Freshman 15

The term "Freshman 15" is an expression commonly used in the United States that refers to an amount (somewhat arbitrarily set at 15 pounds, and originally just 10[1]) of weight gained during a student's first year at college. In Australia and New Zealand it is sometimes referred to as First Year Fatties,[2] Fresher Spread,[3] or Fresher Five,[4][5] the latter referring to a five-kilogram gain.

The purported causes of this weight gain are increased alcohol intake and the consumption of fat and carbohydrate-rich cafeteria-style food in university dormitories and fast food in nearby restaurants. Many other causes include malnutrition, stress, and decreased levels of exercise. All of these factors can affect each person in a different way. Studies confirm many of these causes. Colleges and universities have recently been cracking down on this common problem and are trying to educate people on how to prevent it. This problem has grown so much that students are focusing on how to stop the freshman 15 before it happens.[6]

Despite how commonly the Freshman 15 is asserted, an Ohio State University study showed that the average college student gains only two to three pounds in their first year. Additionally, it showed that college students did not gain any more weight than non-college students of the same age, and that the only factor that increased weight gain was heavy drinking.[7]

Over-eating

College meal plans

College meal plans are designed to give students a narrow variety of options. The most extravagant meal plans include a set amount of meals per day, so many per week, or so many per semester. In addition, plans may include little money that can be spent on snacks or other meals. Students can eat several meals a day or less than three meals a day. The meal plan was designed to benefit the student but it can be abused.[8]

Dining halls

Thayer Dining Hall at Dartmouth College

The dining halls at colleges try to make dining at school convenient and comfortable. Dining halls can provide a wide variety and bountiful options of food. They can also provide a place where students can endlessly indulge in high calorie foods such as pizza, fried food, and ice cream. When exposed to these gourmet restaurants, students are generally more likely to choose them over healthier options, which leads to weight gain, especially if fast food restaurants are more prevalent on campus than other restaurants.[9] A study done on 60 students at Cornell University showed that 20% of the weight gained by the test subjects was directly caused by the dining halls' all-you-can-eat nature.[8]

Eating habits

Dining halls are often arranged in buffet style.

College dining halls appeal to some students and repulse others, and this is especially problematic in the first year. A study published in the Journal of Adolescent Health determined that “regular family meals provide an opportunity for the role modeling of healthy eating patterns and social interactions among family members, and may thus help to reinforce healthy eating patterns and prevent disordered eating behaviors.”[10] Thus, parents determine when, where, what and how their children eat. Away from home, often for the first time, students have no parental monitoring of their eating habits and have to (re)discover what good eating patterns are.

In parental-supervised eating, teenagers typically ingest the proper amount of calories. The average 18-year-old-male is 68 to 70 in (173 to 178 cm) tall and weighs between 160 and 170 lb (73 and 77 kg). The average 18-year-old-female is 64 in (163 cm) tall and weighs between 125 and 130 lb (57 and 59 kg).[11] According to a calorie counter[12] used at the Baylor College of Medicine, an average 18-year-old-male who is rarely active needs to consume approximately 2676 calories per day to maintain his weight.[13] Similarly, an average 18-year-old female who is rarely active needs to consume approximately 1940 calories per day to maintain her weight.

In parental-supervised diets, students also usually ingest the proper proportion of foods from the different dietary groups; once removed from the parental dinner table, many college students do not eat enough fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.[14] This is because when students go off to college, they face an independence that they usually have not experienced before. Many have to learn how to go out and feed themselves instead of having their parents cook for them.[15] Research has shown that over 60 percent of college students commonly ingest sugary and fatty foods like chocolate and potato chips over fruits and vegetables.[16] Presently, sugar accounts for approximately 20 percent of an American’s diet, which equates to about 90 pounds of sugar per person per year.[17] This explains why a study, conducted by Stephanie Goodwin of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, states that three out of four students don’t eat at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily, denying students key vitamins C and E, as well as fiber.

