George Yeardley

His Excellency
Sir George Yeardley
Governor of Virginia
In office
November 1616 – November 1617
Appointed by James I
Preceded by Thomas Dale
Succeeded by Samuel Argall
In office
November 1618 – November 1621
Appointed by James I
Preceded by Samuel Argall
Succeeded by Sir Francis Wyatt
In office
March 4, 1626 – November 13, 1627
Appointed by James I
Preceded by Sir Francis Wyatt
Succeeded by Francis West
Personal details
Born 1587
St. Saviour's Parish, Southwark, Surrey
Died 1627
Nationality English
Occupation Planter

Sir George Yeardley (1587–1627) was a planter and three time colonial Governor of the British Colony of Virginia. He was also among the first slave holders in what would eventually become the United States. A survivor of the Virginia Company of London's ill-fated Third Supply Mission, whose flagship, the Sea Venture, was shipwrecked on Bermuda for 10 months in 1609-10, he is best remembered for presiding over the initial session of the first representative legislative body in Virginia in 1619. With representatives from throughout the settled portion of the colony, the group became known as the House of Burgesses. It has met continuously since, and is known in modern times as the Virginia General Assembly.

Early life

Yeardley was baptized on July 28, 1588, in St. Saviour's Parish, Southwark, Surrey. He was the son of Ralph Yeardley (1549–1604), a London merchant-tailor, and Rhoda Marston (died 1603). He chose not to follow his father into trade, but instead became a soldier and joined a company of English foot-soldiers to fight the Spanish in the Netherlands. As captain of a personal bodyguard, he was selected to serve Sir Thomas Gates during his term as Governor of Virginia.

Shipwreck

Yeardley set sail from England on June 1, 1609, with the newly appointed Gates aboard the Sea Venture, the flagship of the ill-fated Third Supply expedition to Jamestown. After eight weeks at sea, and seven days from expected landfall, the convoy ran into a tropical storm and the Sea Venture was shipwrecked in the Bermudas. Fortunately, everyone survived the storm. Despite numerous problems, including civil unrest among the former passengers resulting in Gates declaring martial law, two small ships were built within 10 months. The two ships, the 70-80 ton Deliverance and the 30 ton pinnace Patience, arrived at Jamestown on May 23, 1610.

Jamestown

The shipwreck survivors found the colonists of Jamestown in desperate condition. Most of the settlers had died from sickness or starvation, or had been killed by Indians. Sir Thomas Gates agreed with the Jamestown settlers to abandon the colony and return to England. He ordered Captain Yeardley to command his soldiers to guard the town preventing settlers from setting fire to the structures that were evacuated. Lord de la Warr soon arrived bringing supplies to save the struggling colony. Captain Yeardley was co-commander of the early Forts Henry and Charles at Kecoughtan. In October 1610, Lord De La Warr ordered Captain Yeardley and Captain Edward Brewster to lead 150 men into the mountains in search of silver and gold mines.

Political career in the New World

In 1616 Yeardley was designated Deputy-Governor of Virginia. One of his first accomplishments was to come to an agreement with the Chickahominy Indians that secured food and peace for two years. He served from 1616 to 1617.

During November 1618, Sir George was appointed to serve three years as governor of Virginia, and was knighted by James I during an audience at Newmarket on 24 November.[1][2]

A relation from the Flowerdew family, John Pory, served as secretary to the colony from 1618 to 1622.[3] And when Flowerdew Hundred sent representatives to the first General Assembly in Jamestown in 1619, one was Ensign Edmund Rossingham, a son of Temperance Flowerdew's elder sister Mary Flowerdew and her husband Dionysis Rossingham.[4]

Yeardley led the first representative Virginia General Assembly, the legislative House of Burgesses, to meet on American soil. It convened at the church in Jamestown on July 30, 1619. One of the first acts of this representative body was to set the price of tobacco. Yeardley was appointed deputy-governor again in 1625. He served a second time as governor from March 4, 1626/27 until his death on November 13, 1627. He is buried in Third Jamestown Church at Jamestown, Virginia.

Land ownership

In 1619, he patented 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of land on Mulberry Island.[5] He owned another private plantation upriver on the south side of the James River opposite Tanks Weyanoke, named Flowerdew Hundred, and owned many slaves.[6] It is often assumed that Yeardley named this plantation "Flowerdew Hundred" after his wife, as a kind of romantic tribute. However, the land appears to have been in use by Stanley Flowerdew, Yeardley's brother-in-law, before it was patented by Yeardley. Although George Yeardley acquired the thousand acres that he named Flowerdew Hundred in 1619, it seems very likely that some settlement had begun there before that date, for his brother-in-law Stanley Flowerdew took a shipment of tobacco to England in the same year, probably grown on the same property." With a population of about thirty, Flowerdew Hundred Plantation was economically successful with thousands of pounds of tobacco produced along with corn, fish and livestock. In 1621 Yeardley paid 120 pounds (possibly a hogshead of tobacco) to build the first windmill in British America. The windmill was an English post design and was transferred by deed in the property’s 1624 sale to Abraham Piersey, a Cape Merchant of the London Company. The plantation survived the 1622 onslaught of Powhatan Indians, losing only six people.[7] so the plantation may have been associated with the Flowerdew name before Yeardley's patent. Note that Yeardley named his Mulberry Island plantation "Stanley Hundred",[8] undoubtedly after his Stanley in-laws.[9] In other words, both of Yeardley's plantations were named in honor of his wealthy in-laws. Clearly, the Yeardley-Flowerdew alliance was as much to do with power politics and social status as with romance.

