Great Ireland

Great Ireland (Old Norse: Írland hið mikla or Írland it mikla), also known as White Men's Land (Hvítramannaland), and in Latin similarly as Hibernia Major and Albania, was a land said by various Norsemen to be located near Vinland.[1] In one report, in the Saga of Eric the Red, some skrælingar captured in Markland described the people in what was supposedly White Men's Land, to have been "dressed in white garments, uttered loud cries, bore long poles, and wore fringes." Another report identifies it with the Albani people, with "hair and skin as white as snow."

Scholars and writers disagree on the nature of the land, from either being treated as a myth based on faded knowledge of lands in the western ocean, to theories on actually locating it somewhere in North America.

Encounters

Landnámabók

According to the Landnámabók, Markland is the name given to one of three lands on North America's Atlantic shore discovered by Leif Eriksson around 1000 AD. It was located south of Helluland and north of Vinland.

Although it was never recorded to be settled by Norsemen, there were probably a number of later expeditions from Greenland to gather timber.[2] A 1347 Icelandic document records that a ship has come off course and ended up in Iceland in the process of returning from Markland, without further specifying where Markland is.[3]

Location

Markland has been suggested to have been part of the Labrador coast in Canada, as Labrador lies in the heavily forested taiga region of the Northern Hemisphere north of the location of Vinland on the island of Newfoundland. However, the climate and hence the vegetation in this particular region may have changed significantly since the sagas were conceived - see Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age.

The particular part of the Labrador coast is difficult to pinpoint, as Helluland has been placed everywhere from Baffin Island to the northern Labrador coast beyond Groswater Bay[4] to the southern Labrador Coast.

In the sagas

The Saga of the Greenlanders tells that Leif Eriksson set out in the year 1002 or 1003 to follow the route first described by Bjarni Herjólfsson. The first land Eriksson went to was covered with flat rocks (Old Norse: hella). He therefore called it Helluland meaning "Land of the Flat Stones". Next Eriksson came to a land that was flat and wooded, with white sandy beaches, which he called Markland ("Forest Land"). Eriksson's crew cut down trees and took them to Greenland, because Greenland possesses only one small forest and normally relies on driftwood or imports for lumber. The Saga of the Greenlanders also tells of 160 men and women who settled in Markland for winter protection led by Thorfinn Karlsefni (Þorfinnr Karlsefni Þórðarson), c. 1010.[5][6]

The Saga of Erik the Red indicates that Markland is south of Helluland, north of Vinland off Kjalarnes, north-west of an island called Bjarney, and with a country that Karlsefni thinks may be Hvítramannaland somewhere opposite its coast.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Barnes, 2001, p. 31.
  2. ↑ "The Vinland sagas". National Museum of Natural History. Arctic Studies Center.
  3. ↑ Seaver, Kristen A. (1996). The Frozen Echo: Greenland and the Exploration of North America, Ca. A.D. 1000-1500. Stanford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780804731614.
  4. ↑ Chapman, Paul H. "Where in North America did the Vikings Settle?". The Ensign Message. Archived from the original on May 25, 2009.
  5. ↑ Kraus, Michael; Joyce, Davis D. (January 1, 1990). The Writing of American History. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 445. ISBN 9780806122342.
  6. ↑ Sturlason, Snorre (1230). Heimskringla.

, Ari Marsson discovered the land six days' sailing west of Ireland.[1] This journey is thought to have occurred around the year 983.[2]

Their son was Ari, who drifted to White Men's Land, which some people call Greater Ireland. It lies in the ocean to westward, near Vineland the Good, said to be a six-day sail west from Ireland. Ari couldn't get away, and was baptized there. This story was first told by Hrafn Limerick-Farer who spent a long time at Limerick in Ireland. Thorkel Gellisson quoted some Icelanders who had heard Earl Thorfinn of Orkney say that Ari had been recognized in White Man's Land, and couldn't get away from there, but was thought very highly of.

Saga of Eric the Red

White Men's Land is also mentioned in the Saga of Eric the Red, where it is related that the inhabitants of Markland speak of it to Thorfinn Karlsefni;[3]

Now, when they sailed from Vinland, they had a southern wind, and reached Markland, and found five Skrælingar; one was a bearded man, two were women, two children. Karlsefni's people caught the children, but the others escaped and sunk down into the earth. And they took the children with them, and taught them their speech, and they were baptized. The children called their mother Vætilldi, and their father Uvægi. They said that kings ruled over the land of the Skrælingar, one of whom was called Avalldamon, and the other Valldidida. They said also that there were no houses, and the people lived in caves or holes. They said, moreover, that there was a land on the other side over against their land, and the people there were dressed in white garments, uttered loud cries, bore long poles, and wore fringes. This was supposed to be Hvitramannaland (White Man's Land). Then came they to Greenland, and remained with Eirik the Red during the winter.

Eyrbyggja saga

In the Eyrbyggja saga, Gudleif Gudlaugson with his crew had attempted to sail from Dublin to Iceland, but was instead driven out to sea, "first west and then south-west, well out of sight of land". They finally arrived in a land; they did not know where, but it seemed great. Later, the inhabitants of the land came to meet them, and the Norse thought they seemed to speak Irish. Soon, hundreds of these people came to attack and capture the Norsemen, and marched them inland to a court to be tried and sentenced. The Norse then understood that these people wanted either to kill or to enslave them, but were soon saved by the intervention of an Icelandic-speaking leader-figure who lived among the people. He started asking detailed questions about people in Borgarfjord and Breidafjord in Iceland, and gave the Norse some items to pass on to specific people there. He also claimed that Gudleif had been lucky to arrive at the place, because "this is a big country and the harbours are few and far between". Although the man did not want to reveal his own identity (reportedly to keep his "kinsmen and blood-brothers" from getting in trouble by trying to visit him), the Norse later took him to have been Bjorn the Breidavik-Champion, who had been exiled from Iceland some thirty years earlier.[4]

