Galácticos

The New York Cosmos featured Brazilian footballers, Pelé and Carlos Alberto.

Galácticos (Spanish for galactics, referring to superstars) are expensive, world-famous Real Madrid football players recruited during the "galácticos" policy pursued during Florentino Pérez's presidency at Real Madrid, where in his first tenure he purchased at least one galáctico in the summer of every year. Galácticos is now often used in a more general sense for a select list of football superstars in any team.[1]

The term itself carries both positive and negative meanings. Initially, it was used to emphasise the greatness of signing superstar players and the construction of a world class team. Later the term attracted a more negative connotation; galáctico becoming synonymous with prima donna and used to deride the transfer policy and side (or team) built under it, following media perception that the policy at Real had failed to deliver expected levels of success.

The term has occasionally been used to describe other teams, both in football and in other sports, that have been perceived to follow a similar policy. For example, British rugby union commentator Martin Gillingham called French club Toulon "rugby's galácticos" in 2012 due to a wave of signings of international stars by owner Mourad Boudjellal.[2]

Origins

Although the term was popularized in the 2000s, the origins of the Galáctico policy date as far back as the 1950s and 1960s, when the policy was first founded by club-president Santiago Bernabéu. Bernabéu signed multiple star players for large fees in quick succession, such as Alfredo Di Stéfano, Ferenc Puskás, Raymond Kopa, José Santamaría and Francisco Gento. This period of buying allowed Real Madrid to enjoy their finest era of dominance, winning 12 La Liga championships and six European Cups.

The Galácticos transfer policy was contrasted with the Quinta del Buitre era of the late 1980s. This saw Real Madrid playing a more physical and less appealing style of football, and had an increased emphasis on producing homegrown players such as Sanchís and Míchel. This period allowed Real Madrid to also enjoy domestic and European success, winning five La Liga championships, and two UEFA Cups.

First galáctico era

€108 million was spent by Real Madrid to sign Ronaldo and Luís Figo (2014 image) in the early 2000s.

The first galáctico era is considered to be synonymous with the presidency of Florentino Pérez between 2000–2007, from the signing of Luís Figo in 2000, to the departure of David Beckham in 2007. The first Pérez era brought:

Several other players were often considered to be a part of the galácticos legacy due to their influence on the team during that period, despite being signed previously to the reign of Pérez, or being graduates of the youth system. These included:

2000-2006: Pérez's presidency

Though Real Madrid had already won two European Cups in 1998 and 2000 under the presidency of Lorenzo Sanz, Sanz lost his re-election bid to Pérez. Pérez won by promising an aggressive new transfer policy and expensive new signings, in particular, Luís Figo from rivals Barcelona.

Pérez then sold the club's training ground, the Ciudad Deportiva, for €480 million, allowing Real to clear debts, and build a replacement training complex at a fraction of the cost. It also allowed for significant funds to be used for player transfers. The deal to sell the complex was later investigated by the EU on illegal-competition grounds, however, no charges were brought.

After the purchase of Figo for €62 million, a world-record transfer fee, Pérez sought to buy at least one world-class superstar player (dubbed a galáctico) each summer. The record was broken a year later by the purchase of Zinedine Zidane from Juventus for €75 million. After a demand for youth integration in the side, which coincided with the appointment of Vicente del Bosque, the policy was redubbed as "Zidanes y Pavones", with the name deriving from Zidane and Francisco Pavón, a product from the club's youth academy — the idea was to sign one major superstar per year, and promote youth players sporadically.

Initial success

Immediate success followed for three seasons, with Real winning La Liga in 2000–01 and 2002–03, and claiming the UEFA Champions League in 2001–02, with Zidane scoring the winning goal in the final. After winning the 2002–03 La Liga title, Real Madrid added English midfielder David Beckham from Manchester United for €35 million. Beckham's status as a world-class footballer, in addition to his heavily publicized marriage to pop star Victoria Adams, resulted in Real Madrid gaining great advertising potential around the world, especially in Asia. By further promoting the other superstar players in various marketing campaigns in the continent, the club became the world's richest club in terms of revenue in 2005–06.

Despite expectations of continued dominance in domestic and European competition, the club saw failed to win any trophy for the next three seasons. They also suffered from elimination in the UEFA Champions League, exiting in the 2004 quarter-finals, and in the round of 16 in 2005 and 2006. In the same period, Barcelona won successive La Liga titles in 2005 and 2006, along with the Champions League in 2006.

