Hericium

Hericium
Hericium coralloides
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Russulales
Family: Hericiaceae
Genus: Hericium
Pers. (1794)
Type species
Hericium coralloides
(Scop.) Pers. (1794)
Species

See text.

Hericium is a genus of edible mushrooms in the Hericiaceae family. Species in this genus are white and fleshy and grow on dead or dying wood; fruiting bodies resemble a mass of fragile icicle-like spines that are suspended from either a branched supporting framework or from a tough, unbranched cushion of tissue. This distinctive structure has earned Hericium species a variety of common names—monkey's head, lion's mane, and bear's head are examples. Taxonomically, this genus was previously placed within the order Aphyllophorales, but recent molecular studies now place it in the Russulales. Hericium means hedgehog in Latin.[1]

Hericium erinaceus, Lion's mane

History

The genus Hericium was originally described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1794. It was mentioned by Elias Magnus Fries in the Systema Mycologicum (1822); Fries considered it to be synonymous with the tribe Merisma of the genus Hydnum. In 1825 he recognized Hericium as a distinct genus, although not in the same sense as the genus would be known later.[2] It is native to North America.

Phylogenetics

In 2004, the phylogenetic relationships of Hericium species were analysed by comparing the rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences of H. abietis, H. alpestre, H. americanum, H. coralloides, H. erinaceum, H. erinaceus and H. laciniatum. This analysis separated H. erinaceum from the six other Hericium species, and showed that H. erinaceus, H. abietis, H. americanum, and H. coralloides are closely related each to other but genetically diverged from H. alpestre and H. laciniatum.[3] Molecular genetic markers have been developed that allow for quick and sensitive identification of Hericium species using the polymerase chain reaction.[4]

The Hericiaceae family, to which Hericium belongs, belongs to the russuloid clade of basidiomycetes, making it phylogenetically related to the Auriscalpiaceae, the Bondarzewiaceae, and the Echinodontiaceae.[5][6]

Description

The fruit bodies typically have short stalks and are attached laterally to the host tree. Mature specimens are easily identified by drooping spines which hang down; the spines may be arranged in clusters or more usually, in rows. Positive identification of immature specimens can be more difficult as they often begin as a single clump, developing their branches as they age. They have no caps and contain spiny amyloid spores and numerous gloeopleurous hyphae filled with oil droplets.[7][8] The spores are spherical to ellipsoid, smooth or covered with very fine warts.[9]

Distribution and habitat

Hericium species are found extensively in the northern parts of the world, including North America, Europe, and Asia, often growing on old, fallen logs in dark and shaded areas of deciduous and Alpine forests.[10]

Uses

All four species found in North America are edible and are among the safest and most unmistakable mushrooms. Hericium are also widely consumed in China. This genus is easily cultivated.[10]

In the folk medicine of China and Japan, species of Hericium are highly valued for their suspected medicinal properties.[11] There has been considerable research interest in the possible bioactive properties of this species, with several compounds isolated and evaluated in laboratory studies,[12] although there remains no high-quality clinical research as of 2018 to indicate that Hericium mushrooms have any medicinal or biological properties.

The Hericium genus produces the phytochemicals, erinacines and hericenones, which are cyathane metabolites under basic research for their possible biological properties.[13]

Species

A European species, confirmed—using sexual incompatibility studies—to be a distinct species from H. coralloides in 1983. Found in montane areas, typically on newly fallen trunks and stumps of Fir (Abies species). Spores are 5–6.5 by 4.5–5.5 µm.[14][15]
  • Hericium americanum ("Bear's-head tooth")
  • Hericium bharengense[16]
  • Hericium botryoides
  • Hericium caput-medusae
  • Hericium cirrhatum ("Spine-face")
This species' fruiting body is branched, with shell-shaped caps.[17]
Widely distributed in Europe, and found on Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Fir. Spores have dimensions of 3.5–5 by 3–4 µm.[14]
Found on living oak and beech trees.[14]
  • Hericium grande
  • Hericium hystrix
  • Hericium rajchenbergii – Argentina[18]
  • Hericium ramosum
  • Hericium unguiculatum
  • Hericium yumthangense[19]

Further reading

  • Ginns, J. (1985). Hericium in North America: cultural characteristics and mating behavior. Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 1551-1563.
  • Harrison, K. A. (1973). The genus Hericium in North America. Michigan Botanist 12: 177–194.

