General Fusion

General Fusion
Privately held company
Industry Fusion Power
Founded 2002 (2002)
Founder Michel Laberge, PhD
Headquarters Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
Key people
Number of employees
 65
Website www.generalfusion.com

General Fusion is a Canadian company based in Burnaby, British Columbia, which was created for the development of a fusion power device based on magnetized target fusion (MTF). The company is funded by a variety of investors.

The fusion fuel is injected in the form of a compact toroid of plasma, which is then compressed to fusion-relevant densities and pressures. In contrast to most MTF systems, which use magnets to compress the plasma the General Fusion design instead uses a large number of steam-driven pistons to mechanically compress a vortex of liquid metal.[1][2][3] As of 2017 they were developing subsystems for use in a prototype to be built in three to five years.[4]

In 2018, the company published several papers on a new design using a spherical tokamak as the plasma source, as opposed to the compact torrid. It is not clear in existing references whether this represents a major change of the original concept.[5]

Organization

As of 2016, General Fusion has 65 employees[6] and has raised over C$100 million in funding from a global syndicate of investors.[7] The company was founded in 2002 by former Creo Products senior physicist and principal engineer Dr. Michel Laberge, who completed his Ph.D in fusion physics at the University of British Columbia in 1990.[8]

The company is led by a management team consisting of Christofer M. Mowry, the CEO, Bruce Colwill, the CFO, Dr. Michel Laberge, the Chief Science Officer, and Michael Delage, the CTO.[9]

Dr. Michel Laberge founded the company in 2002. Dr. Laberge has widespread experience in plasma physics and of the other relevant technologies in nuclear fusion, such as advances in electronics, materials, optics, etc. Dr. Laberge holds a PhD in physics from the University of British Columbia, and has completed a post doc at both the L’ecole Polytechnique and the National Research Council in Ottawa. He has also published several scientific papers. Before he founded General Fusion, Dr. Laberge was a senior physicist and principal engineer at Creo Products for nine years.[9]

Christofer Mowry has decades of experience as an executive within various companies in the energy and infrastructure industries. Most recently he was the CEO and Chairman of General Synfuels International. Prior to that, he founded and ran Generation mPower, a company that sold Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), a nuclear energy technology. He has also been the President of B&W Nuclear Energy and Chief Operating Officer of WSI.[9]

Michael Delage holds multiple responsibilities at General Fusion, including building partnerships with international research institutions that conduct research into nuclear research. These partnerships are described in the "Research Collaborations" section. He also oversees partnerships with governments and other companies, as well as General Fusion’s technology development strategy. Previously, Michael co-founded residential demand response technology company Energate Inc. He also worked as a design engineer on robotic systems for the International Space Station.[9]

The company is overseen by a board of directors chaired by Frederick W. Buckman Sr., former CEO of Consumers Power.[10] Advising the board is a Scientific Advisory Committee, which includes Carol M. Browner,[11] physicist T. Kenneth Fowler,[6] and former astronaut Mark Kelly.[12]

Technology

Diagram of the General Fusion power plant

Power plant design

General Fusion’s Magnetized Target Fusion system uses a ~3 meter sphere filled with a mixture of molten lead and lithium. The liquid metal is spun to open up a vertical cylindrical cavity in the centre of the sphere (vortex). This vortex flow is established and maintained by an external pumping system; the liquid flows into the sphere through tangentially directed ports at the equator and is pumped out radially through ports near the poles of the sphere.[13]

Attached to the top of the sphere is a plasma injector, from which a pulse of magnetically-confined deuterium-tritium plasma fuel is injected into the center of the vortex. A few milligrams of gas are used per pulse, and the gas is ionized by a bank of capacitors to form a spheromak plasma (self confined magnetized plasma rings) composed of the deuterium-tritium fuel.[14][15] The company has demonstrated plasma lifetimes up to 2 milliseconds and electron temperatures in excess of 400 eV.[16]

The outside of the sphere is covered with steam pistons, which push the liquid metal and collapse the vortex, thereby compressing the plasma. The compression increases the temperature of the plasma to the point where the deuterium and tritium nuclei fuse, releasing energy in the form of fast neutrons.[15]

