HMS Roebuck (1774)

Roebuck with Phoenix, Tartar and three smaller vessels passing forts Washington and Lee on the Hudson River
History
Great Britain; United Kingdom
Name: HMS Roebuck
Ordered: 30 November 1769
Cost: £18,911.0.6d
Laid down: October 1770
Launched: 24 April 1774
Completed: 4 August 1775
General characteristics
Class and type: fifth-rate
Tons burthen: 879 ​26⁄94 (bm)
Length:
  • 140 feet 0 inches (42.7 m) (gundeck)
  • 115 feet 9 inches (35.3 m) (keel)
Beam: 37 feet 9 1⁄2 inches (11.5 m)
Depth of hold: 16 feet 4 inches (5.0 m)
Propulsion: Sails
Sail plan: Fully-rigged ship
Complement: 280–300
Armament:

HMS Roebuck was a 44-gun, fifth-rate ship of the Royal Navy which served in the American and French Revolutionary Wars. Designed by Sir Thomas Slade in 1769, to operate in the shallower waters of North America, she joined Lord Howe's squadron towards the end of 1775 and took part in operations against New York the following year, engaging the American gun batteries at Red Hook during the Battle of Long Island in August 1776, and forcing a passage up the Hudson River in October. On 25 August 1777, Roebuck escorted troopships to Turkey Point, Maryland, where an army was landed for an assault on Philadelphia. She was again called upon to accompany troopships in December 1779; this time for an attack on Charleston. When the ships-of-the-line, which were too large to enter the harbour, were sent back to New York, Admiral Marriot Arbuthnot made Roebuck his flagship. She was therefore at the front of the attack; leading the British squadron across the bar to engage Fort Moultrie and the American ships beyond.

In October 1783, Roebuck underwent repairs at Sheerness and was refitted as hospital ship. She served in this capacity during the capture of Martinique, Guadeloupe and St Lucia by a British fleet under Vice-Admiral Sir John Jervis in 1794. Recommissioned as a troopship in July 1799, Roebuck was part of the fleet, under the command of Vice-Admiral Sir Andrew Mitchell, to which the Dutch surrendered in the Vlieter Incident, on 30 August. Following the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, Roebuck was paid off and laid up in ordinary at Woolwich Dockyard. When hostilities resumed in May 1803, she was brought back into service as a guardship at Leith, flying the flags of Vice-Admiral Richard Rodney Bligh then Rear-Admiral James Vashon under whom she later transferred to Great Yarmouth. In March 1806, she became a receiving ship, and from some point in 1810, the flagship of Lord Gardner. Roebuck was broken up at Sheerness in July 1811.

Construction and armament

Roebuck was the prototype of the Roebuck-class ships; two-deck, fifth-rates designed to operate in the shallower waters of North America. She was designed by renowned naval architect, Sir Thomas Slade in 1769 as an improvement on his Phoenix design, and ordered by The Admiralty on 30 November. Her keel of 115 feet 9 inches (35.3 m), was laid down in October the following year at Chatham Dockyard.[1]

As built, Roebuck was 140 feet 0 inches (42.7 m) long at the gundeck, had a beam of 37 feet 9 1⁄2 inches (11.5 m), and a depth in the hold of 16 feet 4 inches (5.0 m). She measured 879 ​26⁄94 tons burthen.[1] Launched on 24 April 1774 and completed by the 4 August 1775, Roebuck cost £18,911.0.6d plus a further £1,749.5.5d for fitting.

