Epidemiology of depression

Age-standardised disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates of unipolar depressive disorders by country (per 100,000 inhabitants) in 2004.[1]

The epidemiology of depression has been studied across the world. Depression is a major cause of morbidity worldwide, as the epidemiology has shown.[2] Lifetime prevalence estimates vary widely, from 3% in Japan to 17% in the US. Epidemiological data shows higher rates of depression in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and America than in other countries.[3] Among the 10 countries studied, the number of people who would suffer from depression during their lives falls within an 8–12% range in most of them.[4][5]

In North America, the probability of having a major depressive episode within any year-long period is 3–5% for males and 8–10% for females.[6][7]

Demographic dynamics

Population studies have consistently shown major depression to be about twice as common in women as in men, although it is as of yet unclear why this is so.[8] The relative increase in occurrence is related to pubertal development rather than chronological age, reaches adult ratios between the ages of 15 and 18, and appears associated with psychosocial more than hormonal factors.[8]

People are most likely to suffer their first depressive episode between the ages of 30 and 40, and there is a second, smaller peak of incidence between ages 50 and 60.[9] The risk of major depression is increased with neurological conditions such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, or multiple sclerosis and during the first year after childbirth.[10] The risk of major depression has also been related to environmental stressors faced by population groups such as war combatants or physicians in training.[11][12]

It is also more common after cardiovascular illnesses, and is related more to a poor outcome than to a better one[13][14] Studies conflict on the prevalence of depression in the elderly, but most data suggest there is a reduction in this age group.[15] Depressive disorders are most common in urban than in rural population and, in general, the prevalence is higher in groups with adverse socio-economic factors (for example in homeless people)[16]

Data on the relative prevalence of major depression among different ethnic groups have reached no clear consensus. However, the only known study to have covered dysthymia specifically found it to be more common in African and Mexican Americans than in European Americans.[17]

Projections indicate that depression may be the second leading cause of life lost after heart disease by 2020.[18]

In 2016, a study found an association between hormonal contraception and depression.[19]

By country

Age-standardised disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates per 100,000 inhabitants[20]

Rank Country DALY rate
1 United States1,454.74
2   Nepal1,424.48
3 East Timor1,404.10
4 Bangladesh1,401.53
5 India1,400.84
6 Pakistan1,400.42
7 Brazil1,396.10
8 Maldives1,391.61
9 Bhutan1,385.53
10 Afghanistan1,385.14
11 Finland1,344.13
12 Israel1,273.92
13 Slovenia1,248.47
14 Belgium1,244.46
15 France1,234.32
16 Chile1,221.23
17 Guatemala1,177.03
18 Haiti1,170.73
19 Bolivia1,161.56
20 Nicaragua1,161.25
21 Canada1,157.07
22 Ecuador1,156.30
23 Peru1,156.07
24 Croatia1,141.79
25 Armenia1,133.20
26 Azerbaijan1,120.05
27  Switzerland1,114.11
28 Turkmenistan1,112.94
29 Tajikistan1,112.45
30 Kyrgyzstan1,112.10
31 Denmark1,110.76
32 Uzbekistan1,110.18
33 Luxembourg1,110.00
34 Austria1,108.30
35 El Salvador1,103.93
36 Jamaica1,100.10
37 Colombia1,099.51
38 Bahamas1,099.29
39 Honduras1,098.66
40 Trinidad and Tobago1,098.21
41 Grenada1,098.14
42 Saint Lucia1,097.85
43 Uruguay1,095.86
44 Barbados1,095.76
45 Dominica1,094.66
46 Antigua and Barbuda1,094.65
47 Saint Kitts and Nevis1,094.64
48 Argentina1,094.20
49 Dominican Republic1,093.04
50 Suriname1,091.56
51 Venezuela1,088.72
52 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines1,087.50
53 Cuba1,087.25
54 Guyana1,086.82
55 Panama1,086.71
56 Belize1,085.63
57 Paraguay1,085.28
58 Costa Rica1,083.23
59 Sweden1,060.42
60 Georgia1,056.60
61 Albania1,047.94
62 Bosnia and Herzegovina1,044.53
63 Poland1,043.18
64 Slovakia1,042.62
65 Romania1,041.97
66 Bulgaria1,040.66
67 Serbia and Montenegro1,039.45
68 Macedonia1,037.76
69 Turkey1,037.51
70 Norway996.780
71 United Kingdom960.624
72 Ireland959.325
73 Monaco959.222
74 Andorra956.319
75 Iceland955.986
76 Germany955.011
77 Lebanon939.728
78 Cyprus936.667
79 Morocco936.319
80 Czech Republic934.095
81 Egypt931.894
82 Iraq931.842
83 Yemen931.675
84 Tunisia931.414
85 Syria930.510
86 Iran929.554
87 Indonesia927.707
88 Thailand925.765
89 Cambodia923.746
90 Jordan923.086
91 Laos923.076
92 Sri Lanka922.893
93 Philippines921.373
94 Libya919.740
95 Singapore919.158
96 Malaysia918.331
97 Burma917.689
98 Brunei912.718
99 Vietnam911.415
100 Papua New Guinea909.399
101 Tonga909.227
102 Federated States of Micronesia904.903
103 Fiji903.122
104 Nauru900.547
105 Marshall Islands900.546
106 Palau900.533
107 Kiribati900.401
108 Solomon Islands900.169
109 Niue899.281
110 Tuvalu899.004
111 Cook Islands898.923
112 Vanuatu898.831
113 Samoa896.317
114 Saudi Arabia895.616
115 Bahrain892.281
116 Oman888.392
117 Kuwait877.069
118 North Korea868.902
119 Mongolia866.490
120 South Korea863.421
121 San Marino862.099
122 Netherlands861.586
123 Kazakhstan860.070
124 Ukraine858.312
125 Estonia857.445
126 China857.314
127 Russia856.718
128 Belarus855.825
129 Lithuania855.363
130 Latvia855.207
131 Moldova855.040
132 New Zealand851.065
133 Qatar847.175
134 Hungary847.062
135 Australia846.943
136 U.A.E.841.571
137 Mexico784.702
138 Italy776.376
139 Malta763.792
140 Cape Verde748.052
141 Mali746.409
142 Lesotho745.348
143 Angola739.066
144 Burkina Faso738.634
145 Sierra Leone738.366
146 São Tomé and Príncipe737.979
147 Guinea-Bissau737.928
148 Equatorial Guinea737.167
149 Chad736.668
150 Togo736.605
151 Nigeria736.038
152 Senegal735.975
153 Somalia735.670
154 Swaziland735.205
155 Madagascar735.148
156 Liberia734.677
157 Cameroon734.635
158 Rwanda734.221
159 Gambia734.206
160 Benin733.968
161 Mauritania733.944
162 Comoros733.904
163 Mozambique733.777
164 Gabon733.615
165 Djibouti733.559
166 Guinea732.777
167 Mauritius732.672
168 Seychelles732.305
169 Sudan732.233
170 Algeria731.743
171 Burundi731.009
172 Niger730.976
173 Ghana730.842
174 Eritrea730.154
175 C.A.R.728.622
176 Namibia726.357
177 Malawi725.934
178 South Africa725.772
179 D.R. of the Congo725.756
180 Tanzania724.539
181 Zimbabwe724.516
182 Zambia724.126
183 Botswana723.997
184 Rep. of the Congo723.945
185 Ethiopia723.892
186 Kenya723.667
187 Uganda722.676
188 Portugal721.798
189 Côte d'Ivoire714.969
190 Greece632.054
191 Spain620.772
192 Japan531.252