Perceived failure

Several reasons have been proposed in the media for the failure of the galáctico policy:

  • A lack of interest in defensive talent harmed the team, as potential transfers were overlooked because Pérez did not want to pay large wages to defensive players. Shortly after signing Beckham, Makélélé departed the team when the club refused to raise his relatively low salary, despite being widely considered as one of the best defensive midfielders in the world and key to the team. Negotiations to sign Patrick Vieira from Arsenal in 2004 failed for similar reasons. The defensive players signed by Pérez during this period, namely Walter Samuel, Thomas Gravesen, Jonathan Woodgate, Cicinho, Carlos Diogo and Pablo García, all for high fees, flopped while playing for the club. Sergio Ramos, who joined Real Madrid for €27 million in the summer of 2005 from Sevilla, failed to shine until Pérez's departure in 2006. Pavón, one-half of the Zidanes y Pavones policy, never lived up to expectation and left the club in 2007.
  • The shock firing of coach Vicente del Bosque, who won two Champions League titles, and led Real Madrid to their 29th league championship in the 2002–03 season. It has been suggested that there was a political split, with del Bosque and his players (namely Hierro, Morientes, Steve McManaman and Makélélé), against the policy Pérez instituted. Three of the aforementioned players had backed a significant wage raise for Makélélé, and they all left the club shortly after del Bosque's departure. More importantly, del Bosque was able to balance the many different egos of the players in the star studded team, considering that several galácticos were all competing for the same position. Without del Bosque, the superstar players placed together failed to form a cohesive footballing unit, indicating that having a large number of very talented, renowned individual footballers did not effectively translate into a great footballing team.
  • Lack of stability and interference by Pérez, who appointed Carlos Queiroz, an assistant manager at United, in the week following the arrival of Beckham and dismissal of del Bosque. Queiroz was allegedly forced to pick the star players, regardless of form or performance on the pitch in order to maximise on marketing potiential, and had limited input into tactical decisions. McManaman later described this as the "Disneyfication of Real Madrid" in his autobiography. Queiroz was later fired after only one trophyless season in 2003–04, with Real suffering in subsequent years from high turnover in non-playing staff, with four managers and four directors of football in the four years following del Bosque's firing in 2003.
  • Signings for non-footballing (marketing) reasons, namely in regards to Beckham. Beckham, a natural right winger, joined the club partly due to his huge popularity in Asia. This meant Figo, another right winger already at the club, had to compete for a starting berth at the club. The signings of two high-profile players in the same position meant one or the other was forced to play out of position in many games, with Beckham in central-defensive midfield when Figo was on the right, or Figo on the left when Beckham occupied the right. One former club director also reportedly quoted saying that Beckham was signed for his good looks and Ronaldinho, who joined Barcelona the same summer, was too "ugly" to play for Real Madrid. While Real Madrid failed to win any trophy for three straight seasons, Ronaldinho would lead the powerful resurgence of Barcelona; and furthermore he proved to be one of the most marketable players during that time.
  • The 2003 pre-season Asian tour catered more to the needs of the club's marketing than to its players' preparations. Shortly after Beckham joined the club, the team embarked on an 18-day summer tour in Asia, to cash in on his worldwide appeal. It included exhibition matches in Beijing, Tokyo, Hong Kong and Bangkok, which alone earned the club €10 million. Some have compared this tour with the first visit of The Beatles to the United States in 1964. Although lucrative and generating wide publicity, the preparation value of preseason in Asia was questionable, as the team failed to adequately prepare for the following season. It was exhausting for the players, as endless rounds of publicity engagements and restrictions on the players' freedom of movement (due to the team hotel being besieged by fans). Most players admitted that they would have preferred a low-profile training camp and/or to have been home in Spain for the pre-season, instead of playing meaningless show matches against low quality opponents.[3]
  • Poor transfer decisions, namely in regards to Samuel Eto'o. Real Madrid owned 50% of the contract Eto'o signed with Mallorca since 1998, and had first preference over where he could sign if he chose to leave Mallorca. Pérez sold these rights to Eto'o in 2004, arguing that Real Madrid already had the best two strikers in the league (Ronaldo and Raúl), and that there was no place for another forward. Eto'o himself also ruled out a move back to the club for similar reasons, despite Real Madrid signing another forward in Michael Owen that same summer. Eto'o would later join Barcelona, and lead them to 2004–05, 2005–06 and 2008–09 La Liga titles, as well as 2005–06 and 2008–09 Champions League titles. Meanwhile, Owen, the alternative signing to Eto'o, left after one season after failing to secure a starting berth at Real.

End of the first era

The decline in the team's on-field performance had seemingly hit a nadir in the 2005–06 season, exiting in the Champions League to Arsenal in the round of 16 without scoring a goal in either leg. This foresaw Pérez resigning as club president on February 27, 2006, and was succeeded by Ramón Calderón.