Malnutrition

Causes

Malnutrition can be caused by a number of things including inadequate or unbalanced diet, problems with digestion or absorption, or certain medical conditions.[18] Hunger is a main cause of malnutrition because if it is not satisfied then malnutrition is sure to follow. People suffer from hunger because of a lack of food and the nutrients which accompany food in the short term. If hunger proceeds for an extended period of time there is a good chance that it will lead to malnutrition. Malnutrition can affect people of every age. Though infants, children, and adolescents suffer more from malnutrition because of their need for critical nutrients for their normal development, older people may have problems because of aging or illness. People of college age have issues with malnutrition as well, though it may not be as severe as with the younger kids or the elderly. In people in their undergraduate years of study at a four-year university, malnutrition can occur due to negligence of eating and even their diet.[19]

Other causes

Students often eat to deal with the pressures of stress. Stress may come from the pressures of unclear assignments, homework, and the transition from high school to college. The biggest stress factor for students is exams and doing well on them. Students entering college may be making independent decisions about their diet, activity, and television viewing behaviors for the first time. They also concluded that new environmental and social factors might emerge during this time period and have a greater influence on their behavior. When a student is stressed, the stress hormone cortisol is released, which causes some individuals to excessively eat.[20]

Social pressures also play a factor with college student's eating habits. If an individual is trying to diet it becomes very difficult when they go out with friends to a restaurant or go eat at the dinning hall. One study (Pliner et al., 2007) found that social pressures have a powerful effect on how we eat. According to the researchers, individuals will often eat the same amount as those around them, especially when they are in a small group. This finding implies that when we eat, it is not as simple as eating until we feel full. Rather, we might under-eat or overeat depending on the company we are in. This suggests that we may eat similar types of food to those around us, making others’ unhealthy choices our own.[21] Also much of this comes from the transition from living at home, to living on their own, which results in students not knowing how to properly eat on their own. Students then tend to go eat with other students and choose poor eating decisions.

Most college students activity levels significantly decrease over the course of college. This results in weight gain because students do not workout as much and become lazier in everyday tasks. Transitioning into college is the first time when students actually have to learn how to maintain a healthy lifestyle and manage time in their schedules for physical activity.[22]

College diet

College students must deal with many different changes in living conditions when it comes to dining.

In addition, some college students consume a lot of alcoholic beverages. The vitamins and minerals consumed from alcohol and from food consumed with alcohol have a good chance of being unabsorbed. People who drink large amounts of alcohol have a good chance of becoming malnourished or losing an unhealthy amount of weight because of the absorption blocking qualities of alcohol.[19]

Alcohol consumption

Nutrition

The body has a certain number of calories that it needs to consume in order to maintain its weight. This is determined through height, weight, age, and several other factors, which differs from person to person. When a person takes in more or fewer calories than that set limit, weight is either gained or lost. Alcohol provides a large amount of calories in a small quantity of liquid, which tends to lead to unwanted extra calories.[23]

Alcoholic Drink Calories[23]
Beer, lite, 12 oz. 100
Beer, regular, 12 oz. 150
Frozen daiquiri, 4 oz. 216
Gin, 1.5 oz. 110
Mai tai, 4 oz. 310
Margarita, 4 oz. 270
Rum, 1.5 oz. 96
Vodka, 1.5 oz. 96
Whiskey, 1.5 oz. 105
Wine spritzer, 4 oz. 49
Wine, dessert, sweet, 4 oz. 180
Vitamin B12, shown here, is necessary to maintain human life.

When drinking alcohol on a regular basis, certain vitamin and mineral deficiencies can follow. Examples of these deficiencies are as follows:

These deficiencies can lead to weight issues caused by malnutrition. When consuming alcohol, these vitamins and minerals must be replaced. Often this is how certain cravings arise.[23]

About 1 in 4 college students report academic consequences from drinking, including missing classes, falling behind, doing poorly on exams, and overall receiving lower grade.[24]

Students who are involved in fraternities and sororities in college tend to have the highest alcohol consumption rates.[24]

When you consume alcohol, it turns into acetate. When acetate is present, the body will burn it up as calories before anything else. As a result, anything you ate prior to drinking your alcoholic beverage will be stored as fat. Alcohol also makes it harder for the body to burn fat that is already present by slowing down a process called "liquid oxidation." The more alcohol that a person consumes, the more food they are going to want to eat.[25]

Researchers have found that those who consumed drinks of higher alcohol strength, ate significantly more than the others. Not only that, but they also chose to eat more fatty and salty foods. They also found that urges to snack were much higher among drinkers. Drinking alcohol also increases the body fat percentage.[26]

Unhealthy foods with alcohol

Students often turn to greasy and fatty food while drinking alcohol.

According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's research, people who tend to drink the largest amount of alcohol have the poorest eating habits compared to those who do not consume much alcohol at all. Those who do not drink a large quantity of alcohol seem to have the best quality diets. In this study researchers compared the Healthy Eating scores of 3,000 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with their overall consumption of alcohol. They used frequency, quantity, and average daily volume to measure the alcohol consumption.

