Florida International University pedestrian bridge collapse

The FIU Pedestrian Bridge Collapse
National Transportation Safety Board members inspecting the collapsed pedestrian bridge on March 16
Date March 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)
Time 1:47 p.m. EDT
Location University Park and Sweetwater, Florida, U.S.
Type Bridge collapse
Deaths 6
Non-fatal injuries 9

On March 15, 2018, a 175-foot-long (53 m), recently-erected section of the FIU Sweetwater UniversityCity pedestrian bridge collapsed onto the Tamiami Trail (U.S. Route 41). Eight vehicles were crushed underneath, which resulted in six deaths and nine injuries.[1][2]

The initial construction on the pedestrian bridge was located in front of the campus of Florida International University (FIU) in University Park, a suburb west of Miami, Florida, United States, and was in the process of post-tension rod adjustment when it suddenly failed.[3] The road beneath it had been opened to traffic.

Background

The FIU Sweetwater UniversityCity pedestrian Bridge, located just west of the intersection of Tamiami Trail (Southwest 8th Street) and Southwest 109th Avenue,[4] was planned to connect the FIU campus to student housing neighborhoods in Sweetwater.[5] It was intended to improve pedestrian safety, as the busy crosswalks at this wide, busy intersection had been identified as a safety hazard and the site of fatal collisions.[6] The $14.2 million project was funded with a $19.4 million Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) grant from the United States Department of Transportation in 2013, along with state agencies.[7] The bridge itself cost $9 million to construct.[8]

The main companies behind the construction project are Munilla Construction Management (MCM), a Miami-based construction management firm, and FIGG Bridge Engineers, a Tallahassee-based firm.[9] Unlike most bridges in Florida, the design for this project was overseen by the university itself, not the Florida Department of Transportation.

Florida International University is known for its expertise in accelerated bridge construction, and has attracted international scholars as PhD students. It is home to the federally-funded Accelerated Bridge Construction University Transportation Center, which sponsors industry conferences and seminars.[10][11]

Bridge layout

Elevation Engineering Drawing of Proposed FIU Sweetwater Pedestrian Bridge

The full 320-foot-long (98 m) pedestrian bridge was to cross both a major roadway and a parallel water canal with two separate spans connected at a faux cable-stay tower. The main, roadway-crossing span was 175 ft long, the shorter canal span was to be 99 ft long. An elevator and stairs at the south end added 31 ft, and at the north end, 15 feet, for a total bridge length of 320 feet.[12] At the bridge site, the Tamiami Trail roadway has seven lanes of traffic plus one turn lane.[2] The main span was rolled into place and set on support columns on March 10, five days before the collapse. The canal span, access ramps, and faux cable-stay tower had not yet been built. Pedestrian use was to begin when the whole project was complete. The school was on spring break at the time of collapse.[3] The section of the bridge that collapsed weighed 950 short tons (860 metric tons) and fell onto several vehicles on the roadway below.

Bridge construction and design

Construction of the bridge began in March 2016 and was scheduled to be completed in December 2018.[8][13] The bridge's main span was assembled adjacent to the highway using accelerated bridge construction (ABC), a technique promoted at the university.[3] It was lifted into place on the morning of March 10, five days before the collapse, during a weekend closure of the highway.[14][15]

FIU-Sweetwater UniversityCity Bridge
Coordinates 25°45′40″N 80°22′22″W / 25.7612°N 80.3728°W / 25.7612; -80.3728Coordinates: 25°45′40″N 80°22′22″W / 25.7612°N 80.3728°W / 25.7612; -80.3728
Carries Pedestrian traffic
Crosses Tamiami Trail
Locale University Park and Sweetwater, Florida, U.S.
Characteristics
Total length 320 feet (98 m)
Longest span 175 feet (53 m)
History
Engineering design by FIGG Bridge Engineers
Constructed by Munilla Construction Management
Construction cost $14.2 million
Collapsed March 15, 2018
University Park
Location in Florida
University Park
University Park (the US)