This energy heats up the liquid metal, which is then pumped through a heat exchanger and used to generate electricity via a steam turbine. The plasma formation and compression process repeats and the liquid metal is continuously pumped through the system. Some of the steam is recycled to power the pistons.[17][13]

An earlier concept used steam pistons to simultaneously impact a set of stationary anvils on the surface of the sphere to create acoustic pressure waves in the liquid metal.[15] The pressure waves would converge to become a spherical shockwave at the center of the sphere. This approach created excessively strong magnetic fields, which caused instabilities in the liquid metal wall. As of October 2017, the approach is to use slower pistons and compression time of 40 ms for lower peak energy densities.[18]

In addition to its role in compressing the plasma, the use of a liquid metal liner provides a way of shielding the power plant structure from neutrons released by the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction, overcoming the problem of structural damage to plasma-facing materials.[19][13] The use of liquid lithium in the mixture enables the breeding of tritium fuel, while the liquid metal provides a means of extracting the energy from the system via a heat exchanger.[13][20]

LINUS

General Fusion's approach is based on the LINUS concept developed by the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) beginning in 1972.[21][22][23] Researchers at NRL suggested an approach that retains many of the advantages of liner compression to achieve small, high-energy-density fusion, while using a liquid metal as the liner to avoid the major draw back of replacing hardware.[24]

In the LINUS concept, a rotating liquid lithium liner is imploded mechanically, using high pressure helium as the energy source. The liner acts as a cylindrical piston to compress a magnetically-confined plasma adiabatically to fusion temperature and relatively high density (~1017 ions.cm−3).[21] In the subsequent expansion the plasma energy and the fusion energy carried by trapped alpha particles is directly recovered, making the mechanical cycle self-sustaining.The LINUS reactor can thus be regarded as a fusion engine, except that there is no shaft output: all the energy appears as heat.[21]

The liquid metal acts as both a compression mechanism and heat transfer mechanism, allowing the energy from the fusion reaction to be captured as heat.[21] LINUS researchers anticipated that the liner could also be used to breed tritium fuel for the power plant, and would protect the machine from high-energy neutrons by acting as a regenerative first wall.[21]

Synchronizing the timing of the compression system was not possible with the technology of the time, and the proposed design was never constructed.[23] General Fusion's Chief Scientist, Dr. Michel Laberge, has stated that these timing limitations can now be overcome with today's high-speed electronics.[6]

Research and development

The company has developed the sub-systems of the power plant, including plasma injectors and compression driver technology.[25] Patents have been awarded for a fusion energy reactor design,[26] as well as enabling technologies such as plasma accelerators,[27] methods for creating liquid metal vortexes,[28] and lithium evaporators.[29]

Plasma injectors

Plasma injectors provide the fuel supply for the MTF power plant, injecting a deuterium-tritium plasma into the compression chamber.[30]

Compact toroid plasmas are formed by a coaxial Marshal gun (a type of plasma railgun), with magnetic fields supported by internal plasma currents and eddy currents in the flux conserver wall.[31] The company has constructed and operated more than a dozen plasma injectors, iterating designs to improve the performance of the plasma.[32] These include large two-stage injectors with formation and magnetic acceleration sections (dubbed "PI" experiments), and three generations of smaller, single-stage formation-only injectors (MRT, PROSPECTOR and SPECTOR).[16] In 2016 the company published research demonstrating spheromak plasma lifespans of up to 2 milliseconds and temperatures in excess of 400 eV on its SPECTOR generation of injectors.[16] As of December 2017, the PI3 plasma injector was operational and held the title as the world's most powerful plasma injector, ten times more powerful than its predecessor.[33]

Compression driver technology

Pneumatic pistons are used to create a converging spherical wave that compresses the plasma. Each system consists of a 100 kg, 30 cm diameter hammer piston driven down a 1 m long bore by compressed air.[34][15] The hammer piston strikes an anvil at the end of the bore, generating a large amplitude acoustic pulse that is transmitted to the liquid metal in the compression chamber via the piston anvil.[34] To create a spherical wave, the timing of these strikes must be controlled to within 10 µs of each other. The company has recorded sequences of consecutive shots with impact velocities of 50 m/s and timing synchronization within 2 µs.[34]