The researchers found that as the alcohol quantity increased, the Health Index scores declined. As the frequency of alcohol consumed increased, the Healthy Eating scored declined. Diet quality was the poorest among those who consumed the largest quantity of alcohol. Care packages filled with unhealthy treats, sent usually by parents, was found to be the leading cause of weight gain. Those who drank less alcohol in an infrequent time frame had the best health index scores overall.[27]

Stress and night eating

It is not unusual for college students, especially freshmen, to experience abnormal levels of stress. This is more prevalent for freshmen because they are still transitioning from high school. College students can hold jobs while taking classes and may feel they have no time for studying, while freshmen might be stressed just trying to adjust to the college work load. There are hundreds of reasons for why college students get stressed, but, whatever the reason, it also can lead to weight gain. This is because when the body is stressed, it releases hormones such as adrenaline or more importantly cortisol. Cortisol has been tested to slow down the body's metabolism. Other studies have shown that when people are stressed, they have cravings for foods that are high in calories such as sweet, salty, and processed foods. Not only do people crave bad food when they are nervous or stressed, but they eat large quantities of it through continuous snacking even though they might not be hungry.[28] Therefore, an increase in weight can be seen in freshmen students even though they are eating normally.

A study done by Jatturong R. Wichianson and colleagues at the University of Southern California showed a direct relationship between eating late at night (Night eating syndrome) and stress levels with college students. They used a standardized test to measure both the levels of NES and perceived stress each student had. The results showed that students that had higher levels of stress were more likely to have NES due to the inability to adapt. This study shows that students who were not able to deal with stress appropriately were more likely to use late night eating to solve their issues.[29]

Body Image

Many college students struggle with body image issues at some point. College students being happy with their body image is hard to maintain due to the stress and comparisons of other college students. Body image in college students is of great concern because body dissatisfaction is one of the most consistent risk factors for eating disorders and is a significant predictor of low self-esteem, depression, and obesity.[30] Eating disorders typically begin between the ages of 18 and 21. The two most common eating disorders are anorexia and bulimia. Anorexia deals with a person’s refusal to gain weight, disturbance of body image and the inability to maintain a certain weight. Bulimia is generally eating large amounts of food in a short period of time, usually within a span of two hours, then trying to get rid of the food by various methods; purging, laxatives or over-exercising.[31] The idea of the "Freshman 15" makes students think that it is impossible to avoid when going to college. This is what develops eating disorders because students feel the need to be thin and skinny in order to avoid the "Freshman 15" weight gain. Statistics show that 91 percent of women attempt to control their weight by dieting.[31]

Body image is especially more popular with women. Currently, beautiful is considered good and thinness is synonymous with beauty, which makes it valued by society while its opposite, obesity, is strongly rejected. Although the ideals of female beauty vary as a function of esthetical standards adopted at each time, studies show that women have tried to change their bodies to follow these standards.[32] Young women’s body image is greatly influenced by how they believed their friends and peers judged their bodies.

Developmental and social changes that may impact body image include: Physical and emotional separation from family, requirements for high academic performance, and transitions such as moving from home to residence hall.[33]

Male vs. female

Nicole L. Mihalopoulos and colleagues developed a study at a private university in the Northeastern United States. Their goal was to determine if college students did truly gain weight in their freshmen year. Test subjects were made up of male and female freshmen college students who lived on campus. They took an online survey to answer questions about their eating patterns, social behaviors, as well as weight. The purpose of this was to discover if the individuals showed signs of body image issues or eating disorders.

125 freshmen were eligible for testing and the average age was 18.4. The results showed that about half of the test subjects gained weight. The men gained an average of 3.7 lbs and women gained an average of 1.7 lbs their freshmen year. These results disproved their hypothesis that the women would have a larger weight gain than the men, but this stays consistent with other studies done on the hypothesis. Even though only 5% of the test subjects showed a weight gain of 15 lbs or greater the authors of this study concluded that the freshmen year in college has potential for weight gain and can even lead to obesity later on in life.[34]