The final season of the galáctico era is considered to be the 2006–07 season, which was also Pérez's last. Fabio Cannavaro and Ruud van Nistelrooy were brought in for a combined fee of €21 million, while Zidane and Ronaldo both departed, with the former retiring. The incoming transfers were notable in the fact that less media attention or marketing involved in the signing of these players; Cannavaro had been fresh off of captaining Italy to the 2006 FIFA World Cup, but had left Juventus after it was relegated to Serie B, while Van Nistelrooy had fallen out of favour at Manchester United. Both signings were seen as needed for the team, which lacked stability in both attack and defence in the season prior.

Following Pérez's departure, Calderón hired Fabio Capello with a mandate of "reining in the players and clearing out dead wood". Capello balanced the team out and moved away from the galáctico approach enforced previously, with Capello famously dropping Beckham for periods of the season, due to form and inability to be integrated into the starting eleven. However, Beckham was returned to the team during the second half of the season, and was widely considered by many to be one of their better performers at the time. The team's performance in the Champions League still disappointed, with their elimination to Bayern Munich on the away goals rule: the team initially enjoyed a 3–2 first leg win at home, but lost the second leg away 2–1, with Roberto Carlos failing to control the ball on kickoff which led to Roy Makaay scoring in 10.12 seconds, the fastest Champions League goal in history. Domestically, the team finally overtook Barcelona and won La Liga, but Capello was sacked at the conclusion of the season.

The nail in the coffin of the end of the first galáctico era is considered to be the departure of Beckham to join Major League Soccer (MLS) side LA Galaxy after the 2006–07 season.[4] Beckham's contract was due to expire after that season, and Calderón favored re-signing him, however, Beckham derided his treatment, and benching, by Capello, who later responded publicly saying that Beckham would get no further chances on the first team, although he was later forced to backtrack on that declaration.[5] Beckham was also the last of the big four to move on, with Figo having joined Inter Milan two seasons prior, Zidane retiring after the 2006 World Cup, and Ronaldo moving to A.C. Milan half a season before Beckham's departure. Capello was then replaced by Bernd Schuster, who led the team to the Supercopa de España and a second consecutive La Liga title in 2007–08.

Second galáctico era

The second galácticos

Several other players are considered to be a part of the galácticos legacy due to their influence on the team during that period despite either being signed previously to the reign of Pérez or being graduates of the Madrid youth system, these often included:

2009-Current year: Pérez's second presidency

2008–09 season

The 2008–09 season saw Real Madrid eclipsed by rivals Barcelona, who completed the treble, including beating Real to win La Liga by a wide margin of nine points. Real were humbled in the Champions League first knockout round by Liverpool, suffering a 1–0 loss at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium and a heavy 4–0 at Anfield. The defeat marked the fifth successive season of early Champions League exits at the round of 16, with Real not making the quarter-finals since 2004. To make things worse, they lost both their El Clásico games, and crashed out of the Copa del Rey to third-level Real Unión. The team was widely derided in the press. Manager Bernd Schuster was sacked midway through the 2008–09 season, with the team perceptibly in decline despite the efforts of Juande Ramos, who kept the team with 19 successive victories, shortening the deficit to only six points (initially, Barcelona led by 12). It was all brought to an end when a rampant Barcelona later defeated an exposed Real Madrid 2–6, with Lionel Messi, Xavi and Thierry Henry being the stars.

In addition, Real Madrid president Ramón Calderón resigned in January 2009 after corruption allegations, and having failed to secure notable transfer targets for the club.

2009–10 season

The resignation of Calderón resulted in a presidential election in mid-2009, returning Florentino Pérez to the presidency. Pérez again pledged to go on a spending spree to return the club to European and domestic competitiveness, notably with his vocal claims of an attempt to sign Milan's Kaká. Just 24 hours after his appointment, Manuel Pellegrini was unveiled as Juande Ramos' replacement as manager. After much speculation linking him to the club, Kaká was duly signed for a then-world record fee of £56 million on 9 June 2009.

Then, on 11 June, Manchester United revealed they had accepted a shock offer of £80 million (a new world record transfer fee) for Cristiano Ronaldo. United gave Real until 30 June to complete the deal, and on 26 June, Real Madrid and United signed the final agreement for the transfer of Ronaldo, which became effective on 1 July. That same day, it was confirmed that Olympique Lyonnais had accepted an offer from Madrid for Karim Benzema. On 29 July 2009, it was announced that Real and Liverpool had reached an agreement for the transfer of Álvaro Arbeloa to the Spanish club for a fee of €4 million, the same amount Liverpool paid for the player in January 2007; Arbeloa subsequently signed a five-year contract with Real.