The new pedestrian bridge was designed to connect the campus to student housing in a dramatic sculptural way, and also to showcase the school's leadership in the ABC method of rapid bridge construction.[16][17]

The bridge was a post-tensioned concrete structure.[16] Concrete structures are generally 10 times heavier than equivalent steel designs.[18] The bridge was made using a new formulation for concrete intended to stay cleaner than standard concrete formulations.[19] In the main bridge span, the concrete floor deck, roof, and diagonal struts each contained post-tensioning cables whose compressive effect on the concrete could be adjusted after the concrete was cured.[16] Adjustments were expected each time the span was moved onto a different foundation with different support points.

The full bridge project was styled to look like a cable-stayed bridge, with a pylon tower and high cables for dramatic effect. But functionally and structurally it was actually a truss bridge, with the spans being fully self-supporting.[16][20][21] The bridge spans used a novel concrete truss design invented for this project, a "re-invented I-beam concept". Concrete truss bridges are rarely constructed, and few exist.[22] The vertical web of the beam was a series of triangulated concrete diagonal struts along the centerline, and the diagonal angles of the struts varied across the bridge so they would align with pipes from the center pylon, in the eventual faux cable-stayed appearance.[23]

A specification change from FDOT late in the planning phase required relocating both piers of the main span 11 feet (3 meters) north to allow for a future light rail right-of-way near the canal, causing some changes in construction.[24]

The concrete walkway deck was to act as the horizontal bottom flange of a wide I-beam, and the concrete roof canopy was to function as the horizontal top flange of the I-beam.[16] The walkway was thus nearer to ground level than in a standard design where the walkway is placed on top of the structural support system.[16] This reduced the number of steps to climb. The deck carries the entire weight of the bridge span, as a tension load.

The canopy carries the structure's main compressive loads. The diagonal struts carry either compression or tension forces, depending on their angle and position. The struts contain post-tensioning rods that connect the flanges, and are adjusted as needed.[25] VSL was the company contracted for the post tensioning (PT) of the new bridge. Post-tensioning of a diagonal member may be one of the reasons for the structural failure of the FIU bridge. Concrete is much more prone to crack than steel in trusses.[26] Certain cracks could compromise the cable/rod anchorings, making failure inevitable when the post-tensioning operation began.[27]

The bridge was meant to last more than 100 years, and to withstand a Category 5 hurricane, according to a statement by the university.[28]

Collapse

Schematic of the bridge. Green: collapsed parts, Blue: not installed at the time of the collapse. The diagonal beam that was undergoing post-tension cable/rod adjustment at the time of the collapse is highlighted in red.

Reports of cracking

On March 13, the third day after lifting of the main span, the project's lead engineer discovered cracks at the north end of the span (the end that later broke). He reported this by voicemail to a Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) employee. He thought this was not an immediate safety issue, merely something that would need to be repaired later.[29] The FDOT recipient was away for several days and did not hear this message until the day after the collapse.[30][31]

At 9 a.m. on March 15, a university employee heard a loud "whip cracking" sound while under the bridge span, waiting for a red traffic light.[32] At the same time, the design-build team met for about two hours at the construction site to discuss the cracks discovered on March 13. Representatives from both FIU and the FDOT were present. The FIGG lead engineer's conclusions were that the structural integrity of the bridge was not compromised and that there were no safety concerns raised by the presence of the crack.[33]

The mayor of Miami-Dade County, Carlos A. Giménez, said that workers conducted a stress test on the morning of March 15.[34]

Collapse

At 1:47 p.m. on March 15, the north end of the installed bridge span sagged deeply as the first diagonal fractured, folded, and immediately dropped the heavy full span onto the roadway below. A surveillance video shows the collapse sequence took only a few video frames.[35]

United States Senator and FIU adjunct professor Marco Rubio tweeted that engineers were tightening loosened cables on March 15:[34] Workers were adding more tension to the steel rod (tendon) inside a concrete diagonal strut at the north end.[30] The National Transportation Safety Board, who are investigating the collapse, stated that crews were applying "post-tensioning force" on the bridge before the collapse.[36]

The tensioning rod that was being tightened at the time of the collapse, with a hydraulic tensioning machine (blue) still attached to its end, extends from the canopy in the upper left of this image.

