Triacetin

Triacetin[1]
Skeletal formula of triacetin
Ball-and-stick model of the triacetin molecule
Names
IUPAC name
1,3-Diacetyloxypropan-2-yl acetate
Other names
Glycerol triacetate[2]
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.002.775
E number E1518 (additional chemicals)
KEGG
RTECS number AK3675000
UNII
Properties
C9H14O6
Molar mass 218.21 g·mol−1
Appearance Oily liquid
Density 1.155 g/cm3[3]
Melting point −78 °C (−108 °F; 195 K)
at 760 mmHg[2]
Boiling point 259 °C (498 °F; 532 K)
at 760 mmHg[2]
6.1 g/100 mL[2]
Solubility Miscible in EtOH
Soluble in C6H6, (C2H5)2O, acetone[2]
Vapor pressure 0.051 Pa (11.09 °C)
0.267 Pa (25.12 °C)
2.08 Pa (45.05 °C)[4]
ln(P/Pa)=22.819-4493/T(K)-807000/T(K)²
1.4301 (20 °C)[2]
1.4294 (24.5 °C)[4]
Viscosity 23 cP (20 °C)[3]
Thermochemistry
389 J/mol·K[5]
458.3 J/mol·K[5]
−1330.8 kJ/mol[5]
4211.6 kJ/mol[5]
Hazards
S-phrases (outdated) S24/25
NFPA 704
Flash point 138 °C (280 °F; 411 K)[3]
430 °C (806 °F; 703 K)[3]
Explosive limits 7.73%[3]
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
1100 mg/kg (mice, oral)[3]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

The triglyceride 1,2,3-triacetoxypropane is more generally known as triacetin and glycerin triacetate. It is the triester of glycerol and acetylating agents, such as acetic acid and acetic anhydride.[6] It is a colorless, viscous and odorless liquid with a high boiling point.

Triacetin was first prepared in 1854 by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot.[7]

Uses

It is an artificial chemical compound,[8] commonly used as a food additive, for instance as a solvent in flavourings, and for its humectant function, with E number E1518 and Australian approval code A1518. It is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products, where it is used as a humectant, a plasticizer, and as a solvent.[9]

Triacetin can also be used as a fuel additive as an antiknock agent which can reduce engine knocking in gasoline, and to improve cold and viscosity properties of biodiesel.[10]

It has been considered as a possible source of food energy in artificial food regeneration systems on long space missions. It is believed to be safe to get over half of one's dietary energy from triacetin.[11]

Safety

The US Food and Drug Administration has approved it as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) food additive and included it in the database according to the opinion from the Select Committee On GRAS Substances (SCOGS).

"Triacetin and two types of acetooleins have been found to be without toxic effects in long-term feeding tests in rats at levels that were several orders of magnitude greater than those to which consumers are exposed. Three types of acetostearins have been found to be without toxic effects in long-term feeding tests in rats at levels up to 5 g per kg per day. This contrasts with an estimated human consumption of a fraction of a milligram per kg per day. It is recognized that at an even higher feeding level (10 g per kg per day) male rats developed testicular atrophy and female rats, uterine discoloration. However, such a level which would amount to 50 g or more for an infant and 600 g for an adult per day, is vastly higher than would be possible in the consumption of foods to which acetostearins are added for functional purposes."

Triacetin is included in the SCOGS database since 1975.[12]

Triacetin was not toxic to animals in studies of exposure through repeated inhalation over a relatively short period.[13]

References

  1. ↑ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 9405.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "MSDS of Triacetin". fishersci.ca. Fisher Scientific. Retrieved 2014-06-20.
  4. 1 2 Woodman, A. L.; Adicoff, A. (1963). "Vapor Pressure of Tiracetin, Triethylene Glycol Dinitrate, and Metriol Trinitrate". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 8 (2): 241–242. doi:10.1021/je60017a033.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Triacetin in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD), http://webbook.nist.gov (retrieved 2014-06-20)
  6. ↑ Kong, P. S.; Aroua, M. K.; Daud, W. M. A. W.; Lee, H. V.; Cognet, P.; Peres, Y. (2016). "Catalytic role of solid acid catalysts in glycerol acetylation for the production of bio-additives: a review". RSC Advances. 6 (73): 68885–68905. doi:10.1039/C6RA10686B.
  7. ↑ Berthelot, Marcellin (1854). "Sur les combinaisons de le glycérine avec les acides et sur la synthèse des principes immédiats des graisses des animaux" [On the compounds of glycerin with acids and on the synthesis of immediate principles of animal fats]. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 3rd series (in French). 41: 216–319. ; see "Triacétine", pp. 282–283.
  8. ↑ "Triacetin". texas-chem.com. Chemical and Filtration Products of Texas. Retrieved 2014-06-20.
  9. ↑ "Triacetin". drugtopics.modernmedicine.com. Advanstar Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2014-06-20.
  10. ↑ Gupta, Mayank; Kumar, Naveen "Scope and opportunities of using glycerol as an energy source" Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews (2012), 16(7), 4551-4556. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.04.001
  11. ↑ Shapira, Jacob; Mandel, Adrian D.; Quattrone, Phillip D.; Bell, Nancie L. (1968). "Current Research On Regenerative Systems" (PDF). casi.ntrs.nasa.gov. Tokyo: Committee On Space Research, Eleventh Annual Meeting. Retrieved 2014-06-20.
  12. ↑ "Glycerin and Glycerides". www.fda.gov. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2014-06-20.
  13. ↑ "Final report on the safety assessment of triacetin". Int J Toxicol. 22 Suppl 2: 1–10. 2003. doi:10.1080/747398359. PMID 14555416.
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