On 4 August, Real Madrid and Liverpool again agreed terms for the transfer of Xabi Alonso to the Santiago Bernabéu for a fee of €34 million. Other players that came to Real Madrid included Raúl Albiol, Ezequiel Garay and Esteban Granero. Antonio Adán became the third goalkeeper through the youth system. Newly hired manager Manuel Pellegrini was under heavy pressure to deliver instant success following the high-profile off-season signings.[6]

Kaká (left) and Cristiano Ronaldo (right) are two galácticos.

In their first year, the second era of galácticos failed to win any trophies. They were crushed 4–0 against Alcorcón in the Copa del Rey (ultimately losing 4–1 on aggregate), then were knocked out of the Champions League in the Round of 16 for the sixth consecutive year (losing to Lyon 2–1 on aggregate), after which Pellegrini received an ultimatum from club president Pérez that Real would have to win La Liga or he would be sacked. Ending the domestic season, Real Madrid set a club record of 96 points, with 31 wins and 102 goals scored, but nonetheless finished second in La Liga to defending champions Barcelona.

Once again, Real Madrid suffered from poor transfer decisions, as Wesley Sneijder and Arjen Robben, who were transferred to Inter Milan and Bayern Munich respectively because they were considered surplus to requirements, each played key roles as their clubs reached the 2010 Champions League final at the Santiago Bernabéu.

2010–11 season

Manuel Pellegrini was sacked and José Mourinho was appointed manager. Even before the 2009–10 season had concluded, the team was actively courting Mourinho, who had successfully managed Inter Milan to a semi-final victory over Barça in the Champions League (Los Blancos fans were pleased that this denied Barça the opportunity to win the Champions League at the Bernabéu[7]) en route to achieving a continental treble. Mourinho was released by Inter after a record breaking compensation package was agreed on 27 May 2010.

Though a manager and not a player, Mourinho has often been referred to as a galáctico. He was in high demand as a football manager for his past successes, having earlier in his career led an unfancied Porto to consecutive European trophies, then at Chelsea and Inter took underachieving squads to domestic and European successes. While Real Madrid wanted to make his arrival a media frenzy, Mourinho vetoed the club's plans which supposedly would have involved a giant catwalk or parading a massive white shirt across the pitch. Florentino Pérez was absent during the simple media presentation announcing Mourinho's appointment; only director general Jorge Valdano, the media and Mourinho were present. This suggested an apparent power shift, with Real Madrid "having at long last allowed a coach [Mourinho] the freedom to build the squad".[8][9]

Real Madrid continued the spending spree by signing players Ángel Di María, Sergio Canales, Pedro León, Ricardo Carvalho, Sami Khedira and Mesut Özil. Khedira and Özil had just earlier played key roles in Germany's third-place finish at the 2010 World Cup. On 20 April 2011, the second galácticos era managed to win their first trophy, a 1–0 victory over Barcelona in the final of the Copa del Rey, with Cristiano Ronaldo scoring the decisive goal in extra time. They also managed to get past the Round of 16 of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in seven years, reaching the semi-finals where they lost to eventual champions Barça. In La Liga, they finished as runners-up to Barça, being defeated 0–5 in the 13th round, and drawing 1–1 in the 32nd round, thus achieving their first point in the last six matches against the Azulgranas.

May 2011 saw the appointment of former galáctico Zinedine Zidane as general manager of the club, replacing Jorge Valdano.

2011–12 season

In the 2011–12 season, Real Madrid won its 32nd title under the management of José Mourinho with a record-breaking goal scoring figure, a record goal difference and most away wins among several other records in a single season in La Liga history. The key moment was the 2–1 win over Barça at Nou Camp on 21 April, Barça's first home loss of the season, which extended Real Madrid's lead in the table to seven points with four matches left, and led to Barça coach Pep Guardiola conceding the league title. In the Champions League, the team reached the semi-finals where they faced Bayern Munich (managed by Jupp Heynckes, who had previously led Real Madrid to its 1998 Champions League title), losing the first leg 2–1 and winning the second leg at home 2–1 (with former Real Madrid player Arjen Robben converting a penalty to level the aggregate score). Bayern won 3–1 in the ensuring penalty shootout which saw spot kicks of galácticos Cristiano Ronaldo and Kaká saved by Bayern's Manuel Neuer, as well as a missed penalty by Sergio Ramos.[10]

2012–13 season

In the 2012–13 La Liga season, Real Madrid failed to defend their domestic title and finished second as Barça matched Real's record points haul to win the league. The 2012–13 season saw Real get off to a good start, winning the 2012 Supercopa de Espana after defeating Barcelona 4–4 on aggregate, though this would turn out to be their only trophy that season. Real beat Barcelona in five of six meetings, including the thrashing of Barcelona 3–1 at Camp Nou. Another victory over Barcelona came in the 26th round of La Liga, where Real beat their rival 2–1 by using substitute players (such as Álvaro Morata, José Callejón and Michael Essien) while Barcelona's squad consisted of their first-team starters.

