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  10. ↑ Philip Marshall Brown, "The Recognition of Israel," The American Journal of International Law 42#3 (1948) pp. 620-627 online
  11. ↑ Yossi Goldstein, "Doomed to Fail: Golda Meir's Mission to Moscow (Part 1)", The Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs Vol. 5 No. 3 (September 2011), pg. 131
  12. ↑ Gabriel Gorodetsky, "The Soviet Union's role in the creation of the state of Israel." Journal of Israeli History 22.1 (2003): 4-20.
  13. ↑ Haberman, Clyde (19 October 1991). "Israel and Soviets Restore Full Relations". The New York Times.
  14. ↑ "China defense minister visits Israel". World Tribune. Thursday, October 21, 1999
  15. ↑ Little Russia Monday 3 May 1999, The Guardian
  16. ↑ Ariel Cohen (2007-03-20). "Russia's New Middle Eastern Policy: Back to Bismarck?". Jcpa.org. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  17. ↑ Владимир Жириновский: я – не "сын юриста". Рассказ об отце время публикации: 25 июня 2006 г, Newsru.co.il
  18. ↑ Жириновский в Израиле говорил об антисемитизме на Украине 25 февраля 2014 г., 21:14, NewsRU.co.il
  19. ↑ Hassonyesterday, Nir. "Netanyahu aide likely to pay price for 'secret' Russia trip - Haaretz - Israel News". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  20. ↑ Israel Kills at least 225 and wounded 700 People in Gaza, 28 December 2008 Sunday 2:5 Archived 15 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine..Turkishweekly.net. Retrieved on 2009-01-08
  21. ↑ Reuters AlertNet - Russia asks Israel to end Gaza attacks, let in aid.Alertnet.org. Retrieved on 2009-01-08
  22. ↑ "Российская гуманитарная помощь доставлена в сектор Газа | РИА Новости". Rian.ru. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  23. ↑ "Медведев поручил оказать дополнительную помощь Палестине". Vesti.ru. 2016-10-17. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  24. ↑ "Russian Prime Minister Putin: Israel Is, in Fact, a Special State to Us". Eajc.org. 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  25. ↑ DIASPORA & CITIZENSHIP, by Claire Sutherland, Elena Barabantseva, (Routledge 2013), page 88
  26. ↑ President Putin: I Support Israel July 10, 2014 By COLlive reporter. Pictures: Kremlin.ru & COL
  27. ↑ Hassonyesterday, Nir (2014-08-13). "After shunning Europe, Russia turning to Israel for fruit imports - Business". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  28. ↑ "India and Israel to supply meat and dairy to Russia — RT Business". Rt.com. 2014-10-28. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  29. ↑ Netanyahu says ties with Russia good, doesn't join criticism of Syria attacks i24 News, PUBLISHED October 04th 2015
  30. ↑ Russia-Israel Military Coordination Talks to Open Tuesday Reuters, Oct. 06 2015
  31. ↑ Putin says he plans to meet Israeli prime minister soon March 16, 18:50, Tass
  32. ↑ Reeves, Philip (2 January 2013). "On Multiple Fronts, Russian Jews Reshape Israel". NPR. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  33. ↑ Estrin, Daniel (2 January 2013). "Back from the USSR". Times of Israel. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  34. ↑ К визиту Нетаньяху: что Россия может получить от экономики Израиля Алексей Голубович, Forbes Russia, 09.03.2017
  35. ↑ Russian-Israelis vote for next Kremlin leader by Polina Perlman, Published: 03.04.12, ynetnews
  36. ↑ Counted: "Russian" Israel voted for Putin 03/19/2018, 9tv
  37. ↑ Лишь каждый десятый имеющий право голоса "русский израильтянин" пошел на выборы 19.03.2018, 9tv
  38. ↑ Russian PM Putin to Open Official Party Branch in Israel Lily Galili and Haaretz Correspondent Aug 21, 2008
  39. ↑ Israel to host most extensive Victory Day celebrations outside of former USSR 7 May, Voice of Russia
  40. ↑ Жириновский в Израиле говорил об антисемитизме на Украине 25 февраля 2014 г., 21:14, NEWsru.co.il
  41. 1 2 Israelis Find A Lively Jewish Niche in Moscow by Rena Greenberg - Moscow, Russia, MARCH 19, 2014
  42. ↑ Russian-born Israelis chase capitalist dreams to Moscow By Ofer Matan, Feb. 21, 2014, Haaretz