At this time, it is not clear why the post-tensioning operation by VSL company was being carried out at the time of the collapse as the bridge diagonal member support they were working on would have already been in compression. The bottom joint of diagonal member #11 (which contains the anchor nut for the post-tensioning rod) apparently failed explosively, during the post-tensioning operation, causing the bridge to collapse. Currently, it remains unknown why the joint may have failed, although post-tensioning remains a possible contributor.[37]

The span that collapsed weighed 950 short tons (861 tonnes).[38]

At the time of the collapse, the roadway was open and there were multiple cars stopped at a traffic light under the span.[39][40] A driver who survived the collapse reported small rocks fell onto her car just before the front of her car was crushed.[41] A worker saved himself when he heard cracking and locked his safety harness just before the collapse.[42] Eight cars were reported to have been crushed. Six people were killed and nine others were injured; while early reports said that the death toll was expected to rise,[1] authorities said on March 18 that all bodies had been accounted for.[43] Five of the victims were killed immediately when the bridge fell; one died at the hospital. An employee of VSL, Navaro Brown, 37, worked for the company contracted to apply post-tensioning and died in the collapse. Two other employees of the company were hospitalized. The other deceased victims of the tragedy were identified as Alberto Arias, 53, Brandon Brownfield, 39, FIU student Alexa Duran, 18, Rolando Fraga, 60, and Oswaldo Gonzalez, 57.[44][45][46]

Aftermath

On March 16, the Florida Highway Patrol announced Southwest 8th Street between Southwest 107th and 117th Avenues and the eastbound Southwest 8th Street exit from the Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike would be closed indefinitely while debris removal and investigations were conducted.[47] Debris from the bridge was cleared by March 24, allowing Southwest 8th Street to be reopened.[48] A team of 15 people from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) began their investigation on the morning of March 16.[49] On March 19, 2018 the first civil lawsuit was filed against Figg Bridge Engineers, MCM, Bolton Perez & Associates, the project's consulting engineer, Louis Berger, and Network Engineering Services for reckless negligence.[50]

Inquiry

Members of the NTSB's Go Team for the investigation boarding an FAA plane to travel to Miami.

On March 15, 2018 the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) launched a Go-team to investigate the bridge collapse. The accident number assigned is HWY18MH009.[51] On March 16, 2018 the NTSB Investigators held their first press conference to discuss the inquiry into the bridge collapse. Noteworthy points from the meeting included a statement that the inquiry was in the very early stages, that cracks in the bridge superstructure did not necessarily make the bridge unsafe, that on-site investigations would take about a week, that preserving perishable evidence was crucial, and that bridge workers were applying a "post-tensioning force" on the bridge before the failure.[52] Also on March 16, 2018 the FDOT released a letter to the public with information about the bridge collapse:

According to standard procedures, FDOT issued a permit at the request of FIU's design build team to close SW 8th Street during the installation of the FIU pedestrian bridge on Saturday, March 10. While FDOT has issued, following a request from the FIU design build team, a blanket permit allowing for two-lane closures effective from January through April, at no time, from installation until the collapse of the bridge, did FDOT receive a request to close the entire road. The department was also not made aware by the FIU design build team of any scheduled "stress testing" of the bridge following installation and has no knowledge or confirmation from FIU's design build team of "stress testing" occurring since installation. Per standard safety procedure, FDOT would issue a permit for partial or full road closure if deemed necessary and requested by the FIU design build team or FIU contracted construction inspector for structural testing.