The described circumstances in this report have led some to connect it with Great Ireland, although the Eyrbyggja saga does not make this explicit identification.[5] The voyage is thought to have taken place in 1029.[6]

Other references

12th century Norman Sicily

In the 12th century, in Norman Sicily (where the Normans probably brought the belief with them from Scandinavia), the Arab geographer al-Idrisi in his famous Tabula Rogeriana mentioned Irlandah-al-Kabirah (Great Ireland).[7] According to him, "from the extremity of Iceland to that of Great Ireland," the sailing time was "one day." Although historians note that both al-Idrisi and the Norse tend to understate distances, the only location this reference is thought to have possibly pointed to, must likely have been in Greenland.[8]

Hauksbók

The Hauksbók states that the inhabitants of Hvítramannaland were albani, meaning people with white hair and skin.[9]

16th-century Iceland

In a 16th-century Icelandic text, a chart had apparently been made of the land;[10]

Sir Erlend Thordson had obtained from abroad the geographical chart of that Albania, or land of the White men, which is situated opposite Vinland the good, of which mention has been before made in this little book, and which the merchants formerly called Hibernia Major or Great Ireland, and lies, as has been said, to the west of Ireland proper. This chart had held accurately all those tracts of land, and the boundaries of Markland, Einfœtingjaland, and little Helluland, together with Greenland, to the west of it, where apparently begins the good Terra Florida.

Location hypotheses

Kirsten Seaver identified the land as a fabled country, which had arisen on the background of the faded knowledge of lands in the far western ocean by Icelanders.[2]

Carl Christian Rafn positioned Great Ireland in Chesapeake Bay. Rafn based his identification on Shawnee Amerindian legends of a race described as "white men who used iron instruments". These legends he connected to the description of the inhabitants of Greater Ireland as being white people who carried poles.[11]

Other sources place Great Ireland in Newfoundland, Canada.[12] Author Farley Mowat proposed that Great Ireland was on the western shore of Newfoundland, in the vicinity of St.George's Bay, and was populated by Papar who had fled first Iceland and then Greenland escaping Norse invaders.[13]

More recent research agrees with the early assessment already proposed by Fridtjof Nansen in 1911 and sees Hvítramannaland as a purely mythological country based on a Norse reception of Irish geographical myths during the Viking Age.[14]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Pálsson; Edwards, 2007, p. 61.
  2. 1 2 Seaver, Kirsten A. (1996), The Frozen Echo: Greenland and the Exploration of North America, ca. A.D. 1000–1500, 37 (4), Stanford University Press, p. 27, ISBN 0-8047-3161-6
  3. ↑ Sephton, 1880, p. 7.
  4. ↑ Pálsson; Edwards, 1989, p. 161-164.
  5. ↑ Reeves et.al, 1906, p. 272-277.
  6. ↑ Howgego, Raymond John (2001). Encyclopedia of exploration to 1800: a comprehensive reference guide to the history and literature of exploration, travel, and colonization from the earliest times to the year 1800. Hordern House. p. 462. ISBN 978-1-875567-36-2.
  7. ↑ Dunn, 2009, p. 452.
  8. ↑ Ashe, 1971, p. 48.
  9. ↑
  10. ↑ Reeves et.al, 1906, p. 278-279.
  11. ↑ Rafn, 1841, p. 209.
  12. ↑ Barnes, 2001, p. 31 (footnote).
  13. ↑ Mowat, 1998
  14. ↑ Egeler, Matthias (2015): "Hvítramannaland," in: Heinrich Beck; Sebastian Brather; Dieter Geuenich; Wilhelm Heizmann; Steffen Patzold; Heiko Steuer (eds.): Germanische Altertumskunde Online (GAO). Berlin – Boston: de Gruyter (2015). DOI: 10.1515/gao_49; Fridtjof Nansen: In Northern Mists. Arctic Exploration in Early Times. Translated by Arthur G. Chater. 2 volumes, London: William Heinemann 1911.

References

Primary sources

  • Pálsson, Hermann; Edwards, Paul (1989). Eyrbyggja saga. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-044530-5.
  • Pálsson, Hermann; Edwards, Paul (2007). The Book of Settlements: Landnamabok. Univ. of Manitoba Press. ISBN 978-0-88755-698-2.
  • Sephton, John (1880). Eirik the Red's saga: a translation. D. Marples.

Secondary sources

  • Egeler, Matthias (2015). "Hvítramannaland," in: Heinrich Beck; Sebastian Brather; Dieter Geuenich; Wilhelm Heizmann; Steffen Patzold; Heiko Steuer (eds.): Germanische Altertumskunde Online (GAO). Berlin – Boston: de Gruyter (2015). DOI: 10.1515/gao_49.
  • Nansen, Fridtjof (1911). In Northern Mists. Arctic Exploration in Early Times. Translated by Arthur G. Chater. 2 volumes, London: William Heinemann 1911.

  • Ashe, Geoffrey (1971). The Quest for America. Praeger.
  • Barnes, Geraldine (2001). Viking America: the first millennium. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-0-85991-608-0.
  • Dunn, Joseph (2009). The Catholic Historical Review. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-1-115-44800-0.
  • Reeves, Arthur Middleton; Beamish, North Ludlow; Anderson, Rasmus B. (2008) [1906]. The Norse Discovery of America. Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1-60506-443-7.
  • The Discovery of America by North-men in the Tenth Century, Carl Christian Rafn, T. and W. Boone, 1841.
  • Mowat, Farley (1998). The Farfarers. Toronto: Random House. ISBN 0-7704-2843-6.
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