Mourinho's last year, however, saw infighting between him and several galácticos like Iker Casillas, Sergio Ramos, Pepe and Cristiano Ronaldo. Mourinho's selection policy generated controversy; long-time Real Madrid player and club captain Casillas had been sidelined since January 2013 despite recovering from a broken hand, in favor of Diego López, who had been in fine form in the domestic and European campaign during Casillas' absence.[11]

In the Champions League, Real Madrid defeated Manchester United, drawing the first leg at the Bernabeu 1–1, then a come-from-behind 2–1 win at Old Trafford (which was marred by controversy over a red card being issued to Manchester United player Nani), with Cristiano Ronaldo scoring in both legs. The team reached their third-straight Champions League semi-finals, though Borussia Dortmund beat Real in the first leg 4–1 with Robert Lewandowski scoring four goals, leading Dortmund manager Jürgen Klopp to remark that it was a historic night for his club, saying, "That was like Robin Hood taking from the rich" (Dortmund had previously went with an expensive group of largely foreign players but after almost going bankrupt, had restructured back to financial health largely with young home-grown players).[12] Real's 2–0 win in the second leg at home was not being sufficient to overturn Dortmund's 4–3 aggregate advantage.

Real advanced to the Copa del Rey final against city rival Atlético Madrid; Real was denied by a superb performance by Thibaut Courtois and Atletico scored in extra time to win 2–1. Mourinho, despite having signed a four-year contract extension in 2012, departed Real Madrid by mutual agreement with the club at the conclusion of the 2012–13 season, amid feuds with key players Iker Casillas, Sergio Ramos and Pepe.

2013–14 season

On 25 June 2013, Carlo Ancelotti became the manager of Real Madrid after signing a three-year deal.[13][14] A day later, he was introduced at his first press conference for Madrid, where it was announced that both Zinedine Zidane and Paul Clement will be his assistants.[15] On 1 September 2013, the long-awaited transfer of Gareth Bale from Tottenham Hotspur was announced, with Bale joining Karim Benzema and Cristiano Ronaldo in the Madrid attack. The transfer of the Welshman is reportedly a new world record, with the transfer price around €100 million.[16] In Ancelotti's first season at the club, Real Madrid won the Copa del Rey, with Bale scoring the winner in the final against Barcelona.[17] On 24 May 2014, Real Madrid defeated city rivals Atlético Madrid in the Champions League Final, winning their first European title since 2002,[18] and they became the first team to win ten European Cups, an achievement known as La Décima.[19] Real Madrid's attacking trio of Bale, Benzema and Cristiano, dubbed the "BBC", finished the season with 97 goals.[20]

2014–15 season

On 12 August 2014, Real Madrid won the UEFA Super Cup against the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League champions Sevilla by a score of 2–0. Cristiano Ronaldo scored both of Madrid's goals to win the club's 78th official trophy. In the 2014 Supercopa de España, against Atlético, Real finished their home leg with 1–1 after goals from James Rodríguez and Raúl García going into the Vicente Calderón Stadium.[21] Mario Mandžukić shocked Real early on after just two minutes in the second leg with the only goal of the match, which meant that Atlético won the title.[22][23] In the last match of the season, Martin Ødegaard became Real Madrid's youngest ever player to play in la liga.

2015–16 season

On 4 January 2016, it was announced that Benítez was sacked and replaced by Zinedine Zidane.[24] On 28 May 2016, Real Madrid defeated city rivals Atlético Madrid in the Champions League Final, winning their eleventh European title.

2016–17 season

On 2 May 2017, in the semifinals of the Champions League against Atlético Madrid, Ronaldo scored another hat-trick to help Real get a 3–0 home win in the first leg.[25] On 6 May 2017, a brace apiece from Morata and Rodríguez against Granada guided Madrid to a 4–0 victory.[26] On 10 May 2017, an Isco goal was enough for Madrid to reach the Champions League final, despite losing the second leg of the semifinals 1–2 to Atlético Madrid, which meant that Real advanced by an aggregate score of 4–2.[27] On 14 May 2017, a Ronaldo brace and goals from Nacho and Kroos secured Real a 4–1 win over Sevilla.[28] On 17 May 2017, two goals from Ronaldo and one from each, Benzema and Kroos, got Madrid a 4–1 away victory at Celta Vigo. That win gave Madrid the lead in the league table, with one game left.[29] On 21 May 2017, a 2–0 win over Málaga, with goals from Ronaldo and Benzema, secured the 33rd league title for Madrid.[30]

