Horseshoe bat

Horseshoe bats
Lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Suborder: Yinpterochiroptera
Family: Rhinolophidae
Gray, 1825
Genus: Rhinolophus
Type species
Vespertilio ferrum-equinum
Schreber, 1774
Species

See text.

Horseshoe bats make up the bat family Rhinolophidae. In addition to the single living genus, Rhinolophus, one extinct genus, Palaeonycteris, has been recognized. The closely related Hipposideridae are sometimes included within the horseshoe bats as a subfamily, Hipposiderinae. Both families are classified in the suborder Yinpterochiroptera or Pteropodiformes and were previously included in Microchiroptera.

Appearance

The lancet and sella in profile
nose-leaf diagram of a horseshoe bat

All horseshoe bats have leaf-like, horseshoe-shaped protuberances called noseleafs on their noses. The noseleafs are important in species identification, and are composed of several parts. The lancet is triangular, pointed, and pocketed, and points up between the bats' eyes.[1] The sella is a flat, ridge-like structure at the center of the nose, rising from behind the nostrils, that points out perpendicular from the head.[1] The sella usually has less hair than the lancet or the noseleaf.[1]

In the related Hipposideridae, these protuberances are leaf- or spear-like. They emit echolocation calls through these structures, which may serve to focus the sound. Their hind limbs are not well developed, so they cannot walk on all fours; conversely, their wings are broad, making their flight particularly agile. Most rhinolophids are dull brown or reddish-brown in color. They vary in size from 2.5 to 14 cm in head-body length, and 4.0 to 120 g in weight.[2] Their dental formula is 1.1.1-2.32.1.2-3.3.

The females have a pair of mammary glands and two "false nipples" above and to the side of the genital opening, to which newborn bats cling for a few days after birth.

Ecology

Rhinolophids inhabit temperate and tropical regions of southern Europe, Africa, and Asia south to northern and eastern Australia. All species are insectivorous, capturing insects in flight. Their roost habits are diverse; some species are found in large colonies in caves, some prefer hollow trees, and others sleep in the open, among the branches of trees. Members of northern populations may hibernate during the winter, while a few are known to aestivate; at least one species is migratory. Like many Vespertilionidae bats, females of some rhinolophid species mate during the fall and store the sperm over the winter, conceiving and gestating young beginning in the spring.

Classification

Horseshoe bats are closely related to the family Hipposideridae, which is often included within the Rhinolophidae; however, it is now considered a separate family.[3][4] In addition to the sole living genus, Rhinolophus, the family Rhinolophidae contains one extinct genus, Palaeonycteris.[5] Many species are extremely difficult to distinguish.

Although horseshoe bats have traditionally been included in the suborder Microchiroptera ("microbats"), genetic evidence suggests they and a few other microbat families are more closely related to Pteropodidae, the only family of "megabats" (Megachiroptera). Therefore, Pteropodidae, horseshoe bats, and related families are now placed in a single suborder, called Yinpterochiroptera or Pteropodiformes.[4]

Medical significance

In September 2005, four Rhinolophus species (R. sinicus, R. ferrumequinum, R. macrotis, R. pearsoni) were identified as natural reservoirs of SARS coronavirus-like viruses, the causative agent of SARS outbreaks in 2002–2004.[6][7]