Additional, in the interest of full transparency, FDOT is today releasing the transcript of a voicemail left on a landline on Tuesday, March 13, by W. Denney Pate, FIGG's lead engineer responsible for the FIU pedestrian bridge project. The transcription is below ... :

"Hey Tom, this is Denney Pate with FIGG bridge engineers. Calling to, uh, share with you some information about the FIU pedestrian bridge and some cracking that's been observed on the north end of the span, the pylon end of that span we moved this weekend. Um, so, uh, we've taken a look at it and, uh, obviously some repairs or whatever will have to be done but from a safety perspective we don't see that there's any issue there so we're not concerned about it from that perspective although obviously the cracking is not good and something's going to have to be, ya know, done to repair that. At any rate, I wanted to chat with you about that because I suspect at some point that's gonna get to your desk. So, uh, at any rate, call me back when you can. Thank you. Bye."

This voicemail was left on a landline and not heard by an FDOT employee until Friday, March 16 as the employee was out of the office on assignment.

On Wednesday, March 14, Alfredo Reyna, the Assistant LAP Coordinator and an FDOT consultant, received a phone call from Rafeal Urdaneta, a Bolton Perez & Associates employee, notifying him of a midday meeting scheduled for Thursday, March 15 with W. Denney Pate and other members of the FIU design build team that are responsible for the project. FDOT is routinely included in meetings during LAP project construction. Reyna attended the meeting which occurred shortly before the bridge failure and collapse and was not notified of any life-safety issues, need for additional road closures or requests for any other assistance from FDOT.

The responsibility to identify and address life-safety issues and properly communicate them is the sole responsibility of the FIU design build team. At no point during any of the communications above did FIGG or any member of the FIU design build team ever communicate a life-safety issue. Again, FIGG and the FIU design build team never alerted FDOT of any life-safety issue regarding the FIU pedestrian bridge prior to collapse. (bold in original)

The tragic failure and collapse of the pedestrian bridge at FIU is the subject of an active and ongoing investigation led by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) as well as local and state law enforcement investigations. As FDOT assists in these investigations, we will continue our internal review and release all pertinent information as quickly as possible while ensuring its accuracy.[53]

On March 21, 2018 the NTSB sent out a press release detailing the items from the collapse that required further examination at the Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center, in McLean, Virginia. They also confirmed workers were adjusting rod tension when the collapse occurred.[54]

On March 21, 2018 U.S. Transportation Secretary Elaine Chao asked the department's inspector general to probe whether a federally funded UniversityCity pedestrian bridge complied with all rules.[55] A subsequent internal memorandum from the Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Transportation, dated March 22, 2018 expressed concerns the project complied with Federal specifications, and that the objective of an audit will be to assess whether the Florida International University pedestrian bridge met Federal and DOT requirements for the TIGER application, approval, and grant agreement processes[56]

On March 28, 2018 the Miami Herald reported they were denied access to FIU documents related to the bridge construction, citing federal regulations that prevent release of non-public information related to the bridge construction and design project when an NTSB investigation is in progress. A lawyer for Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press indicated more information should be released under the Florida Sunshine Law, due to intense public interest in the collapse.[57] On May 2, 2018, the Miami Herald filed a lawsuit against FDOT in Florida's Leon County Circuit Court to compel the FDOT to release emails, meeting minutes and other records relating to the bridge's design and construction.[58] On May 3, 2018, a lawyer for the NTSB wrote a letter to Judge Cooper of the 2nd Judicial Circuit of Florida in Tallahassee, FL urging the court to deny a ruling that would favor the Miami Herald plaintiff, for the release of any bridge information generated after a February 19, 2018 cutoff date.[59]

On May 7, 2018 the Miami Herald reported they had received a copy of a memo with photographs from FIU dated February 28, 2018 that had been sent to the Munilla Construction Management company, the bridge project's builder. The memo, which has since been rescinded back from Public view, purportedly urged the bridge engineer to respond to their concerns about significant cracks in the concrete joint at connection between the No. 11 truss and the bridge deck.[60]

On May 23, 2018 the NTSB released a preliminary report titled "Highway: Collapse of Pedestrian Bridge Under Construction Miami, Florida (HWY18MH009)". The report summarized the accident, and mentioned they are evaluating the bridge design, the construction process, and the construction materials. They also said they are evaluating the emergence of cracks in the region of diagonal members 2 (south end of the bridge) and 11 (north end of bridge), and the propagation of cracks in the region of diagonal member 11. Pictures of the cracks from February 24 were also given.[2]