Roebuck was built with two rows of windows in the stern, giving the illusion of an extra deck but behind was a single-level cabin. This design was eventually phased out, with most of the Roebuck-class, after HMS Dolphin, featuring a traditional frigate-style stern.[1]

On her lower gun deck, Roebuck carried twenty 18-pounder (8.2 kg) guns. Her upper deck originally had twenty-two 9 pounders (4.1 kg) but these were later upgraded to 12 pounders (5.4 kg). There were two 6-pounder (2.7 kg) guns on the forecastle but the quarterdeck was devoid of armament. When fully manned, Roebuck had a complement of 280. This was increased to 300 in 1783.[1]

Service

Map showing British and American positions at the Battle of Long Island. Roebuck is shown bombarding an American battery at Red Hook

American Revolutionary War

First commissioned by Captain Andrew Snape Hamond in July 1775, she left for North America in September, joining Lord Howe's squadron and taking part in operations against New York the following year.[1] On 25 March 1776, Roebuck was cruising alone off Cape Henlopen when she ran aground but she suffered no damage and her crew were able to get her off and into deep water where she was anchored. The following day, a sail was sighted in the bay and Hammond sent two of the ship's boats to investigate. She turned out to be a small schooner which her American crew abandoned on seeing the British boats approaching. The newly captured vessel and Roebuck's tender then pursued and caught two sloops.[2] On 28 March, Roebuck's boats were again in action, taking another sloop. Then in the afternoon, her tender narrowly avoided capture by the American 10-gun sloop, Hornet. On hearing of the encounter, Roebuck set off in pursuit of the rebel vessel but was unable to locate her.[3]

Roebuck took part in the Battle of Long Island on 27 August 1776, attacking the American gun batteries at Red Hook.[4] On 9 October 1776 she was in action on the Hudson, with HMS Phoenix and HMS Tartar, where she destroyed two armed gallies and forced her way up the river, whilst engaging on either side, the two forts Washington and Lee.[1][5] Between 10 March and 21 December 1776, Howe's squadron captured or destroyed 166 vessels of which Roebuck was partly responsible for at least twenty-three.[6] In April 1777, she took two warships, the 14-gun, Carolina State Navy Defence and the 10-gun USS Sachem.[7][1]

In August 1777, the British were planning to land an army at the head of the River Elk with the object of securing Philadelphia. Hammond's exceptional familiarity with the local waters meant that Roebuck, which had been involved in operations in the Delaware River, was withdrawn to mark out a channel through Chesapeake Bay for Howe's, 267 strong flottilla. Roebuck with the 32-gun Apollo and 4 smaller vessels, escorted the troopships up the river on 25 August and provided cover while the army disembarked about six miles from Turkey Point.[8][Note 1]

Assault on Philadelphia

Following the defeat of an American force at Brandywine Creek and subsequent retreat to Philadelphia in September, Howe led a squadron of small vessels and Roebuck up the Delaware River where the Americans had erected redoubts, and sunk obstructions to prevent its navigation.[9] At Bylling's Point, a large earthworks and gun battery protected a channel, blocked with a submerged cheval de frise, comprising large wooden frames, filled with stones and fronting iron-tipped spears. Stationed in the river were floating batteries and gun-boats, and three miles further upstream, another set of obstacles had been sunk between Fort Mifflin and Fort Mercer.[9]

British chart showing American defences on the Delaware in 1777. Roebuck is shown attacking a battery opposite Hog Island before travelling up the river to engage the American fleet

The British captured Philadelphia on 26 September but control of the Delaware was crucial to keeping their forces there supplied. Roebuck's commander, Hammond, offered to force a channel at Billing's Point if Howe could muster sufficient men to put the fort there out of action. Two regiments from Chester, Pennsylvania crossed the river and chased off the American garrison while the men of Roebuck breached a seven-foot opening for six British ships, Roebuck, Augusta, two frigates, a sloop and a galley, to sail through.[9] Unsuccessful attempts to take the Forts Miflin and Mercer meant the British were subjected to heavy fire when they engaged the American flottilla at the Battle of Red Bank. Augusta ran aground and caught fire and the sloop, Merlin, blew up; after which Roebuck and the remaining vessels broke off their attack and returned to Billingsport.[10]

Still needing to open a supply route to Philadelphia but unable to remove the obstructions in the Delaware while Fort Miflin was occupied, Howe took possession of Province Island in November and began erecting gun batteries. Following a six-day bombardment,the Americans abandoned the fort. Two days later Fort Mercer fell, leaving the British free to work their way up river in pursuit of the enemy fleet which was later scuttled at Gloucester.[11] By 18 May 1778, Roebuck was in Philadelphia where she took part in celebrations, held in honour of Howe and his brother William.[12]