List of species

Genus Rhinolophus

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Hall, Leslie (1989). "Fauna of Australia Volume 40: Rhinolophidae" (PDF). environment.gov.au. AGPS Canberra. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
  2. ↑ Macdonald, D. 1984. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File, 805 pp.  ISBN 0-87196-871-1
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp.  ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp.  ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
  4. 1 2 Hutcheon, J.M. and Kirsch, J.A.W. 2006. A moveable face: deconstructing the Microchiroptera and a new classification of extant bats. Acta Chiropterologica 8(1):1–10.
  5. ↑ McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997. Classification of Mammals: Above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press, 631 pp.  ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6
  6. ↑ Li, W., Zhengli, S., Meng, Y., et al. 2005. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310(5748):676–679.
  7. ↑ Lau, S., Woo, P., Li, K., et al. 2005. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(39):14040–14045.
  8. 1 2 Kock, D., Csorba, G., & Howell, K. M. (2000). Rhinolophus maendeleo n. sp. from Tanzania, a horseshoe bat noteworthy for its systematics and biogeography. Senckenbergiana biologica, 80, 233-239.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Bogdanowicz, W. (1992). Phenetic relationships among bats of the family Rhinolophidae. Acta Theriologica, 37(3), 213-240.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Srinivasulu, C., & Srinivasulu, B. (2012). South Asian Mammals. In South Asian Mammals (pp. 251). Springer New York.
  11. 1 2 Patrick, L. E.; McCulloch, E. S.; Ruedas, L. A. (2013). "Systematics and biogeography of the arcuate horseshoe bat species complex (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae)". Zoologica Scripta. 42 (6): 553–590. doi:10.1111/zsc.12026.
  12. ↑ Cotterill, F. P. D. (2002). A new species of horseshoe bat (Microchiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from south-central Africa: with comments on its affinities and evolution, and the characterization of rhinolophid species. Journal of Zoology, 256(2), 165-179.
  13. 1 2 Csorba G, Ujhelyip P, Thomas N (2003) Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Shropshire: Alana books
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Taylor, P. J., Stoffberg, S., Monadjem, A., Schoeman, M. C., Bayliss, J., & Cotterill, F. P. (2012). Four new bat species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex) reflect Plio-Pleistocene divergence of dwarfs and giants across an Afromontane archipelago. PLoS One, 7(9), e41744.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Peterhans, J. C. K., Fahr, J., Huhndorf, M. H., Kaleme, P., Plumptre, A. J., Marks, B. D., & Kizungu, R. (2013). Bats (Chiroptera) from the Albertine Rift, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, with the description of two new species of the Rhinolophus maclaudi group. Bonn Zool Bull, 62, 186-202.
  16. ↑ Morni, M. A., Tahir, A., Diyana, N. F., Rosli, Q. S., Dee, J. W., Azhar, I., ... & Anwarali Khan, F. A. (2016). New record of Rhinolophus chiewkweeae (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia with new information on their echolocation calls, genetics and their taxonomy. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 64.
  17. ↑ Wu, Y., Harada, M., & Motokawa, M. (2009). Taxonomy of Rhinolophus yunanensis Dobson, 1872 (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) with a description of a new species from Thailand. Acta Chiropterologica, 11(2), 237-246.
  18. ↑ Wu, Y., Motokawa, M., & Harada, M. (2008). A new species of horseshoe bat of the genus Rhinolophus from China (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Zoological Science, 25(4), 438-443.
  19. ↑ Wu, Y., & Thong, V. D. (2011). A new species of Rhinolophus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from China. Zoological Science, 28(3), 235-241.
  20. ↑ Bates, P. J., Thi, M. M., Nwe, T., Bu, S. S. H., Mie, K. M., Nyo, N., ... & Mackie, I. (2004). A review of Rhinolophus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from Myanmar, including three species new to the country. Acta Chiropterologica, 6(1), 23-48.
  21. ↑ Csorba, G. (1997). Description of a new species of Rhinolophus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from Malaysia. Journal of Mammalogy, 78(2), 342-347.
  22. ↑ Wu, Y., Motokawa, M., Harada, M., Thong, V. D., Lin, L. K., & Li, Y. C. (2012). Morphometric variation in the pusillus group of the genus Rhinolophus (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in east Asia. Zoological science, 29(6), 396-402.
  23. ↑ Volleth, M., Loidl, J., Mayer, F., Yong, H. S., Müller, S., & Heller, K. G. (2015). Surprising genetic diversity in Rhinolophus luctus (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from Peninsular Malaysia: description of a new species based on genetic and morphological characters. Acta Chiropterologica, 17(1), 1-20.
  24. ↑ Soisook, P., Niyomwan, P., Srikrachang, M., Srithongchuay, T., & Bates, P. J. (2010). Discovery of Rhinolophus beddomei (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from Thailand with a brief comparison to other related taxa. Tropical Natural History, 10(1), 67-79.

References

  • Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1992. The mammals of the Indomalayan region: a systematic review. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Hutcheon, J.M. and Kirsch, J.A.W. 2006. A moveable face: deconstructing the Microchiroptera and a new classification of extant bats. Acta Chiropterologica 8(1):1–10.
  • Kock, D., Csorba, G. and Howell, K.M. 2000. Rhinolophus maendeleo n. sp. from Tanzania, a horseshoe bat noteworthy for its systematics and biogeography (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae). Senckenbergiana biologica 80:233–239.
  • Lau, S., Woo, P., Li, K., et al. 2005. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(39):14040–14045.
  • Li, W., Zhengli, S., Meng, Y., et al. 2005. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science 310(5748):676–679.
  • Macdonald, D. 1984. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File, 805 pp.  ISBN 0-87196-871-1
  • McKenna, M.C. and Bell, S.K. 1997. Classification of Mammals: Above the species level. New York: Columbia University Press, 631 pp.  ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6
  • Schober, W. and Grimmberger, A. 1989. A Guide to Bats of Britain and Europe. Hamlyn Publishing Group. ISBN 0-600-56424-X
  • Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp.  ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0 Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp.  ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
  • Corbet, G.B. 2008. Taxonomy of the Horseshoe bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). http://dea.unideb.hu/dea/bitstream/2437/89636/4/ertekezes_angol.pdf
  • Zhou, Z.-M., Guillén-Servent A., Kim, B.K., Eger, J.L., Wang, Y.Y. and Jiang, X.-L. 2009. A new species from southwestern China in the Afro-Palearctic lineage of the horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus). Journal of Mammalogy 90:57–73.
  • Wu, Y., Harada, M. and Motokawa, M. 2009. Taxonomy of Rhinolophus yunanensis Dobson, 1872 (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) with a description of a new species from Thailand. Acta Chiropterologica 11(2):237–246.
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