Esan people

Esan people
Ẹ̀bhò Ẹ̀sán
Esan
Total population
c. 1.5 million
Regions with significant populations
 Nigeria 1,000,000-1,500,000[1]
 England [2]
Languages
Esan and English
Religion
Related ethnic groups
Yoruba, Owan, Afemai, Benin, Igala

The Esan people (Esan: Ẹ̀bhò Ẹ̀sán) are an ethnic group of south Nigeria who speak the Esan language. The Esan are traditionally agriculturalists, trado-medical practitioners, mercenary warriors and hunters. They cultivate palm trees, Irvingia gabonensis (erhonhiele), Cherry (Otien), bell pepper (akoh) coconut, betel nut, kola nut, black pear, avocado pear, yams, cocoyam, cassava, maize, rice, beans, groundnut, bananas, oranges, plantains, sugar cane, tomato, potato, okra, pineapple, paw paw, and various vegetables.[3]

The modern Esan nation is believed to have been organized during the 15th century, when citizens, mostly nobles and princes, left the neighbouring Benin Empire for the northeast; there they formed communities and kingdoms called eguares among the aboriginal peoples whom they met there. There are on the whole 35 established kingdoms in Esanland, including Ebelle, Ohordua, Ewohimi, Ekpoma, Ubiaja, Uromi, Uzea, Igueben, Ewatto, Irrua, Opoji, Ugboha, Amahor, Ugun, Ogwa, Emu, Ewu and Ewossa

The Esan Kingdoms often warred among each other. Despite the wars, the Esans kept a homogenous culture which was chiefly influenced by the Benin Empire. However, these kingdoms were colonized, along with the Benin Empire, by the British Empire during September 1897, only gaining independence 63 years later in 1960 when Nigeria became independent from British Colonial rule. After independence, the Esan people have suffered from civil war, poverty, and lack of infrastructure.

The Esans primarily speak the Esan language, an Edoid language related to Edo, Urhobo, Owan language, Isoko, and Etsako.[4] It is considered a regionally important language in Nigeria, and it is taught in primary schools in addition to being broadcast on radio and television. The Esan language is also recognized in the Census of the United Kingdom.[5][6]

It is estimated that the Esan people who reside in Esanland number about one million to 1.5 million citizens in Nigeria,[7] and there is a strong Esan diaspora. Esan-speaking communities exist in the United States, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Canada, Spain, and Italy. Pan-Esan groups such as the Esan World Congress have kept the Esan community tight-knit.

Etymology and identity

The term Esan has been applied to the Esan people for thousands of years, and was used before contact with Europeans. It is believed by many historians that the name 'Esan' (originally, 'E san fia') owes its origin to Bini (meaning, 'they have fled' or 'they jumped away'). 'Ishan' is an Anglicized form of 'Esan', the result of colonial Britain's inability to properly pronounce the name of this ethnic group. It is believed that similar corruption has affected such Esan names as ubhẹkhẹ (now 'obeche' tree), uloko (now 'iroko' tree), Abhuluimẹn (now 'Aburime'), etc. Efforts have however been made to return to status quo ante.

For academic purpose, Esan refers to

  1. the ethnic group that occupies central Edo State;
  2. (plural unchanged) a person or the people collectively from this ethnic group;
  3. the language of these people which, linguistically, is of the Kwa subdivision of the Niger-Congo language family;
  4. something of, related to, or having Esan origin e.g. uro Esan (=Esan language), otọ Esan (=Esan land), ọghẹdẹ Esan (=Esan banana).

In the pre-colonial era, Esans carried a crow's foot tribal scar below their eyes.[8]

History

Mythology

Esan myth varies over the true origins of the Esan people. In some clans, the first Esan simply fell out of the sky. In other clans, Esans are said to have come from the rivers. Nearly all Esan myths, however, point to the Benin Empire as the source.

Pre-historical/classical period

According to archaeological and linguistic evidence, humans have resided in the savannah-forest ecotone in Esanland for at least 3000 years ago.[9] These people were likely associated with the Nok people and came from the savannahs in the north to the southern forests. To this day, northern Esan dialects have more in common with Northern Edo languages such as Etsako and Owan than southern Esan dialects do, which happen to be closely related with Edo. These "proto-Edoid" peoples grew yam, oil palm and vegetables, but also hunted and gathered.