On 3 June 2017, Madrid won the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final 4–1 against Juventus, with two goals from Ronaldo and goals from Casemiro and Asensio, to win their second consecutive and twelfth overall title. With that win, Madrid became the first team to defend their title in the Champions League era.[31]

Other galáctico teams

Nation Team Year(s) Nickname Highest Transfer Fees Paid[upper-alpha 1] / Notable Signings
 Spain Atlético Madrid 2017– 1. France Thomas Lemar (joined in 2018 for €70m from Monaco)[32]
2. Spain Diego Costa (joined in 2018 for €55m from Chelsea)[33]
3. Colombia Radamel Falcao (joined in 2011 for €40m from Porto)[34]
4. Spain Vitolo (joined in 2017 for €37.5m from Sevilla)[35]
5. Colombia Jackson Martínez (joined in 2015 for €35m from Porto)[36]
Barcelona 2004– 1. Brazil Philippe Coutinho (joined in 2018 for €120m from Liverpool)[37]
2. France Ousmane Dembélé (joined in 2017 for €105m from Dortmund)[38]
3. Brazil Neymar (joined in 2013 for €88.2m from Santos)[39]
4. Uruguay Luis Suárez (joined in 2014 for €82.3m from Liverpool)[40][41]
5. Sweden Zlatan Ibrahimović[upper-alpha 2] (joined in 2009 for €69.5m from Inter Milan)[43]
 England Arsenal 2017– 1. Gabon Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang (joined in 2017 for £56m from Dortmund)[44]
2. France Alexandre Lacazette (joined in 2017 for £46.5 from Lyon)[45]
3. Germany Mesut Özil (joined in 2013 for £42.5m from Real Madrid)[46]
4. Chile Alexis Sánchez (joined in 2014 for £35m from Barcelona)[47]
5. Germany Shkodran Mustafi (joined in 2016 for £35m from Valencia)[48]
Chelsea 2003– 1. Spain Kepa Arrizabalaga (joined in 2018 for £71.6m from Athletic Bilbao)[49]
2. Spain Álvaro Morata (joined in 2017 for £58m from Real Madrid)[50][51]
3. Italy Jorginho (joined in 2018 for £57m from Napoli)[52]
4. Spain Fernando Torres (joined in 2011 for £50m from Liverpool)[53]
5. France Tiemoué Bakayoko (joined in 2017 for £40m from Monaco)[54]
Liverpool 2017– 1. Netherlands Virgil van Dijk (joined in 2018 for £75m from Southampton)[55]
2. Brazil Alisson (joined in 2018 £66.8m from Roma)[56]
3. Guinea Naby Keïta (joined in 2018 for £48m from RB Leipzig)[57]
4. Brazil Fabinho (joined in 2018 for £39m from Monaco)[58]
5. Egypt Mohamed Salah (joined in 2017 for £36.9m from Roma)[59]
Manchester City 2009– 1. Algeria Riyad Mahrez (joined in 2018 for £60m from Leicester City)[60]
2. France Aymeric Laporte (joined in 2018 for £57m from Athletic Bilbao)[61]
3. Belgium Kevin De Bruyne (joined in 2015 for £55m from Wolfsburg)[62]
4. France Benjamin Mendy (joined in 2017 for £49m from Monaco)[63]
5. England Kyle Walker (joined in 2017 for £48m from Tottenham)[64]
Manchester United 2012– 1. France Paul Pogba (joined in 2016 for £89.3m from Juventus)[65]
2. Belgium Romelu Lukaku (joined in 2017 for £75m from Everton)[66][67]
3. Argentina Ángel Di María (joined in 2014 for £59.7m from Real Madrid)[68]
4. Brazil Fred (joined in 2018 for £47m from Shakhtar Donetsk)[69]
5. Serbia Nemanja Matić (joined in 2017 for £40m from Chelsea)[70]
 Italy A.C. Milan 2001–2011, 2017– 1. Italy Leonardo Bonucci (joined in 2017 for €42m from Juventus)[71]
