Exafroplacentalia

Exafroplacentalia
Temporal range: Paleocene - Holocene, 65–0 Ma
European mole (Boreoeutheria)
Giant anteater (Xenarthra)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Infraclass:Placentalia
Clade:Exafroplacentalia
Waddell et al, 2001
Orders and Clades

Magnorder Boreoeutheria:

Exafroplacentalia or Notolegia is a clade of placental mammals proposed in 2001 on the basis of molecular research.[1][2]

Exafroplacentalia places Xenarthra as a sister group to the Boreoeutheria (comprising Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires),[3] thus making Afrotheria a primitive group of placental mammals (the group name roughly means "those which are not African placentals").

Classification

Eutheria  

 

Afrotheria

 
  Exafroplacentalia  

 

Xenarthra

 
  Boreoeutheria  

   

Laurasiatheria

 
   

Euarchontoglires

 
 
 
 

Alternative hypotheses

One alternative hypothesis is the Epitheria hypothesis:

Placentalia

 

Xenarthra

 
Epitheria

 

Afrotheria

 
Boreoeutheria

 

Euarchontoglires

 
 

Laurasiatheria

 
 
 
 

Another alternative hypothesis is the Atlantogenata hypothesis:

Eutheria

Atlantogenata

 

Xenarthra

 
 

Afrotheria

 
 
Boreoeutheria

 

Euarchontoglires

 
 

Laurasiatheria

 
 
 

Updated analysis of transposable element insertions around the time of divergence strongly supports the fourth hypothesis of a near-concomitant origin of the three superorders of mammals:[4]

Eutheria

 

Xenarthra

 
 

Afrotheria

 
Boreoeutheria

 

Euarchontoglires

 
 

Laurasiatheria

 
 
 

See also

References

  1. ↑ Murphy, W.J., Pringle, T.H., Crider, T.A., Springer, M.S. & Miller, W. 2007. Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny. Genome Research 17, pp.413-421.
  2. ↑ Kriegs, J.O., Churakov, G., Kiefmann, M., Jordan, U., Brosius, J. & Schmitz, J. 2006. Retroposed elements as archives for the evolutionary history of placental mammals. Plos Biol 4, pp.e91.
  3. ↑ Goloboff, Pablo A.; Catalano, Santiago A.; Mirande, J. Marcos; Szumik, Claudia A.; Arias, J. Salvador; Källersjö, Mari; Farris, James S. (2009). "Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups". Cladistics. 25 (3): 211–230. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00255.x.
  4. ↑ Nishihara, H., Maruyama, S. & Okada, N. 2009. Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of placental mammals. PNAS 106: 5235-40.

Further reading

  • Churakov, G.; Kriegs, J. O.; Baertsch, R.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J. R.; Schmitz, J. R. (2009). "Mosaic retroposon insertion patterns in placental mammals". Genome Research. 19 (5): 868–875. doi:10.1101/gr.090647.108. PMC 2675975. PMID 19261842.
  • Nikolaev, Sergey; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I.; Margulies, Elliott H.; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program; Rougemont, Jacques; Nyffeler, Bruno; Antonarakis, Stylianos E. (2007). "Early History of Mammals is Elucidated with the ENCODE Multiple Species Sequencing Data". PLoS Genetics. 3 (1): e2. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030002. PMC 1761045. PMID 17206863.
  • Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J. (2003). "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (3): 1056–1061. doi:10.1073/pnas.0334222100. PMC 298725. PMID 12552136.
  • Waddell, Peter J.; Kishino, Hirohisa; Ota, Rissa (2001). "A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics". Genome Informatics. 12: 141–154. PMID 11791233.
  • Wildman, Derek E.; Chen, Caoyi; Erez, Offer; Grossman, Lawrence I.; Goodman, Morris; Romero, Roberto (2006). "Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (9): 3203–3208. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511344103. PMC 1413940. PMID 16492730.
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