Starting from 500 AD to 750 AD, these hunter-gatherers started to colonize the savannah-forest ecosystem of Esanland and the forest ecosystem of the Benin Empire.[10] They created a pre-Esan, pre-Edo society that built advanced structures such as moats and walls around family properties. These enclosures were, at maximum, three to five kilometers in diameter, and demarcated residential and agricultural property. Those properties enlarged to become villages, and by 800 AD, these village coalesced to form kingdoms with hierarchies.[11] Modern-day digs in the region have found that these walls were situated in the eastern Benin Empire and northern Esanland. Settlements were close to permanent springs on the northern plateau, but never next to intermittent springs.

Esanland’s culture, language and growth were majorly influenced by the mass exoduses to Esan territory from all adjacent polities[12] Communities on Esanland’s southern and eastern fringes (Ewohimi, Ewatto, Ekpon, Amahor) were heavily populated by Igbos and Igalas (into Uroh);[13] from the north came the Emai into Ukhun, Idoa, and Amahor and the Etsako into Irrua);[13] and from the south came the Itsekiri (into Ekpon) and Urhobo (into Ujiogba).[13]

The biggest influence on Esanland came from Edo, founders of Benin Empire. In 1460, Oba Ewuare passed laws of mourning that prohibited sexual intercourse, bathing, drumming, dancing, and cooking. These laws proved too restrictive for many citizens, and these citizens fled the kingdom to Esanland. This exodus shaped Esanland’s modern cultural identity and gave rise to the term "Esan," or "refugee." Oral tradition has heavily supported this theory. Prominent Esan and Edo historians have collected stories about this migration.[14][15]

Pre-colonization

Esan kingdoms had a varying degree of autonomy, but were ultimately controlled by the Benin Empire. The Oba approved the enijie of Esanland, and Esan kingdoms paid tribute to Benin. Yet, several wars between Esan kingdoms and Benin were recorded. This was due to the Oba, at ascension on the throne, sending white chalk to the Esans as a term of friendship. If the chalk was rejected, then the Oba would try to invade Esanland. The varying political stabilities of Benin and the Esan kingdoms also led to warfare. Such warfare was so common that there is no recorded history of peace between all of the Esan kingdoms and Benin.

Esanland was extensively involved in world trade. Benin’s sovereignty over Esanland enabled it to send long-distant traders, or ekhen. Ekhen procured cloth, ivory, peppers, and slaves for European merchants in Yorubaland, Esanland, and Afenmai. Portugal primarily received blue cloth, or ukpon ododo from Esanland in exchange for tobacco, brandy, mirror, beads, and firearms, primarily through ekhen.

During the 16th century, the Uzea War occurred. This war was between the Uromi Kingdom and the Benin Kingdom. The war lasted from 1502 to 1503, and resulted from a refusal of friendship from Oba Ozolua of Benin by Onojie Agba of Uromi. The war ended at the town of Uzea, when both leaders were killed. However, in peaceful times Esan kingdoms would loan soldiers to the Benin Kingdom, such as during the Idah War of 1515-1516, and the sacking of Akure in 1823.

During the nineteenth century, northern Esanland was continually attacked and sacked by the Muslim Nupe people in the hunt for slaves and converts to Islam, having previously taken over the Kukuruku peoples’ lands. Many Esan kingdoms from the south helped in the battle to fend off the Nupes. The battles came into the Esans’ favor; several Nupe and Etsako warriors were brought into Esan cities where their posterity reside today. The nineteenth century brought increasing influence of Europe on Esanland, as the English demanded palm-products.

Esan warfare and colonization

Prince Okojie and his entourage.

In 1897, the British sacked the Benin Empire, effectively leaving the Esans free from British rule. In 1899, the British led an invasion into the Esan kingdoms that lasted for seven years. Esanland proved to be harder to conquer than the Benin Kingdom because of its strong autonomy: Kingdoms chose to keep fighting the British even if its neighbors fell. Fallen Benin chiefs like Ologbosere and Ebohon were still resistant to British rule inadvertently guarded Esan soil from the west, by establishing military camps and blocking roads. This lasted from 1897 to April 22. 1899, where Ologbosere surrendered at the border village of Okemue.

The first kingdom to be attacked by the British was the Kingdom of Ekpon. Ekpon launched a fierce resistance against the British invasion on April 22, which nearly destroyed the kingdom. After the near genocide of Esans at Ekpon, the kingdom of Ekpon led an ambush of the British camp at Okueme, on April 29. This led British forces to retreat, consolidate their power, and kill Ologbosere in May. Subsequent attempts by the British failed as well: conquests into Irrua, for example, led to an adoption of a guerrilla warfare strategy followed by a retreat; this method was so successful that other Esan kingdoms adopted it and the British did not invade Esanland until 1901.

