Frontline States

The Frontline States (FLS) were a loose coalition of African countries from the 1960s to the early 1990s committed to ending apartheid and white minority rule in South Africa and Rhodesia.[1] The FLS included Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.[2][3] The FLS disbanded after Nelson Mandela became President of South Africa in 1994.[2]

Background

In April 1975, the Frontline States - then consisting of Botswana, Tanzania and Zambia - were formally recognised as an entity as a committee of the Assembly of the Heads of State of the Organisation of African Unity. They were joined by Angola (1975), Mozambique (1975) and Zimbabwe (1980) when those countries gained their independence. Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere was the chairman until he retired in 1985. His successor was Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda. The countries met regularly to coordinate their policies.[2]

Mission

Their mission was complicated by the fact that the economies of nearly all the FLS countries were dependent on South Africa, and many of their citizens worked there.[4] Nevertheless, the FLS supported and sheltered groups opposed to white rule, not only in South Africa (the African National Congress), but also in Namibia (SWAPO), which was controlled by South Africa. The FLS, plus Lesotho, Malawi and Swaziland, formed the Southern African Development Coordination Conference in 1980 to try to reduce their economic dependence on South Africa.[2]

South Africa launched military incursions in Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique and supported rebel groups seeking to topple the regimes in Angola (UNITA) and Mozambique (RENAMO).[5]

American relations with the Frontline States reached their peak during the human rights push of the Carter administration.[6] Under the Reagan administration's Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Chester Crocker, the Frontline States were engaged diplomatically to reach landmark peace accords between South Africa, Mozambique, Angola (Lusaka Protocol), and Namibia (New York Accords).[7][8]

Other uses

The term "frontline states" is also used for countries bordering any area of crisis in the world.[9][10][11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Chan, Stephen (2003). Robert Mugabe: A Life of Power and Violence. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 978-0472113361.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Arnold, Guy (6 April 2010). The A to Z of the Non-Aligned Movement and Third World. Scarecrow Press. pp. 126–127. ISBN 9781461672319. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
  3. ↑ "Black nations seek summit with Reagan". Ottawa Citizen. 25 August 1986. p. A6.
  4. ↑ "Frontline States". sahistory.org.za. South Africa History Online.
  5. ↑ "The Frontline States". Anti-Apartheid Movement.
  6. ↑ "Castro Versus Carter: Bad news for Zimbabwe". The Globe and Mail. 23 October 1979. p. P7.
  7. ↑ "Namibia: Will it look like Austria, Finland?". The Christian Science Monitor. 20 April 1981.
  8. ↑ "Washington's No-Apologies Approach to the Third World". The New York Times. 6 September 1981. p. A1.
  9. ↑ "Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs Hearing" (8 July 2014) Congressional Documents and Publications Archived 20 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ↑ "World Day to Combat Desertification" (18 June 2014) AllAfrica.com, Washington
  11. ↑ "Summary of State & Foreign Operations Bill Approved by Appropriations Subcommittee Today" (17 June 2014) Congressional Documents and Publications
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