In July 1778, Roebuck was at Sandy Hook where she took part in an action against a French fleet in August. France entered the war in February 1778 and on 29 July, the French fleet from Toulon, commanded by Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing, arrived in Narragansett Bay and attacked British positions on Conanicut and Goat Island the following day.[13] On 8 August, 4,000 French soldiers and sailors were landed to reinforce the 10,000 American troops who had just crossed from the mainland to lay siege to the British garrison on Rhode Island.[14] Howe's fleet arrived off Point Judith on 9 August and, fearing the British might soon be reinforced, d'Estaing sailed out the next morning while he still had superior numbers and guns.[15] Several days of manoeuvring in which both parties sought the weather gage were curtailed by a violent gale which scattered the fleets.[16] The storm abated on 13 August, leaving Roebuck, Apollo, Centurion, Ardent, Richmond, Vigilant, and Phoenix within sight of each other. Apollo, then serving as Howe's flagship had lost two masts during the previous night and Roebuck, also with a mast missing, was ordered to escort her to Sandy Hook. Howe moved his flag to Phoenix and, after searching for the French fleet, followed a few days later.[17]

Roebuck captured an American privateer in February 1779 before setting sail for Woolwich where she underwent a refit and had her hull sheathed in copper. This took until April.[1]

Siege of Charleston

Siege of Charleston

Roebuck had returned to American waters by 5 December 1779, when she took the American privateer, Lady Washington.[1] Then, with five ships-of-the-line, the 50-gun Renown, the 44-gun Romulus, four sixth-rate frigates and two 20-gun sloops, she accompanied transports, carrying 7,550 troops for an attack on Charleston. Under the command of Admiral Marriot Arbuthnot, the ships left New York on 26 December and in January 1780, in need of repairs, called in at Savannah, captured by the British the previous month.[18] From there, the convoy proceeded to the North Edisto River where the army disembarked on 10 February. The troops marched the thirty miles overland and occupied James Island while the ships sailed to the entrance and effected a blockade of Charleston harbour.[19] Some of Roebuck's company were among the 450 seamen and marines later sent to lay siege to the town. The 64 and 74-gun ships-of-the-line, being too large to be of any use in the shallow waters around the harbour, left for New York in March 1780, leaving Renown, Romulus, Blonde, Raleigh, Perseus, Camilla, and Roebuck, to which Arbuthnot moved his flag.[19] These ships were lightened while they awaited a high enough tide and favourable conditions to carry them over the sandbank which lay across the entrance to the harbour.[20][19]

On 9 April Roebuck led the squadron across the bar. The British ships exchanged heavy fire with Fort Moultrie in passing and eventually anchored off James Island where they came under attack from the batteries at Charleston. Roebuck did not however return fire, even though the shot had passed right through her. Consequently, she was thought to be out of range and the bombardment soon stopped.[19] An American naval force which included the frigates Providence, Boston and Queen of France, Bricole of 44-guns, a large polacca and two armed brigs were to oppose the British fleet at Fort Moultrie but instead retired to the Cooper River where some were scuttled.[Note 2] [22] This action later denied the British control of the river and they instead, on 7 May, landed seamen and marines near Mount Pleasant, where they captured a battery and went on to force the surrender of Fort Moultrie. Some of Roebuck's crew were used in these land operations.[23] The town soon after capitulated on 11 May and the remaining American ships were subsequently captured.[19][20] The crew of Roebuck were awarded a share of the prize money for the frigates, USS Boston and USS Providence.[24] Hammond was ordered to England with dispatches on 15 May 1780, and was succeeded in command of Roebuck by his nephew, Andrew Snape Douglas.[25]