On March 16, 1901, the Kingdom of Uromi, headed by the old, yet intelligent Onojie Okolo, was attacked by the British. The Uromi resistance, led by Prince Okojie, was swift and employed guerrilla warfare. After a short time, British forces overtook the village Amedeokhian, where Okolo was stationed, and murdered him. This angered Prince Okojie so much that he killed the Captain of the British troops before reinforcements were brought in. The British then realized that Uromi was nigh impenetrable without native help, and contact local sympathizers such as Onokpogua, the Ezomo of Uromi. This succeeded in napping Prince Okojie out of the forest and deported to the British offices at Calabar.

This process was duplicated in most of the kingdoms that fought with Britain: guerilla warfare was excessively used by the Esans, resulting in prolonged battle time in spite of inferior weapons, and reinforcements from Benin City for the British. Even when villages were conquered, internal resistance was fierce: continued geurilla warfare in Uromi forced the British to release Prince Okojie. However, excessive cruelty on Britain’s part razed many villages and displaced many people. Finally, in 1906, Esanland submitted to British rule, and the thirty-four kingdoms became the Ishan Division.

The logo of the Esan Voice Association.
The traditional agogo bell. The agogo is a very important instrument in Esanland. It is used to help keep of the rhythm of the region's various dances, and the translation of hour in Esan is agogo.

Geography

Esan land is bordered to the south by Benin City, to the south-east by Agbor, to the north and east by Etsako, to the west by River Niger. From Ewu to Benin City, the State capital, is 100 km long. No accurate demographic data of the people is available and the various local governments in Esan appear to lack reliable information in this direction. The people populate areas such as Uromi, Ewohimi, Ewatto, Igueben, Irrua, Ubiaja, Ogwa, Ebelle, Ekpon, Ewossa and Amahor, Ekpoma, Ohordua and Ewu in central Edo State, South-South Nigeria. It has a flat landscape, lacking in rocks and mountains, and good for agricultural purpose. The topography of Esanland Ekpon plateau starts its rise from Ekpon and into six miles slope to Ewohimi, creating "Ekpon mini Plateau" . Ekpon is the gateway to Esanland, South East and the first of Esanland Kingdom therein as a border town, where centuries contacts with neighbors south in the Niger Delta, have influenced its Esan dialects by its earlier contacts through subsistence agriculture with the Ika speaking people of Igbanke, Oligie Igbodo etc. While in terms of human geography the people of Ekpon speaks mostly corrupted Ika dialect, they are nevertheless, culturally and traditionally Esan. As could be empirically evidence, most border towns in modern Nigeria are in the same situation as Ekpon. Geographically, Esanland is on a plateau, surrounded by slopes [as would be noticed from a start point at Ekpon], down to the lower Niger river, the valley and wetland towards Etsako, the Kukuruku Hills and the plain around Benin city the state capital. The tableland though reddish-brown in colour, is a fertile land for farming, which is the main occupation of the Esan people. There is a dense thick forest, nutritionally rich in economic crops and herbal plants. However, it is suffering from bush burning, and wood felling for timber and as a major source of fuel (which is in high demand) for the increasing population of the Esan people.

Agriculture

Rubber trees (used for the production of plastic products) and palm trees rank highest among Esan trees. The land's variety of fruits range from mango, orange (ate), grapes, pineapples (edinebo), guava, cashew, banana (oghede), plantain, black pear, avocado pear, lime to walnut and even more. Cassava, yam, cocoa yam, sweet potato, pepper, okra and rice are some of its farm produce. It has numerous streams that are too small to afford fishing.

Beyond all of the agricultural products listed above are numerous edible fruits and plants without English name. Oriri, for example, seems to belong to the berry family. Purple or violet in colour as the species maybe, is a very delicious fruit, common at the beginning of the dry season, which formerly comes up in late September/October yearly, But due to climate change, these month are no longer guaranteed. A lot more research work is needed in the areas of available fruits and plants, animals, insects, birds, etc. in Esanland.

Culture

Despite English colonization and modernization, Esan culture has stayed consistent and rigid. Esan culture is influenced by emigration from the Benin Empire, the Igalas, and the Igbos. In turn, Esan language, performing arts, and art has diffused into the surrounding areas, particularly to the Anioma people and the Afenmai people.