A proof-of-concept prototype compression system was constructed in 2013 with 14 full size pistons around 1 meter diameter spherical compression chamber to demonstrate pneumatic compression and collapse of a liquid metal vortex.[35][34]

Liquid metal systems

The proof-of-concept prototype compression system incorporates technology for forming a vortex of liquid metal as would be required in an MTF power plant. This consists of a 15 tonne liquid lead reservoir, pumped at 100 kg/s to form a vortex inside a 1 meter diameter spherical compression chamber.[35][34]

Research collaborations

  • Microsoft: In May 2017 General Fusion and Microsoft announced a collaboration to develop a data science platform based on Microsoft's Azure cloud computing system. A second phase of the project will apply machine learning to the data, with the goal of discovering new insights into the behavior of high temperature plasmas. The new computational program will enable General Fusion to mine over 100 terabytes of data from the records of over 150,000 experiments. It will use this data to optimize the designs of their fusion system’s plasma injector, piston array, and fuel chamber. During this collaboration, the Microsoft Develop Experience Team will be contributing their experience and resources in machine learning, data management, and cloud computing.[36]
  • Los Alamos National Laboratory: General Fusion has entered a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) with the U.S. Department of Energy’s Los Alamos National Laboratory for magnetized target fusion research.[37]
  • McGill University: McGill University and General Fusion have acquired an Engage Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research of Canada to study General Fusion’s Magnetized Target Fusion technology. Specifically, the project will use McGill’s diagnostic capabilities to develop techniques to understand the behavior of the metal wall during plasma compression and how it may affect the plasma. Publications from this study will be submitted to the Journal of Applied Physics.[38]
  • Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory: MHD simulation of compression during MTF experiments[39]
  • Queen Mary University of London: General Fusion funded a research study on high fidelity simulations of non-linear sound propagation in multiphase media of nuclear fusion reactor pursued using QMUL CLithium and Y codes.[40]
  • Hatch Ltd: General Fusion and Hatch Ltd. joined together in 2015 to create a fusion energy demonstration system. The project aims to construct and demonstrate, at power plant scale, the primary subsystems and physics underpinning General Fusion’s technology, including their proprietary Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) technology. Simulation models will be used to verify that this fusion energy system is commercially and technically viable at scale.[25]

Funding

General Fusion receives funding through a variety of investors, including Chrysalix venture capital, the Business Development Bank of Canada—a Canadian federal Crown corporation, Bezos Expeditions, Cenovus Energy, GrowthWorks Capital, Khazanah Nasional—a Malaysian sovereign wealth fund, and Sustainable Development Technology Canada.[41]

As of late 2016, General Fusion had received over $100 million in funding from a global syndicate of investors and the Canadian Government’s Sustainable Development Technology Canada (SDTC) fund.[7]

Chrysalix Energy Venture Capital, a Vancouver-based venture capital firm, led a C$1.2 million seed round of financing for General Fusion in 2007.[2][42][43] As of 2011 General Fusion remained in Chrysalix' portfolio.[44] Other Canadian venture capital firms that participated in the seed round were GrowthWorks Capital and BDC Venture Capital.

In 2009 a consortium led by General Fusion was awarded C$13.9 million by Sustainable Development Technology Canada (SDTC) to conduct a four-year research project on "Acoustically Driven Magnetized Target Fusion";[45] SDTC is a foundation established by the Canadian government.[46] The other member of the consortium is Los Alamos National Laboratory.[45]

A 2011 Series B round raised $19.5 million from a syndicate including Bezos Expeditions, Braemar Energy Ventures, Business Development Bank of Canada, Cenovus Energy, Chrysalix Venture Capital, Entrepreneurs Fund, and GrowthWorks Capital.[47][48]

In May 2015 the government of Malaysia’s sovereign wealth fund, Khazanah Nasional Berhad, led a $27 million funding round.[49]

SDTC awarded General Fusion a further C$12.75 million in March 2016 to for the project "Demonstration of fusion energy technology" in a consortium with McGill University (Shock Wave Physics Group) and Hatch Ltd.[25]

Crowdsourcing

Beginning in 2015, the company conducted three crowdsourcing challenges through Waltham, Massachusetts-based firm Innocentive.[50]