Family

On 18 October 1618, Yeardley married Temperance Flowerdew, daughter of Anthony Flowerdew of Hethersett, Norfolk County, and his wife Martha Stanley of Scottow, Norfolk County. "Exactly a month later he was appointed to serve three years as governor of Virginia, and was knighted by James I during an audience at Newmarket on 24 November".[10] Temperance Flowerdew had also sailed for Virginia in the 1609 expedition, aboard the Faulcon, arriving at Jamestown in August 1609.[11] She was one of the few survivors of the Starving Time.

The couple had three children:

  • Elizabeth Yeardley (1615–1660); married Major Joseph Croshaw.
  • Argoll Yeardley (1617–1655).
  • Francis Yeardley (1620–1655), "Upon reaching manhood he became quite prominent in the affairs of Virginia, being for some time a colonel of militia and in 1653 a member of the House of Burgesses for Lower Norfolk."[12]

After Yeardley's death Temperance Flowerdew married Governor Francis West.

Filmography

Jason Flemyng plays Sir George Yeardley in a popular British show, Jamestown Jamestown (TV series) written by Bill Gallagher and produced by Carnival Films, the makers of Downton Abbey. The series premiered on Sky One in the United Kingdom in May 2017. Sky ordered a second series of Jamestown in May 2017, before the premiere of the first series. Series 2 aired from February 2018. The renewal of Jamestown for a third season was announced by Sky One on March 23, 2018.

Archaeological

On July 24, 2018, archaeologists from Jamestown Rediscovery and the Smithsonian Institution announced the discovery of a prominent burial around 400 years old in an important spot within the church. Ground-penetrating radar confirmed the presence of a skeleton of the right age and build for Yeardley who died in 1627 aged about 40. They believe the remains could be those of Yeardley; attributing to the way the body was laid out, the prominent location within the church,[13] and the approximate age the person was when they died. Another church was built on top but the position indicates a high status burial. Although the head is missing, 10 teeth have been found and tests are being carried out by the FBI and archaeologist and geneticist Turi King, who helped identify the remains of Richard III in 2012. King is working on the team and will assist in tracking down Yeardley relatives to compare DNA found in the remains.[14] The results could take several months but should be available in time for 2019's 400th Anniversary of Sir George Yeardley's Great Reforms and the first General Assembly which introduced them.[15][16]

References

  1. ↑ R. C. D. Baldwin, ‘Yeardley, Sir George (bap. 1588, d. 1627)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004
  2. ↑ Jamestown 1624/5 Muster http://www.virtualjamestown.org/Muster/muster24.html
  3. ↑ Charlotte Fell-Smith, ‘Pory, John (bap. 1572, d. 1636?)’, rev. David R. Ransome, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.
  4. ↑ "Concerning George Yardley and Temperance Flowerdew", James P. C. Southall, William and Mary Quarterly, Jul 1947
  5. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
  6. ↑ BBC News
  7. ↑ "Flowerdew Hundred: the archaeology of a Virginia Plantation' by James Deetz, p. 19
  8. ↑ "On February 9, 1627-28, Lady Yeardley acknowledged a sale of the land under the name "Stanley Hundred" to Thomas Flint..." The Cradle of the Republic, Lyon G. Tyler, p.238
  9. ↑ Martha Stanley, Yeardley's mother-in-law, was daughter and heiress of John Stanley, a prominent Norfolk landowner
  10. ↑ R. C. D. Baldwin, ‘Yeardley, Sir George (bap. 1588, d. 1627)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004
  11. ↑ Jamestown 1624/5 Muster http://www.virtualjamestown.org/Muster/muster24.html
  12. ↑ Narratives of Early Carolina, J. Franklin Jameson, General Editor, published 1911 referencing W.G. Stanard, Virginia Colonial Registry, 1900.
  13. ↑ Historic Jamestown
  14. ↑ Ruana, Michael. The Washington Post. July 24, 2018. http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/archaeologists-have-found-the-remains-of-one-of-jamestown%e2%80%99s-early-settlers-now-they-have-to-prove-he-is-who-they-think-he-is/ar-BBL1eEG?ocid=ientp
  15. ↑ BBC News
  16. ↑ Washington Post

Sources

  • Deetz, James,Flowerdew Hundred: the Archaeology of a Virginia Plantation 1619-186. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1993).
  • Hatch, Charles E., The First Seventeen Years: Virginia, 1607-1624 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1957).
  • Dorman, J.F., ed., Adventures of Purse and Person, Virginia 1607-1624/5 (Alexandria: Order of First Families of Virginia, 1987).
  • Hume, Ivor Noël, The Virginia Adventure. New York, Alfred A. Knopf. 1994).
  • Kolb, Avery, "The Tempest",
  • American Heritage: Four Hundred Years of American Seafaring, April/May 1983.
  • "Wreck and Redemption", The Web of Time: Pages from the American Past, Issue Two, Fall 1998.
  • "Francis Yeardley's Narrative of Excursions into Carolina, 1654," in Narratives of early Carolina, 1650-1708, ed. A.S. Salley, (New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1911), 21-29
  •  "Yeardley, George". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  • "Yeardley, Sir George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30204. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Government offices
Preceded by
Thomas Dale		 Colonial Governor of Virginia
1616–1617		 Succeeded by
Samuel Argall
Preceded by
Samuel Argall		 Colonial Governor of Virginia
1619–1621		 Succeeded by
Francis Wyatt
Preceded by
Francis Wyatt		 Colonial Governor of Virginia
1626–1627		 Succeeded by
Francis West
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