Service off Delaware

Roebuck was absent when the remainder of the fleet, which had been blockading the French in Newport, was caught in a violent storm on 23 January 1781. The British were still repairing their weather beaten ships on 8 February, when Arbuthnot received information that a French 64 and two frigates had left Rhode Island for Virginia. He immediately dispatched HMS Charlestown to find Roebuck, Chatham and Romulus, which he knew to be somewhere off Carolina with some frigates, and to order them to intercept. The message was received too late however and Romulus was thus alone and unaware, when she was captured by the French squadron returning from its aborted mission.[26]

While Roebuck was cruising with HMS Orpheus off the Delaware on 14 April 1781, they captured the 36-gun frigate, USS Confederacy.[27][1] She had been on her way from the West Indies to Washington with supplies for the continental army. Taken into service as HMS Confederate, she became, at that time, the largest 36-gun ship in the Royal Navy.[28] The following month, Roebuck was with HMS Medea when she captured the 28-gun Protector near Sandy Hook.[29][1] Douglas received another commission in July and was replaced by John Orde. In the summer of 1781, Roebuck set sail for Europe with Arbuthnot, who was to be redeployed, and dispatches from Sir Henry Clinton and Lord Rawdon.[30] She briefly returned to American waters where she captured the French privateer, Providence on 24 February 1782. After, she was sent to the North Sea station where she finished her war service, paying off in April 1783.[1]

French Revolutionary Wars

After a survey, in October 1783, Roebuck underwent repairs at Sheerness which took until February 1785 and cost £11,038.0.10d. In June 1790, Roebuck was recommissioned as a hospital ship and, following renewed hostilities with France, served in this capacity at the capture of Martinique in March 1794.[31][32] On 2 February a British fleet under Vice-admiral Sir John Jervis and 6,100 troops under Lieutenant-general Sir Charles Grey, left Barbados.[33] The troops were landed on Martinique on 5 February and by 16 March, gained control of the whole island, save the town of Fort Royal and the forts Bourbon and Louis.[32] Seaman and marines from the fleet then joined the troops in laying siege to the town and the forts.[34] The whole of Martinique had surrendered by 22 March 1794.[35] Leaving a contingent to hold the island, the British left for St Lucia on 31 March, capturing it on 4 April. Jervis then took his fleet to Guadeloupe, forcing the capitulation of Grande-Terre and Basse-Terre on 12 and 20 April respectively.[36] The British were ousted from St Lucia by the French the following year and in May 1796, Roebuck was part of a force sent to repossess it.[37][38]

Anglo-Dutch War

Britain had been at war with the new Batavian Republic since its alliance with France in January 1795 and on 6 July 1797, Roebuck was serving in Leeward Islands under Rear Admiral Henry Harvey, when she captured Batave, a Dutch 10-gun privateer, just off Barbados.[39][Note 3] More captures followed in February 1798, a brig William and a schooner Betsey were captured on 8 February but both were later condemned by a prize court,[41] and while cruising off Martinique on 19 February, Roebuck fell in with and captured a French 10-gun privateer, Parfait.[42] Returning to Deptford in November 1798, Roebuck was refitted as troopship, at a cost of £10,044. She was recommissioned in July 1799.[43]

Roebuck was part of the fleet, under the command of Vice-Admiral Sir Andrew Mitchell, to which the Dutch surrendered in the Vlieter roadstead, on 30 August 1799.[44] Two days previous, the fleet had captured four Dutch ships and two hulks in the Diep.[45] Believing Dutch public opinion was against the republic and in favour of restoring the monarchy, the British Government prepared an invasion force in the summer of 1799.[46] Comprising 27,000 men and 250 vessels, the force arrived off the Dutch coast under a flag of truce on 21 August. Terms were not agreed however and British troops were landed on 27 August. The fortifications at Den Helder were captured the next day and the ships in the Diep were taken.[47] Mitchell's squadron entered the Vlieter on the morning of 30 August. The Dutch fleet within, surrendered without a shot being fired on either side.[48]

Roebuck and HMS Dictator left Plymouth for Cork, Ireland on 31 January 1800 with the 46th (South Devon) Foot Regiment.[49] They returned to England with HMS Trusty on 24 March, having carried the 54th Regiment from Ireland to Portsmouth. Roebuck left there on 9 April with a convoy for the downs.[50] Between March and September 1801, Roebuck was involved in operations against Egypt.[51]