The first challenge was Method for Sealing Anvil Under Repetitive Impacts Against Molten Metal.[50] General Fusion successfully sourced a solution for "robust seal technology" capable of withstanding extreme temperatures and repetitive hammering, so as to isolate the rams from the liquid metal that fills the sphere. The company awarded Kirby Meacham, an MIT-trained mechanical engineer from Cleveland, Ohio, the $20,000 prize.[51]

A second challenge, Data-Driven Prediction of Plasma Performance, began in December 2015 with the aim of identifying patterns in the company’s experimental data that would allow it to further improve the performance of its plasma.[52]

The third challenge ran in March 2016, seeking a method to quickly and reliably induce a substantial current to jump a 5–10 cm gap within a few hundred microseconds, and was titled "Fast Current Switch in Plasma Device".[53] A prize of $5,000 was awarded to a post-doctoral researcher at Notre Dame, Indiana.[54]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "This machine might* save the world", Josh Dean, Popular Science, 23 December 2008
  2. 1 2 "Looking for a net gain in the energy sector", Tyler Hamilton, Toronto Star, 20 April 2009
  3. ↑ "Garage scientist aims to thwart OPEC" Archived 26 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine., Nathan VanderKlippe, Financial Post, 16 November 2007
  4. ↑ Masse, Bryson (5 May 2017). "This Vancouver Startup Is Chasing the Dream of Clean, Limitless Energy Forever". Motherboard. Vice Media. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  5. ↑ Laberge, Michel (14 August 2018). "Magnetized Target Fusion with a Spherical Tokamak". Journal of Fusion Energy.
  6. 1 2 3 Frochtzwajg, Jonathan. "The secretive, billionaire-backed plans to harness fusion". Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  7. 1 2 "General Fusion to outline clean energy future for Ottawa natural resource committee - Cantech Letter". Cantech Letter. 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  8. ↑ "PSFC Seminar: Acoustically-Driven Magnetized Target Fusion at General Fusion". MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center. MIT. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "General Fusion's Team, Investors and Research Partners". General Fusion. General Fusion. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  10. ↑ "Frederick W. Buckman Sr.: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  11. ↑ "Carol M. Browner | Department of Energy". energy.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  12. ↑ Mckenzie, Kevin Hinton & Ryan. "General Fusion Adds NASA, White House Talent". BCBusiness. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Introducing alternative fusion concepts: General Fusion | EUROfusion". EUROfusion. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  14. ↑ "Magnetic Compression and Stability of Spheromaks". Mitacs. 2014-11-17. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Gibbs, Wayt (18 October 2016). "The Fusion Underground". Scientific American. 315: 38–45.
  16. 1 2 3 Peter O’Shea, Michel Laberge, Mike Donaldson, Michael Delage "Acoustically Driven Magnetized Target Fusion at General Fusion: An Overview" Archived 18 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Poster presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics 31 October – 4 November 2016. San Jose, California. CP10.00103
  17. ↑ Hamilton, Tyler. "A New Approach to Fusion". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  18. ↑ O'Shea, P.; Laberge, M.; Donaldson, M.; Delage, M. (27 October 2017). "Magnetized Target Fusion At General Fusion: An Overview" (PDF). 59th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics. General Fusion Inc.
  19. ↑ Clinard, Frank (1975). "First wall materials problems in fusion reactors". Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. 12: 510.
  20. ↑ Grossman, Lev (October 2015). "Inside the Quest for Fusion, Clean Energy's Holy Grail". TIME Magazine.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Robson, A. E. (1980). "A Conceptual Design for an Imploding-Liner Fusion Reactor". Megagauss Physics and Technology. Springer US. pp. 425–436. ISBN 978-1-4684-1050-1.
  22. ↑ Clery, Daniel (2014). "Fusion's Restless Pioneers". Science. 345 (6195): 370–375. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..370C.
  23. 1 2 Cartwright, Jon. "An Independent Endeavour". Physics World. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
  24. ↑ Siemon; Peterson; et al. (1999). The relevance of Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) to practical energy production (PDF).