References

  1. ↑ Spore Print, Quarterly Newsletter of the Edmonton Mycological Society
  2. ↑ Miller LW. (1933). "The genera of Hydnaceae". Mycologia. 25 (4): 286–302. doi:10.2307/3754097. JSTOR 3754097.
  3. ↑ Park HK, Ko HG, Kim SH, Park WM (2004). "Molecular identification of Asian isolates of medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceum by phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ITS rDNA". Journal of Microbial Biotechnology. 14: 816–21.
  4. ↑ Lu L, Li J, Cang Y (2002). "PCR-based sensitive detection of medicinal fungi Hericium species from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 25 (8): 975–80. doi:10.1248/bpb.25.975. PMID 12186429.
  5. ↑ Larsson E, Larsson KH (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa". Mycologia. 95 (6): 1035–65. doi:10.2307/3761912. PMID 21149013.
  6. ↑ Miller SL, Larsson E, Larsson KE, Verbeken A, Nuytinck J (2006). "Perspectives in the new Russulales". Mycologia. 98 (6): 960–70. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.960. PMID 17486972.
  7. ↑ Volk T. "Hericium americanum, the pom pon mushroom, a.k.a. Lion's mane, the bear's head tooth fungus, monkey head, or for this month, the icicle mushroom". Fungus of the Month for January 2003. Retrieved 2009-06-27.
  8. ↑ Kuo M. "The Genus Hericium (MushroomExpert.Com)". Retrieved 2009-06-27.
  9. ↑ Ellis JB, Ellis MB (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): an Identification Handbook. London, UK: Chapman and Hall. pp. 102–3. ISBN 0-412-36970-2.
  10. 1 2 "Best Edible Wild Mushrooms - AmericanMushrooms.com". Retrieved 2009-06-27.
  11. ↑ Cannon PF, Kirk PM (2007). Fungal Families of the World. Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 158. ISBN 0-85199-827-5.
  12. ↑ Mizuno T, Wasa T, Ito H, Suzuki C, Ukai N (1992). "Antitumor-active polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceum, an edible and medicinal mushroom called yamabushitake or houtou". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 56 (2): 347–48. doi:10.1271/bbb.56.347. PMID 1368310.
  13. ↑ Bing-Ji Ma, Jin-Wen Shen, Hai-You Yu, Yuan Ruan, Ting-Ting Wu, Xu Zhao (2010). "Hericenones and erinacines: stimulators of nerve growth factor (NGF) biosynthesis in Hericium erinaceus". Mycology. 1 (2): 92–8. doi:10.1080/21501201003735556.
  14. 1 2 3 Hallenberg N. (1983). "Hericium coralloides and H. alpestre (Basidiomycetes) in Europe". Mycotaxon. 18 (1): 181–89.
  15. ↑ Kiyashko AA; Zmitrovich IV (2013). "Hericium alpestre Pers" (PDF). Red Book of Karachaevo-Cherkessia: 212.
  16. ↑ Das K; Stalpers J; Eberhardt U (2011). "A new species of Hericium from Sikkim Himalaya (India)". Cryptogamie Mycologie. 32 (3): 285–93. doi:10.7872/crym.v32.iss3.2011.285.
  17. ↑ Pegler DN., D.N. (2003). "Useful fungi of the world: the monkey head fungus". Mycologist. 17 (3): 120–21. doi:10.1017/S0269915X03003069.
  18. ↑ Hallenberg N; Nilsson RH; Robledo G (2012). "Species complexes in Hericium (Russulales, Agaricomycota) and a new species - Hericium rajchenbergii - from southern South America". Mycological Progress. 12 (2): 413–20. doi:10.1007/s11557-012-0848-4.
  19. ↑ Das K; Stalpers JA; Stielow JB (2014). "Two new species of hydnoid-fungi from India". IMA Fungus. 4 (2): 359–69. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.02.15. PMC 3905948.
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