2. Portugal Rui Costa (joined in 2001 for €42m from Fiorentina)[72]
3. Portugal André Silva (joined in 2017 for €38m for Porto)[73]
4. Italy Filippo Inzaghi (joined in 2001 for €37m from Juventus)[74]
5. Italy Mattia Caldara (joined in 2018 for €35m from Juventus)[75]
Inter Milan 1997–2012, 2015– 1. Italy Christian Vieri (joined in 1999 for €49m from Lazio)[76]
2. Portugal João Mário (joined in 2016 for €45m from Sporting CP)[77]
3. Belgium Radja Nainggolan (joined in 2018 for €38m from Roma)[78]
4. Argentina Hernán Crespo[upper-alpha 3] (joined in 2002 for €36m from Lazio)[79]
5. France Geoffrey Kondogbia (joined in 2015 for €35m from Monaco)[80]
Juventus 2001–2006, 2011– 1. Portugal Cristiano Ronaldo (joined in 2018 for €100m from Real Madrid)[81]
2. Argentina Gonzalo Higuaín (joined in 2016 for €90m from Napoli)[82]
3. Italy Gianluigi Buffon (joined in 2001 for €52m from Parma)[83]
4. France Lilian Thuram (joined in 2001 for €41.5m from Parma)[84]
5. Portugal João Cancelo (joined in 2018 for €40.4m from Valencia)[85]
 Germany Bayern Munich 2009– 1. France Corentin Tolisso (joined in 2017 for €41.5m from Lyon)[86]
2. Spain Javi Martínez (joined in 2012 for €40m from Athletic Bilbao)[87]
3. Chile Arturo Vidal (joined in 2015 for €37m from Juventus)[88]
4. Germany Mario Götze (joined in 2013 for €37m from Dortmund)[89]
5. Germany Mats Hummels (joined in 2016 for €35m from Dortmund)[90]
 France AS Monaco 2013– "The Youngster Galactics"[upper-alpha 4] 1. Colombia Radamel Falcao (joined in 2013 for €60m from Atlético Madrid)[95]
2. Colombia James Rodríguez (joined in 2013 for €45m from Porto)[96]
3. Russia Aleksandr Golovin (joined in 2018 for €30m from CSKA Moscow)[97]
4. Senegal Keita Baldé (joined in 2017 for €30m from Lazio)[98]
5. Portugal João Moutinho (joined in 2013 for €25m from Porto)[96]
Paris Saint-Germain 2012– 1. Brazil Neymar (joined in 2017 for €222m from Barcelona)[99]
2. France Kylian Mbappé (joined 2018 for €180m from Monaco)[100]
3. Uruguay Edinson Cavani (joined in 2013 for €64m from Napoli)[101]
4. Argentina Ángel Di María (joined in 2015 for €63m from Manchester United)[102]
5. Brazil David Luiz (joined in 2014 for €49.5m from Chelsea)[103]
 Russia Anzhi Makhachkala 2011–2013 1. Brazil Willian (joined in 2013 for €35m from Shakhtar Donetsk)[104]
2. Cameroon Samuel Eto'o (joined in 2011 for €27m from Inter Milan)[105]
3. Russia Aleksandr Kokorin (joined in 2013 for €19m from Dynamo Moscow)[106]
4. Ivory Coast Lacina Traoré (joined in 2012 €18m from Kuban Krasnodar)[107]
5. Russia Igor Denisov (joined in 2011 for €15m from Zenit)[108]
Notable signings
Zenit St Petersburg 2008– 1. Brazil Hulk (joined in 2012 for €50m from Porto)[120]
2. Belgium Axel Witsel (joined in 2012 for €40m from Benfica)[121]
3. Portugal Danny (joined in 2008 for €30m from Dynamo Moscow)[122]
4. Argentina Leandro Paredes (joined in 2017 for €23m from Roma)[123]
5. Portugal Bruno Alves (joined in 2010 for €22m from Porto)[124]
Notable signings
 Turkey Antalyaspor 2015–2017
Notable signings
Beşiktaş 2010–
Notable signings
Notable loan signings
Fenerbahçe 2012–
Notable signings