Napoleonic Wars

The Treaty of Amiens was ratified in March 1802 and two months later Roebuck was paid off and laid up in ordinary at Woolwich Dockyard. The peace was short-lived however, hostilities resumed in May 1803 and in July, Roebuck was recommissioned as a guardship at Leith.[52] She served in this capacity as the flagship of Vice-Admiral Richard Rodney Bligh between November and the following February. Between April and October 1805, she flew the flag of Rear-Admiral James Vashon, first at Leith, then from September, at Great Yarmouth. In March 1806, she became a receiving ship, flying the flag of Lord Gardner from some point in 1810 until she was broken up at Sheerness in July 1811.[52]

Prizes

Vessels captured or destroyed for which Roebuck's crew received full or partial credit
DateShipNationalityTypeFateRef.
March to December 1776 Maria American Not recorded Captured [53]
March to December 1776 Grace American Not recorded Captured [53]
March to December 1776 Not recorded American Sloop Destroyed [53]
March to December 1776 Not recorded American Pilot boat Destroyed [53]
27 March 1776 Polly American Sloop Captured [53][2]
27 March 1776 Not recorded American Sloop Captured [53][2]
28 March 1776 Dove American Sloop Destroyed off Cape Henlopen [53][2]
29 March 1776 Dolphin American Sloop Destroyed off Cape Henlopen [53][2]
29 March 1776 Betsey American Sloop Destroyed off Cape Henlopen [53][2]
March to December 1776 Sally American Not recorded Destroyed off Cape Henlopen [53]
March to April 1776 Chance American Ship Captured [53][54]
March to April 1776 Juno Not recorded Brig Captured [54]
March to December 1776 Dove American Not recorded Cut-out from Egg Harbour [53]
March to December 1776 Cazia Not recorded Not recorded Captured [53]
March to April 1776 Dolphin American Schooner Captured [53][54]
March to April 1776 Ranger American Pilot vessel Captured [53][54]
December 1776 Little John American Schooner Captured [53][55]
March to December 1776 Dolphin American Merchant vessel Captured [53]
March to December 1776 Suzannah American Merchant vessel Captured [53]
December 1776 Pigeon American Sloop Captured [53][55]
March to December 1776 Success American Merchant vessel Captured [53]
March to December 1776 Two Friends American Not recorded Captured [53]
December 1776 Adventure American Brigantine Captured [53][55]
March to December 1776 Delight American Merchant vessel Captured [53]
March to December 1776 New York American Brig Captured [53][56]
9 October 1776 Independence American Galley Destroyed in North River [57][56][1]
9 October 1776 Crane American Galley Destroyed in North River [57][56][1]
January 1777 Speedwell American Sloop Captured [55]
January 1777 Peggy American Sloop Captured [55]
3 January 1777 Betsey American Sloop Captured [58]
2 April 1777 Defense American Brigantine Captured [7]
5 April 1777 Sachem American Privateer Captured [59]
16 April 1777 Brothers Not recorded Brig Captured off Anguilla [60]