Language and literature

The various Esan dialects are mutually intelligible. Irrua dialect, also spoken in Ewu, is used in education. Esan is an Edoid language. There are few Esan writers. Esan mythologies often concern the antics of people in the Benin Empire. Ishan mythology is part of a Southern Nigerian continuum of culture, sharing culture heroes with the surrounding Ijo, Edo, and Igbo tribes. One such hero, Agboghidi, is mentioned in The Ozidi Saga.

Performing arts/music

Esan dance is dominated by the Igbabonelimhin, an acrobatic dance performed mostly by young males. Igbabonelimhin involves spinning and somersaulting to a timed beat. This dance was mostly performed at New Year's. Today, the dance is taken as a unique symbol for Esans everywhere.[16] Among music, the akpata, an African harp, is common among traditional Esan storytellers who would tell stories known as Ulogho.

Visual arts/architecture

Before European arrival, Esans used to build houses around a public square, referred to as ughele. The ughele contained religious shrines and meeting-houses. Residential houses were made of mud with palm-mat or leaf roofs and wooden doors and window-frames. Nowadays, it is common for houses in Esanland to be built around a village street instead. This structure is referred to as ribbon development. Houses are also built with new imported materials such as cement and corrugated iron.

Religion and festivals

Esan People are Mainly Christians. Christianity spread across the Esan community. The New Yam Festivals of the Esan people are celebrated from September to November and are collectively referred to as ‘’Ihuan’’.

Cuisine

Esans eat pounded yam with ogbono soup, the native black soup, Owho ( Oil Palm) soup and other Nigerian cuisines.

Formal dress

The Esan people dress in an ashobi (a headpiece, a blouse and a long skirt) and traditional village garments.

Military

Esan kingdoms did not have standing armies; rather, kingdoms set up emergency programs in which all of the able bodied men in said kingdom would fight. If a kingdom was attacked, the onojie would contact the edionwele to mobilize the forces. The onojie or odionwele would then appoint a commander, or ‘’okakulo’’ to control forces. The ‘’okakulo’’ would usually be a noble, physically strong, of the ‘’Igene’’ age group and a feared medicine man and man of valour. Typical Esan weapons would include the bow and arrow, crossbow, barbed cudgel and machete, in addition to Dane guns used after the fifteenth century. War would be declared if the kingdom was attacked, if a wife was seized, or if a man was killed (if the latter two occurred, the kingdom could choose to make reprisals.)

Politics

The 14 April 2007 gubernatorial election in Edo State saw the emergence of Prof. Oserheimen Aigberadion Osunbor from Ekpoma as the next governor of Nigeria's 22nd largest state. Before the State's creation on 27 August 1991, Prof. Ambrose Folorunso Alli had governed Bendel State (1979–1983), making it the second Esan to govern Edo State. Unlike the Prof. Ambrose Alli mandate/victory, Prof. Osunbor's is widely believed to be mired in controversy of widespread irregularities by the ruling party in the State. Litigation is however on and the new governor has since 29 May 2007 been sworn in for a four-year term. On 20 March 2008, the Edo State Election Tribunal declared the former labour leader, Adams Oshiomhole, governor of Edo State. Following Prof. Osunbor's appeal, the Appeal Court's verdict of 11 November 2008 finally laid to rest the gubernatorial dispute, as the five-man panel declared Comrade Adams Aliu Oshiomhole winner and governor of Edo State. The diminutive but vocal and resilient Etsako indigene was thereafter sworn in as governor on 12 November 2008 in a well attended ceremony at the Ogbemudia Stadium, Benin City.

National holiday

Esan Day is celebrated at the Tafawa Balewa square, Lagos every December. During the occasions names of prominent Esan figures are read to loud ovation.

Notable Esans in Nigeria

Religion and folklore

Esan folktales and folklore, like the igbabonẹlimhin and akhuẹ, serve as forms of learning and entertainment. The Esan have prominent traditional rulers who keep order in a society where beauty and manners are intertwined. Despite the long-term impact of Christianity, the Esan are largely traditional and a large number practice traditional beliefs in the form of worship of ancestral spirits and other gods. A large percentage of Esan are Christians, mostly Catholic and recently of other denominations. Esan has various dialects all of which stem from Bini and there is still close affinity between the Esan and the Bini, which leads to the common saying "Esan ii gbi Ẹdo" meaning, Esan does not harm the Ẹdo (i.e. Bini). There have been other translation of that saying, Esan gbe Edo which means Esan have conquered Bini.