On June 4, 2018 Judge Cooper declined to dismiss the Miami Herald case (which had requested more public information) and asked that the NTSB first be given the option of joining the lawsuit either as an amicus (friend of the court) or as a defendant.[61]

On June 15, 2018 U.S. Attorney Christopher P. Canova sent a letter to Judge Cooper to request that any rulings in the pending case be delayed until the federal government is able to determine if it should file a statement of interest.[62]

On June 27, 2018 the Travelers Indemnity Company and The Phoenix Insurance Company submitted an 18-page complaint for declaratory relief in U.S. District Court for Florida Southern District, Miami Division. The lawsuit filing seeks to avoid financial liability to the claimants and included the following statement: "There is no coverage under Travelers' and Phoenix's policies issued to Figg for any damages caused by the joint venture and/or partnership between Figg and MCM, as such joint venture and/or partnership was never disclosed to Travelers and Phoenix and does not qualify as an insured under either of the Policies issued to Figg."[63]

On July 26, 2018 the case before Circuit Judge John Cooper was still waiting for Canova's office to file a notice about participating. The case was reassigned to Circuit Judge Kevin Carroll from Judge Cooper.[64]

On July 30, 2018 the NTSB filed a statement of intent supporting the state's motion to dismiss the case. On the following day, Judge Carroll asked all parties to prepare for a ruling later in the week, as he weighed Federal and State law arguments.[65]

On August 9, 2018 the NTSB released an update on their investigation, which showed pictures of severe cracks in diagonal member 11 and adjacent to vertical member 12 in the days before the bridge collapsed.[66]

On August 21, 2018 Leon County Circuit Judge Kevin Carroll ruled the FDOT "shall produce to The Herald the requested records, but that production shall be limited to records from February 20th to March 15th (prior to the collapse)".[67] However, two days later and just as the FDOT was about to release documents, the Florida State ruling was temporarily blocked by U.S. District Court Judge William Stafford on a request from the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of Florida (on behalf of the NTSB, who is seeking to move the case to a Federal Court).[68] On October 5, Federal Judge Stafford made a final ruling to block the requested documents.[69]