1 June 1777 General Washington American Schooner Captured [61]
2 June 1777 Empereur French Brig Captured [61]
3 June 1777 Polly American Sloop Captured [61]
5 June 1777 Not recorded American Schooner Burnt [61]
5 June 1777 Not recorded American Schooner Burnt [61]
5 June 1777 Not recorded American Schooner Burnt [61]
4 July 1777 Hero American Brig Captured [61]
4 July 1777 Sally American Brig Captured [61]
4 July 1777 Jenny American Sloop Captured [61]
4 July 1777 Polly American Schooner Captured [62]
4 July 1777 Polly American Sloop Burnt [62]
4 July 1777 Mary American Sloop Burnt [62]
4 July 1777 Not recorded American Sloop Sunk [62]
4 July 1777 Sally Not recorded Sloop Sunk [62]
4 July 1777 Liberty American Sloop Captured [62]
15 August 1777 Rochester Not recorded Brig Captured [63]
29 May 1778 Hope British Snow Recaptured [64]
31 May 1778 General Hackman American Brig Captured [64]
21 October 1778 Betsey American Sloop Captured [64]
Before February 1779 Ann Not recorded Brig Captured [65]
Before February 1779 Nancy Not recorded Brig Captured [65]
Before February 1779 Kitty Not recorded Brig Captured [56]
Before February 1779 Friendship Not recorded Schooner Captured [56]
24 February 1779 Revenge American Privateer Captured [1]
August to November 1779 Juene Francois French Snow Captured off Newfoundland [66]
August to November 1779 Orient Not recorded Schooner Captured [66]
29 October 1779 Revenge American Privateer Captured [66][67]
5 December 1779 Lady Washington American Privateer Captured [1]
April to November 1780 Henrico Not recorded Schooner Captured [68]
12 May 1780 Boston American Frigate Captured at Charleston [24]
12 May 1780 Providence American Frigate Captured at Charleston [24]
Before June 1780 Adventure American Snow Captured [69]
Before June 1780 Union American Schooner Captured [69]
Before June 1780 Champion American Schooner Captured [69]
Before June 1780 Little John British Schooner Recaptured [69]
Before June 1780 Thomas British Snow Recaptured [69]
Before June 1780 Mackerell British Ship Recaptured [69]
Before June 1780 Marquis of Rockingham British Ship Recaptured [69]
14 April 1781 Confederacy American Frigate Captured [27]
6 May 1781 Protector American Frigate Captured [29][1]
24 February 1782 Providence French Privateer Captured [1]
6 July 1797 Batave Dutch Privateer Captured [39]
8 February 1798 William Not recorded Brig Captured, later condemned [41]
8 February 1798 Betsey Not recorded Schooner Captured, later condemned [41]
19 February 1798 Parfait French Privateer Captured [42]
28 August 1799 Drochterland Dutch Hulk Captured in Hollandsch Diep [45]
28 August 1799 Brooderschap Dutch Hulk Captured in Hollandsch Diep [45]
28 August 1799 Helder Dutch Ship Captured in Hollandsch Diep [45]
28 August 1799 Venus Dutch Ship Captured in Hollandsch Diep [45]
28 August 1799 Minerva Dutch Ship Captured in Hollandsch Diep [45]
28 August 1799 Hector Dutch Ship Captured in Hollandsch Diep [45]