References

  1. ↑ Wald, Matthew L. (5 April 1981). "Jodie Foster Seeks 'Normal Life' at Yale". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  2. ↑ Cara (2013-05-10). "First Year Fatties | Health and Fitness". Mhsbroadcaster.org. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  3. ↑ Lissa Christopher. "University life can make you fat". Smh.com.au. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  4. ↑ "The Fresher Five". Critic - Te Arohi. Otago University Students' Association. Retrieved 11 April 2017. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  5. ↑ Hercus, Josh. "Fresher FAQ". Critic - Te Arohi. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  6. ↑ "Freshman 15 College Weight Gain. Freshman 15 Challenge: Avoid College Weight Gain". Freshman15.com. 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  7. ↑ Kim Palmer (November 1, 2011). ""Freshman 15" weight gain is a myth: study". Reuters. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  8. 1 2 D A Levitsky, C A Halbmaier, & G Mrdjenovic. (2004). "The freshman weight gain: a model for the study of the epidemic of obesity." International Journal of Obesity and Related Disorders, 28(11), 1435–1442. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document ID: 984421261).
  9. ↑ Goodwin, Stephanie K., Kathy W. Hosig, Elena L. Serrano, Kerry J. Redican, Wen You, and Aaron D. Schroeder. Development of the University Health Index to Examine the Interface between Campus Environment and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight in College Students. University of Arizona Ebook. Page 23. 2 September 2011.
  10. ↑ Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne; Wall, Melanie; Story, Mary; Fulkerson, Jayne A (2004). "Gumberg Library Home Page - Duquesne University". Journal of Adolescent Health. 35 (5): 350–359. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.01.004. PMID 15488428. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  11. ↑ Schwanke, Crystal. "Average Height and Weight for a Teenager". Teens.lovetoknow.com. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  12. ↑ Archived January 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ↑ "Adult Energy Needs and BMI Calculator". Baylor College of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2009-01-16. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  14. ↑ Brown, Lora Beth. "College students can benefit by participating in a prepaid meal plan." Journal of the American Dietetic Association. Volume 105, Issue 3, March 2005, Pages 445–448.
  15. ↑ Goodwin, Stephanie K., Kathy W. Hosig, Elena L. Serrano, Kerry J. Redican, Wen You, and Aaron D. Schroeder. Development of the University Health Index to Examine the Interface between Campus Environment and Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Weight in College Students. University of Arizona Ebook. Page 10. 2 September 2011.
  16. ↑ "Foods to power you through your finals; A university student asks our resident nutrition expert which foods to eat to aid brainpower during exam season." The Times. Lexis Nexis. Web. 7 June 2011.
  17. ↑ Taubes, Gary. "Is Sugar Toxic?". The New York Times: 47. LexisNexis. Web. 17 Apr. 2011.
  18. ↑ "Malnutrition: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". Nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  19. 1 2 "Hunger and Malnutrition". Kidshealth.org. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  20. ↑ https://www.kon.org/urc/v7/crooks.html
  21. ↑ http://www.dailytexanonline.com/opinion/2013/09/29/social-eating-poses-serious-problems-for-college-students
  22. ↑ https://www.news-medical.net/news/20101111/Physical-activity-level-decreases-among-college-students.aspx
  23. 1 2 3 "Alcohol and Nutrition: Health and Disease Prevention - Does alcohol impact your weight?". MedicineNet. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  24. 1 2 "College Drinking"
  25. ↑ "Where the problem reLLY Lies"
  26. ↑ "How does alcohol consumption affect your weight and shape?"
  27. ↑ "Unhealthy Drinking, Eating Habits Linked". Alcoholism.about.com. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  28. ↑ Epel, Elissa (January 2001). "Stress may add bite to appetite in women: a laboratory study of stress-induced cortisol and eating behavior". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 26 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(00)00035-4. PMID 11070333. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  29. ↑ Wichianson, Jatturong R. , Stephanie A. Bughi, Jennifer B. Unger, Donna Spruijt-Metz, Selena T. Nguyen-Rodriguez (2009). "Perceived stress, coping and night-eating in college students". Stress and Health. 25 (3): 235–240. doi:10.1002/smi.1242.
  30. ↑ https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/programs/colleges-and-universities/college-and-body-image
  31. 1 2 http://www.elon.edu/e-web/pendulum/Issues/2005/04_28/features/bodyimage.xhtml
  32. ↑ Goswami, S; Sachdeva, S; Sachdeva, R (2012). "Body image satisfaction among female college students". Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 21 (2): 168–172. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.119653. PMC 3830171. PMID 24250055.
  33. ↑ https://www.uhs.umich.edu/bodyimage
  34. ↑ Mihalopoulos, Nicole L. Peggy Auinger, Jonathan D. Klein. "The Freshman 15: Is it Real?". Journal of American College Health. Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, NY. Mar/Apr 2008, vol. 56 Issue 5: 531 4p.

Bibliography

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