The following is from a September 18, 2018 OSHA News Release - Region 4: The U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) on Friday, September 14, cited multiple contractors for safety violations after one employee suffered fatal injuries and five other employees sustained serious injuries when a pedestrian bridge at the Florida International University campus in Miami collapsed. The five companies collectively received seven violations, totaling $86,658 in proposed penalties. OSHA cited Figg Bridge Engineers Inc., a civil and structural engineering company; Network Engineering Services Inc. (doing business as Bolton Perez & Assoc.), a construction engineering and inspection firm; Structural Technologies LLC (doing business as Structural Technologies/VSL), specializing in post-tensioning in bridges and buildings; Munilla Construction Management LLC, a bridge and building construction company; and The Structural Group of South Florida Inc., a contractor specializing in concrete formwork.[70]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Shapiro, Emily; Doom, Justin (March 16, 2018). "Bridge collapse death toll likely to rise as investigators sift through rubble". ABC News. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 "Preliminary Report- Highway: Collapse of Pedestrian Bridge Under Construction Miami, Florida (HWY18MH009)". NTSB. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 Viglucci, Andres; Madan, Monique O.; Hanks, Douglas; Chang, Daniel (March 15, 2018). "At least 4 dead in catastrophic FIU pedestrian bridge collapse; 9 rescued from rubble". Miami Herald. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  4. ↑ "FIU Bridge Collapse: Four Dead, 8 Cars Trapped Underneath". CBS Miami. March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  5. ↑ Ashaboglu, Selin (March 15, 2018). "Miami Pedestrian Bridge Collapses". ARCHITECT. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  6. ↑ Rodriguez, Marybel (August 22, 2017). "Pedestrian Bridge In The Works For FIU Students To Cross Busy 8th Street". CBS 4 Miami. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  7. ↑ "FIU Pedestrian Bridge Construction Using Innovative Approach By Swinging Into Place". CBSLocal. WFOR-TV. March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  8. 1 2 Harris, Alex (August 24, 2017). "A walking bridge for FIU students is coming soon. But it's too late for one student". Miami Herald. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  9. ↑ Gomez Licon, Adriana; Replogle, Josh (March 16, 2018). "Tearful families wait as bodies remain under failed bridge". Associated Press. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  10. ↑ Bridge Collapse Saps Spirits and Research Efforts at Florida International University, By PATRICIA MAZZEI and STEPHANIE SAUL, New York Times, March 17, 2018
  11. ↑ "Home - Accelerated Bridge Construction". Accelerated Bridge Construction. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  12. ↑ "General Plan and Elevation" (PDF). Florida International University. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  13. ↑ Kiah, Clara-Meretan (March 30, 2016). "FIU, Sweetwater break ground for bridge to the future". Florida International University. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  14. ↑ Viglucci, Andres (March 10, 2018). "'Instant' bridge aims to make a dangerous crossing safer for thousands of students". Miami Herald. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  15. ↑ Madan, Monique O. (March 8, 2018). "If you plan to drive on SW Eighth Street this weekend, you'll be rerouted here". Miami Herald. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 MCM. "MCM design-build proposal" (PDF). Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  17. ↑ Tylin International (May 6, 2015). "Design Criteria, FIU-UniversityCity Prosperity Project - Pedestrian Bridge" (PDF).
  18. ↑ Staletovich, Jenny; Rodriguez, Rene; Flechas, Joey. "Stress test may have contributed to collapse of FIU pedestrian bridge". Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  19. ↑ News, F. I. U. (March 10, 2018). "#DidYouKnow the new pedestrian bridge that will connect our FIU and the @CitySweetwater is the first in the world to be constructed entirely of self-cleaning concrete? #WorldsAheadpic.twitter.com/lQVJh09Pv2". @FIUnews. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  20. ↑ Jansen, Bart (March 16, 2018). "Miami bridge that collapsed was a truss design, despite the cosmetic tower, support cables". USA Today. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  21. ↑ FIU Bridge Collapse NTSB Update. Robert Accetta (press briefing speaker). WSVN-TV. March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018 – via YouTube.
  22. ↑ Bridgehunter. "concrete truss bridges". Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  23. ↑ "Miami bridge that collapsed was a truss design, despite the cosmetic tower, support cables". Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  24. ↑ Jason Dearen and Jennifer Kay. "Key design change stymied bridge cost, schedule". Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  25. ↑ Jennifer Kay and Allen G. Breed (March 18, 2018). "Bridge collapse victim's uncle rages at 'incompetence'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  26. ↑ "Pedestrian bridge collapse in Miami, Florida ..." Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  27. ↑ "A Bridge Too Faux: Florida's Pedestrian Bridge Would Only Have Looked Safe". Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  28. ↑ "Collapsed bridge meant to last 100 years".