  43. ↑ "Новости израильских культурных центров | Израиль для вас". Il4u.org.il. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  44. 1 2 3 "Россия и Израиль: путь к военному сотрудничеству". Rusplt.ru. 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  45. ↑ "Russia and Israel sign military agreement — RT News". Rt.com. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  46. ↑
  47. ↑ Sputnik (2012-05-16). "Russia 'May Buy' $50 Mln Worth of Israeli UAVs". En.ria.ru. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  48. ↑ Hassonyesterday, Nir (2010-10-14). "Israel signs $400 million deal to sell spy drones to Russia - Haaretz - Israel News". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  49. ↑ Bender, Dave (2014-09-16). "Israel Backs Off Ukraine Drone Deal, Fearing Russian Ire: Report (VIDEO) | Jewish & Israel News". Algemeiner.com. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  50. ↑ Российская армия продолжит закупать беспилотники израильской разработки 03.09.2015, Ведомости, Алексей Никольский
  51. 1 2 Russian tourists flock to Tel Aviv instead of vacationing in Europe By Lital Levin, May 7, 2010, Haaretz
  52. ↑ Israeli tourism industry praying for a Russian revival By Rina Rozenberg, Mar. 24, 2015, Haaretz
  53. ↑ Russian tourists stop coming to Israel's southern resort By Rina Rozenberg, Feb. 18, 2015, Haaretz
  54. ↑ SELECTED STATISTICAL INFORMATION, CALCULATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE OFFICIAL STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING THE NUMBER OF ENTRY AND EXIT TOURIST TRIPS ROSTURISM
  55. ↑ ЧИСЛО РОССИЙСКИХ ТУРИСТОВ В ИЗРАИЛЕ ВЫРОСЛО НА 6% В ЯНВАРЕ-АПРЕЛЕ - ДО 116,2 ТЫС. ЧЕЛОВЕК 04.06 08:12
  56. ↑ Russian pilgrims feel at home in Israel - Patriarch Kirill 18 March 2016, 10:00
  57. ↑ Israel and Kazakhstan: Assessing the state of bilateral relations Kevjn Lim, 6 May 2014, Open Briefing
  58. ↑ К визиту Нетаньяху: что Россия может получить от экономики Израиля
  59. ↑ Russia, Israel sign visa-free agreement RIA Novosti, 20/03/2008
  60. ↑ Israel may create free trade zone - Customs Union 18 March 2014, Voice of Russia
  61. ↑ Netanyahu and Putin to get direct and secure hotline By Itamar Eichner, 06.01.14, ynetnews.com
  62. ↑ Пути расширения сотрудничества обсудили на форуме «Израиль-Россия» в Москве 29 сентября 2017, 09:46, mos.ru
  63. ↑ Israeli Hadassah Center to take part in the creation of a medical cluster in Skolkovo September 14, 2017, 18:28
  64. ↑ The medical cluster in Skolkovo will take the first patients in the summer May 30, 9:41
  65. ↑ Israeli clinic invests more than $ 40 million in the development of the "Skolkovo"
  66. ↑ Hassonyesterday, Nir (2011-03-28). "Israel, Russia sign space agency cooperation agreement - Haaretz - Israel News". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  67. ↑ "Israel, Russia to collaborate on dental nuclear imaging". Globes English. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  68. ↑ "Rusnano Israel to help Russias Rusnano cultivate Israeli nanotech developers | Central regions, Finance, business". Marchmontnews.com. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
  69. ↑ "Israel Skolkovo Gateway". Israelsk.com. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  70. ↑ Taisiya, Yarmak (November 11, 2016). "The Skolkovo Foundation and Yoqneam Illit City signed cooperation agreement during the official visit of the Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev to Israel". sk.ru. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  71. ↑ Anastasia (November 11, 2016). "Moscow, Jerusalem to develop cooperation in construction and innovation". The Eurasian Press Agency. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  72. ↑ Россияне научат израильтян: "Яндекс" открывает Школу анализа данных в Израиле 24.07.2018 21:58, 9tv.co.il
  73. ↑ РЭУ им. Г.В. Плеханова и Израильская высшая школа IT и безопасности HackerU запустили курс по блокчейн-разработке
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