Notes

  1. ↑ The four other vessels were Sphynx and Vigilant, both of 20-guns, the 16-gun Senegal, and the 14-gun Swift.[8]
  2. ↑ The ships sunk in the Cooper River were Truite, Notre Dame, Queen of France, Bricole and some smaller vessels. All were stripped of their armament which was used to reinforce the American batteries. The Boston, Providence, Ranger and the galleys were taken to Charleston where a portion of their guns were also removed to form additional defences for the town.[21]
  3. ↑ Also listed as Bataaf with 12 guns.[40]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Winfield (2007) p.176
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol. 4) p. 596
  3. ↑ Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Vol. 4) pp. 596 – 598
  4. ↑ Lossing p.809
  5. ↑ Clowes (Vol.III) p.386
  6. ↑ "No. 11769". The London Gazette. 10 May 1777. pp. 1–3.
  7. 1 2 "No. 12427". The London Gazette. 29 March 1783. p. 2.
  8. 1 2 "No. 11818". The London Gazette. 28 October 1777. p. 1.
  9. 1 2 3 Lossing pp.291–292
  10. ↑ Lossing pp.295–296
  11. ↑ Lossing pp.296–299
  12. ↑ Lossing pp.303–304
  13. ↑ Clowes (Vol.III) pp.402–403
  14. ↑ Clowes (Vol.III) p.403
  15. ↑ Clowes (Vol.III) p.405
  16. ↑ Clowes (Vol.III) pp.405–408
  17. ↑ "No. 11921". The London Gazette. 24 October 1778. p. 5.
  18. ↑ Clowes (Vol. IV) pp. 47–48
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Clowes (Vol. IV) p.48
  20. 1 2 "No. 12078". The London Gazette. 25 April 1780. p. 4.
  21. ↑ Simms p. 99
  22. ↑ Simms pp. 83 & 99
  23. ↑ Clowes (Vol. IV) p. 49
  24. 1 2 3 "No. 12335". The London Gazette. 28 September 1782. p. 2.
  25. ↑ Naval Chronicle (Vol.XXV) p.354
  26. ↑ "No. 12181". The London Gazette. 21 April 1781. pp. 1–2.
  27. 1 2 "No. 12420". The London Gazette. 4 March 1783. p. 2.
  28. ↑ Clowes (Vol.IV) p. 63
  29. 1 2 "No. 12484". The London Gazette. 14 October 1783. p. 3.
  30. ↑ "No. 12212". The London Gazette. 31 July 1781. p. 1.
  31. ↑ "No. 13641". The London Gazette. 17 April 1794. p. 336.
  32. 1 2 Clowes (Vol. IV) p. 247
  33. ↑ Clowes (Vol. IV) pp. 246 – 247
  34. ↑ Clowes (Vol. IV) pp. 247 – 248
  35. ↑ Clowes (Vol. IV) p. 248
  36. ↑ Clowes (Vol. IV) pp. 248 – 249
  37. ↑ Howard p. 72
  38. ↑ "No. 15265". The London Gazette. 7 June 1800. p. 623.
  39. 1 2 "No. 14045". The London Gazette. 12 September 1797. p. 881.
  40. ↑ Clowes (Vol.IV) p. 558
  41. 1 2 3 "No. 15299". The London Gazette. 4 October 1800. p. 1146.
  42. 1 2 "No. 15013". The London Gazette. 5 May 1798. p. 378.
  43. ↑ Winfield (2008) p. 125
  44. ↑ "No. 15531". The London Gazette. 9 November 1802. p. 1184.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "No. 15454". The London Gazette. 16 February 1802. p. 168.
  46. ↑ Clowes (Vol. IV) p. 407
  47. ↑ Clowes (Vol. IV) p. 409
  48. ↑ Clowes (Vol. IV) pp. 409 – 410
  49. ↑ Naval Chronicle (Vol.III) p.152
  50. ↑ Naval Chronicle (Vol.III) p.329
  51. ↑ "No. 17915". The London Gazette. 19 April 1823. p. 633.
  52. 1 2 Winfield (2008) p. 126
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "No. 11769". The London Gazette. 10 May 1777. p. 2.
  54. 1 2 3 4 "No. 11947". The London Gazette. 23 January 1779. p. 2.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 "No. 11952". The London Gazette. 9 February 1779. p. 3.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 "No. 11951". The London Gazette. 6 February 1779. p. 4.
  57. 1 2 "No. 11769". The London Gazette. 10 May 1777. p. 3.
  58. ↑ "No. 12222". The London Gazette. 4 September 1781. p. 1.
  59. ↑ "No. 12132". The London Gazette. 31 October 1780. p. 2.
  60. ↑ "No. 11828". The London Gazette. 2 December 1777. p. 4.
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "No. 11828". The London Gazette. 2 December 1777. p. 1.
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "No. 11828". The London Gazette. 2 December 1777. p. 2.
  63. ↑ "No. 12166". The London Gazette. 27 February 1781. p. 5.
  64. 1 2 3 "No. 11950". The London Gazette. 2 February 1779. p. 3.
  65. 1 2 "No. 11951". The London Gazette. 6 February 1779. p. 3.
  66. 1 2 3 "No. 12060". The London Gazette. 22 February 1780. p. 2.
  67. ↑ "No. 12264". The London Gazette. 22 January 1782. p. 3.
  68. ↑ "No. 12468". The London Gazette. 19 August 1783. p. 3.
  69. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "No. 12093". The London Gazette. 17 June 1780. p. 5.

References

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