  29. ↑ Judy, Scott; Korman, Richard (May 24, 2018). "Investigators Explain Focus On Pre-Collapse Cracking In Florida Bridge". ENRSoutheast. BNP Media. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  30. 1 2 CNN, Madison Park, Jason Hanna, Joe Sutton and Steve Almasy,. "Engineer advised of cracking on bridge two days before collapse". CNN. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  31. ↑ "Bridge collapse victim's uncle rages at 'incompetence'".
  32. ↑ "FIU employee heard a loud crack crossing under the bridge. Hours later, it collapsed". miamiherald. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  33. ↑ Mier, Alyse (March 17, 2018). "FIU statement" (Press release). FIU. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  34. 1 2 "Rubio says engineers were tightening loose cables when the FIU bridge collapsed". miamiherald. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  35. ↑ "Miami bridge collapsed during 'stress testing' killing at least four". Mail Online. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  36. ↑ "Bridge victim's grieving uncle lashes out at 'incompetence'". AP News. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  37. ↑ Smale, Katherine. "Experts cite explosive joint failure as cause of Florida bridge collapse". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
  38. ↑ Cochrane, Karen (March 16, 2018). "Pedestrian Bridge FAQ" (Press release). FIU. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  39. ↑ Svrluga, Susan; Siddiqui, Faiz (March 15, 2018). "New pedestrian bridge collapses at Florida International University, crushing eight cars driving underneath". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  40. ↑ Batchelor, Amanda; Suarez, Carlos (March 15, 2018). "Several dead after newly-installed portion of FIU pedestrian bridge collapses". Local 10 News. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
  41. ↑ "At least 4 dead in catastrophic FIU pedestrian bridge collapse; 9 rescued from rubble". miamiherald. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
  42. ↑ News, A. B. C. (2018-03-16). "Worker hurt in bridge collapse thinks locking in harness saved his life: Cousin". ABC News. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
  43. ↑ "Florida Bridge Collapse Moves Into Investigation Phase". The Wall Street Journal. March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  44. ↑ "Bridge worker Navaro Brown died in collapse of FIU span, company says". Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  45. ↑ Mazzei, Patricia; Robles, Frances; Dickerson, Caitlin (March 16, 2018). "They Were Heading Home, to Lunch, to Work. Then a Bridge Came Crashing Down". The New York Times. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
  46. ↑ "New video surfaces of FIU bridge collapse from view of driver who witnessed it".
  47. ↑ "Southwest 8th Street To Be Closed As Bridge Collapse Is Investigated". CBS Miami. March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  48. ↑ "SW 8th Street Reopens To Traffic After Bridge Collapse". CBS Miami. March 24, 2018. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
  49. ↑ Bowden, John (March 15, 2018). "NTSB chairman: Agency will investigate Florida bridge collapse". The Hill. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  50. ↑ Martin Vassolo. "Survivor of FIU bridge collapse sues design-construction firms". miamiherald. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  51. ↑ NTSB (March 15, 2018). "Pedestrian bridge collapse". Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  52. ↑ Jennifer Kay and Allen G. Breed (March 17, 2018). "Authorities are investigating whether reported cracking contributed to the collapse of a Florida bridge that killed 6 people". Business Insider. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  53. ↑ http://www.fdot.gov/info/CO/news/newsreleases/default.shtm
  54. ↑ https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/NR20180321.aspx
  55. ↑ Editorial, Reuters. "U.S. Transportation Secretary seeks probe of fatal Florida bridge ..."
  56. ↑ https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/Audit%20Announcment%20-%20DOT%E2%80%99s%20Oversight%20of%20Pedestrian%20Bridge%20Project%5E3-22-18.pdf
  57. ↑ "Two weeks ago, FIU's bridge abruptly collapsed. Here's what we know so far". Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  58. ↑ http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article210298454.html
  59. ↑ https://cloudup.com/cW7td9cgf3o
  60. ↑ http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article210449384.html
  61. ↑ https://www.orlandoweekly.com/Blogs/archives/2018/06/05/florida-officials-ask-judge-to-block-release-of-records-on-collapsed-fiu-bridge
  62. ↑ http://floridapolitics.com/archives/266761-feds-weigh-entering-lawsuit
  63. ↑ https://flarecord.com/stories/511472990-insurers-ask-federal-court-to-drop-them-from-covering-engineering-firm-in-pedestrian-bridge-collapse
  64. ↑ http://floridapolitics.com/archives/270000-feds-mia-fiu-bridge
  65. ↑ https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/state-politics/article215833630.html
  66. ↑ https://www.ntsb.gov/news/press-releases/Pages/NR20180809.aspx
  67. ↑ https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4779315-Order-1.html
  68. ↑ https://www.bradenton.com/news/state/florida/article217192670.html
  69. ↑ https://www.bradenton.com/news/state/florida/article219564830.html
  70. ↑ https://www.osha.gov/news/newsreleases/region4/09182018
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