[188][189][190][191][192][193]

Galatasaray 2011– [194][195][196][197][198][199][200][201]
İstanbul Başakşehir 2017– [202][203][204][205][206]
Sivasspor 2018
 USA
 Canada		 Chicago Fire 2017– [207][208][209][210]
D.C. United 2018–
LAFC 2017–
LA Galaxy 2007– [211][212][213][214][215]
New York City FC 2015– [216]
New York Red Bulls 2010– [217][218]
New York Cosmos 1971–1984 "The Galactics Retro" [219][220]
Orlando City 2014– [221][222]
Toronto FC N4 2014– [223][224][225][226]
 China[227][228][229] N5 Beijing Guoan 2013–2017, 2018– "The Asian Galáctico" [230][231][232][233][234]
Changchun Yatai 2017 [230][233][235]
Dalian Yifang 2018– [236][237]
Guangzhou Evergrande 2013–2017 [230][233][238]
Guangzhou R&F 2012–2013, 2016–2017 [230][233][239][240][241]
Hebei China Fortune 2016–2017, 2018– [230][233][238][242]
Jiangsu Suning 2016–2017 [233][238][243]
Shandong Luneng 2014–2017 [230][232][233][244][245]
Shanghai Shenhua 2012–2017 [230][233][238][246][247]
Shanghai SIPG 2015–2017 [230][233][238][248][249][250]
Shijiazhuang Ever Bright N6 2015 [233][251]
Tianjin Teda 2016–2017 [230][233][238]
Tianjin Quanjian 2017 [230][233]
 Qatar Al-Ahli 2003–2005 [252]
Al-Arabi 2003–2005 [252]
Al-Gharafa 2004–2005, 2009–2015 [252]
Al-Rayyan 2004–2005 [252]
Al Sadd 2003, 2015 [252]
Al-Shamal 2005–2008 [252]
Qatar SC 2005–2006 [252]
 UAE Al-Ahli 2010–2015 [253][254][255]
Al-Ain 2011–2015 [253][254][255][256][257]
Al-Jazira 2014, 2017 [258][259][260]
Al-Nasr 2011–2016 [253]
Al-Wasl 2011–2016 [253][259]
Baniyas 2011 [253][254][255]
 Japan Cerezo Osaka 2014
Notable signing
Jubilo Iwata 1995
Notable signing
Kashima Antlers 1991, 1994–1995
Notable signings
Kashiwa Reysol 1998
Notable signing
Nagoya Grampus 1992
Notable signing
Sagan Tosu 2017–
Notable signings
Vissel Kobe 1996, 2017–
Notable signings
 Australia Adelaide United 2006 [272]
Gold Coast United 2009–2011 [272]
Melbourne City N7 2013–2014 [272]
Melbourne Victory 2011–2012 [272]
Newcastle Jets 2007–2008, 2012–2014 [272]
Northern Fury N8 2009 [272]
Perth Glory 2010–2011, 2013–2014 [272]
Sydney FC 2005–2008, 2011–2014 [272][273][274]
 India Atlético de Kolkata 2014– [275][276][277]
Chennaiyin FC 2014– [275][276]
Delhi Dynamos 2014– [275][276][278]
FC Goa 2014– [275][276][279]
Kerala Blasters 2014– [275][276][280][281]
Mumbai City 2014– [275][276][282][283]
NorthEast United 2014– [275][276][284]
Pune City 2014– [275][276][285]
 Thailand Muangthong United 2011
Notable signing
 Malaysia Johor Darul Ta'zim 2013
Notable signing
 Indonesia Persib Bandung 2017 "Indonesian Los Galácticos"[upper-alpha 5]
Notable signings

Notes

  1. ↑ All the transfer fees were displayed in euros (€), except for England in pounds (£).
  2. ↑ Ibrahimović was transferred in a part-exchange deal worth €46M plus the rights to Samuel Eto'o (valued at €20M by Barcelona), and a single season loan of Alexander Hleb. Since Hleb refused to move to Inter, Barcelona had to pay a reported extra €3M to complete Ibrahimović's switch. The combined fee was thus €69M.[42]
  3. ↑ Hernán Crespo was actually purchased for €30.5M plus Bernardo Corradi. Lazio later re-valued Corradi to €5.5M.
  4. ↑ Monaco gained "The Youngster Galactics" nickname due to 2016–17 season success by using their young players either purchased or taken out from their academy in almost the entire composition of the squad.[91][92][93][94]
  5. ↑ Persib gained the "Los Galácticos" nickname because the signings of Carlton Cole, Michael Essien and several well-known local players, who made this club had 14 sponsors in 2017 season.[290][291][292][293]

  1. ^ Toronto FC is also counted as an American football club representative because of competing in MLS.
  2. ^ Nearly all of the Chinese Super League and Chinese League One clubs (mostly with Chinese Super League clubs) signing the well-known or the top football players.
  3. ^ Shijiazhuang Ever Bright signed Iceland's former Barcelona and Chelsea forward, Eidur Gudjohnsen while still in the China Super League, before relegated on the next season.
  4. ^ When Harry Kewell joined in the 2013-14 season, the club was still named Melbourne Heart, before the club changed its name to Melbourne City since the takeover by the City Football Group on 2014.
  5. ^ When Robbie Fowler joined in the 2009-10 season, the club was still named North Queensland Fury and competed in the A-League, before the club was officially re-formed and changed their name to Northern Fury FC on 3 October 2012 because the club would participate in the NPL Queensland Conference started from the 2013 season.

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