  25. 1 2 3 "Demonstration of fusion energy technology - clean energy". Sustainable Development Technology Canada. 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  26. ↑ "Magnetized plasma fusion reactor". European Patent Office. 2006-09-07. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  27. ↑ "APPARATUS FOR ACCELERATING AND COMPRESSING PLASMA". European Patent Office. 2015-07-30. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  28. ↑ "APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR GENERATING A VORTEX CAVITY IN A ROTATING FLUID". European Patent Office. 2016-07-21. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  29. ↑ "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR EVAPORATING A METAL". European Patent Office. 2016-05-12. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
  30. ↑ "How a Canadian fusion reactor could revolutionize the energy sector". Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News. 2014-04-11. Retrieved 2017-04-17.
  31. ↑ Russ Ivanov, Patrick Carle, Neil Carter, Ken Jensen, Stephen Howard, Michel Laberge, Alex Mossman, Peter O’Shea, Adrian Wong, William Young "SPECTOR 1 Plasma as a Target for Adiabatic Compression" Poster presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Plasma Physics 31 October – 4 November 2016. San Jose, California. CP10.00106
  32. ↑ Ambreen, Ali (December 2016). "Reviving the Fusion Dream". PM Network. Archived from the original on 2017-12-12. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  33. ↑ "World's largest plasma injector brings commercial fusion energy a step closer". General Fusion. General Fusion, Inc. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 Laberge, M.; Howard, S.; Richardson, D.; et al. (2013). "Acoustically driven Magnetized Target Fusion". IEEE 25th Symposium on Fusion Engineering – via IEEE.
  35. 1 2 "General Fusion Developing World's First Commercially Viable Fusion Power Plant for Clean Energy ·". ANSYS. 2017-03-31. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  36. ↑ "General Fusion, Microsoft team up on data analysis". world-nuclear-news.org. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  37. ↑ Stewart, John (21 January 2015). "Innovations we need - Now, and for generations". Talk Nuclear. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
  38. ↑ "Burnaby-based General Fusion Inc. Forms Research Partnership With McGill University | T-Net News". www.bctechnology.com. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  39. ↑ "Simulation of MTF experiments at General Fusion". Bulletin of the American Physical Society. 61 (18). 2016-10-31.
  40. ↑ uk, David Lockwood. "Staff: Research Projects: Dr Eldad Avital: School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London". www.sems.qmul.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  41. ↑ "General Fusion's Team, Investors and Research Partners". General Fusion. General Fusion. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  42. ↑ KANELLOS, MICHAEL. "More money for fusion energy". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  43. ↑ Chrysalix is funded by a number of investors including several energy firms; its investors are listed on "Chrysalix' website" Archived 10 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  44. ↑ "General Fusion". chrysalix.com. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  45. 1 2 Sustainable Development Technology Canada (2008). "Acoustically Driven Magnetized Fusion". SDTC. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  46. ↑ "Media Backgrounder: Sustainable Development Technology Canada". SDTC website. Retrieved 9 Nov 2011.
  47. ↑ "Fusion lightweight gets a boost from heavyweight investors". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  48. ↑ O'Connor, Clare. "Amazon Billionaire Bezos Backs Nuclear Fusion In $19.5 Million Round". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  49. ↑ "General Fusion raises another $27 million to advance its reactor". Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News. 2015-05-20. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  50. 1 2 "General Fusion Challenge: Method for Sealing Anvil Under Repetitive Impacts Against Molten Metal". www.innocentive.com. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  51. ↑ "General Fusion Announces Winner of $20,000 Crowdsourced Engineering Challenge | T-Net News". www.bctechnology.com. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  52. ↑ "General Fusion Challenge: Data-Driven Prediction of Plasma Performance | InnoCentive Challenge". www.innocentive.com. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  53. ↑ "General Fusion Challenge: Fast Current Switch in Plasma Device | InnoCentive Challenge". www.innocentive.com. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  54. ↑ Cassidy, Brendan (2016-12-08). "Five Things to Consider Before You Enlist The Crowd". Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  • General Fusion Inc. website
  • Magnetized Target Fusion at Los Alamos National Laboratories
  • A Guide to New Nuclear in Greentech Media
  • Richard Harris (2011-11-09). "'Power For The Planet': Company Bets Big On Fusion". National Public Radio.
  • Nature News Feature: Plasma Physics: The fusion upstarts in Nature (journal)
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