Traditional Esan religion has many similarities to traditional Edo religion, due to the Esan migration to the northeast during the 15th century from the Benin Empire. There are many deities of the Esan religion:

  • Osanobua, the main Edo-Esan god. This name for God was brought over to Christianity and its missionaries, and thus the translation for God in Esanland is Osanobua.
  • Olokun
  • Esu, the Esan trickster god. This god is shared with Yoruba and Edo myth. The name Esu was used as a translation for Satan by Christian missionaries.
  • Osun, the Esan god of medicine. This is where the surname Okosun, or son of medicine, originated from.

Esan Local Government Areas in Edo State

The autonomous clans/kingdoms in Esan land are currently administratively arranged as follows under the current five local government areas:

  1. Esan-North-East LGA, Uromi: Uromi and Uzea
  2. Esan Central LGA, Irrua: Irrua, Ugbegun, Opoji, Ewu, Ebudin
  3. Esan West LGA, Ekpoma: Ekpoma, Iruekpen, Idoa, Ogwa, Urohi, Ukhun, Egoro and Ujiogba
  4. Esan South East LGA, Ubiaja: Ubiaja, Ewohimi, Emu, Ohordua, Ẹwatto, Okhuesan, Orowa, Ugboha, Oria, lllushi, Onogholo, Inyenlen
  5. Igueben LGA, Igueben: Igueben, Ebelle, Amaho, Ẹwossa, Udo, Ekpon, Ugun, Okalo,

See also

References

  1. ↑ Rolle, Nicholas. , University of California in Berkeley, Berkeley, October 17, 2012. Retrieved on 1 November 2014.
  2. ↑ National Association for Language Development in the Curriculum, London, 2011. Retrieved on 11 February 2015.
  3. ↑ Unknown. , SIL International, Dallas, 2009. Retrieved on 30 May 2015.
  4. ↑ Unknown and to a limited extent, the Fulani language , U.S. Center for World Mission, Pasadena, 2014. Retrieved on 1 November 2014.
  5. ↑ Unknown. , Department for Education , London, 2014. Retrieved on 30 May 2015.
  6. ↑ Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages. New York City: Columbia University Press. pp. 162–163. ISBN 978-0-231-11568-1. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  7. ↑ Rolle, Nicholas, , University of California in Berkeley, Berkeley, October 17, 2012. The aforementioned population data is contentious because there has not been any acceptable population enumeration regarding tribes in Nigeria. Retrieved on 1 November 2014.
  8. ↑ Thomas, Northcote Whitridge. London: Harrison https://archive.org/details/anthropologicalr00thom. Retrieved 10 May 2016. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ↑ . Asmara, Trenton: Africa World Press. pp. 178–180. ISBN 978-0-865-43610-7 https://books.google.com/books/about/Historical_Archaeology_in_Nigeria.html?id=yYGmzjnR3vsC. Retrieved 7 April 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ Wesler, Kit W. (1998). Historical Archaeology in Nigeria. Asmara, Trenton: Africa World Press. pp. 178–180. ISBN 978-0-865-43610-7. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  11. ↑ Lane, Paul; Mitchell, Peter (2013). The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. Oxford, UK.: Oxford University. pp. 861–863. ISBN 978-0-199-56988-5. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  12. ↑ Rolle, Nicholas (19 April 2013). Linguistic evidence for heterogeneous origins of modern Esan language and identity (PDF) (Thesis). University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 Rolle 2013.
  14. ↑ "Welcome /Obo'khian to the Esan World Congress". Esan World Congress. Esan World Congress. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  15. ↑ Rolle, Nicholas (19 April 2013). Linguistic evidence for heterogeneous origins of modern Esan language and identity (PDF) (Thesis). University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  16. ↑ Atuegbe, Chris Omigie (14 November 2015). The Igbabonelimhin Dance: The Origin (PDF) (Thesis). Ambrose Alli University. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  • Gerontocracy of Esan people
  • Ikenoube-Otaigbe, Eve (2012). The Esan People of Nigeria, West Africa. Atlanta, Georgia.: Xlibris Corporation. p. all. ISBN 978-1-4771-0763-8. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  • Okosun, Anthony (11 July 2013). "Edo Civilization, Esan War Machine and the Founding of Lagos(Expanded and Revised)". Nigeria Village Square. Nigeria Village Square. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  • "Esan TV". 10 July 2018.

Further reading

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