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The scope and concerns of public health" (PDF). Oxford University Press: OUP.COM. March 5, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2010.
  2. ↑ World Health Organization. The world health report 2001 – Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope; 2001 [Retrieved 2008-10-19].
  3. ↑ Burden of Depressive Disorders by Country, Sex, Age, and Year: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, Alize J. Ferrari, Fiona J. Charlson, Rosana E. Norman, Scott B. Patten, Greg Freedman, Christopher J.L. Murray, Theo Vos, Harvey A. Whiteford, Published: November 5, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547
  4. ↑ Andrade L, Caraveo-A.. . Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 24 March 2006;12(1):3–21. doi:10.1002/mpr.138. PMID 12830306.
  5. ↑ Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289(203):3095–105. doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095. PMID 12813115.
  6. ↑ Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593. PMID 15939837.
  7. ↑ Murphy JM, Laird NM, Monson RR, Sobol AM, Leighton AH. A 40-year perspective on the prevalence of depression: The Stirling County Study. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2000;57(3):209–15. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.209. PMID 10711905.
  8. 1 2 Gender differences in unipolar depression: An update of epidemiological findings and possible explanations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2003;108(3):163–74. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00204.x. PMID 12890270.
  9. ↑ Eaton WW, Anthony JC, Gallo J. Natural history of diagnostic interview schedule/DSM-IV major depression. The Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area follow-up. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997;54(11):993–99. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230023003. PMID 9366655.
  10. ↑ Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2005;76:i48–i52. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.060426. PMID 15718222. PMC 1765679.
  11. ↑ Rotenstein, Lisa S.; Ramos, Marco A.; Torre, Matthew; Segal, J. Bradley; Peluso, Michael J.; Guille, Constance; Sen, Srijan; Mata, Douglas A. (2016-12-06). "Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". JAMA. 316 (21): 2214–2236. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.17324. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 27923088.
  12. ↑ Douglas A. Mata; Marco A. Ramos, Narinder Bansal, Rida Khan, Constance Guille, Emanuele Di Angelantonio & Srijan Sen (2015). "Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA. 314 (22): 2373–2383. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.15845. PMC 4866499. PMID 26647259.
  13. ↑ Alboni P, Favaron E, Paparella N, Sciammarella M, Pedaci M. Is there an association between depression and cardiovascular mortality or sudden death?. Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.). 2008;9(4):356–62. doi:10.2459/JCM.0b013e3282785240. PMID 18334889.
  14. ↑ Strik JJ, Honig A, Maes M. Depression and myocardial infarction: relationship between heart and mind. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry. 2001;25(4):879–92. doi:10.1016/S0278-5846(01)00150-6. PMID 11383983.
  15. ↑ Jorm AF. Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the adult life span. Psychological Medicine. 2000;30(1):11–22. doi:10.1017/S0033291799001452. PMID 10722172.
  16. ↑ Psychiatry, 4th edition - Oxford University Press, 2012 by By John Geddes, Jonathan Price, Rebecca McKnight page 222
  17. ↑ Stephanie A. Riolo; et al. (June 2005). "Prevalence of Depression by Race/Ethnicity: Findings From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III". American Journal of Public Health. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 95 (6): 998–1000. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.047225. PMC 1449298. PMID 15914823.
  18. ↑ Lopez, A. D.; Murray, C. C. (1998-11-01). "The global burden of disease, 1990-2020". Nature Medicine. 4 (11): 1241–1243. doi:10.1038/3218. ISSN 1078-8956. PMID 9809543.
  19. ↑ Wessel Skovlund, Charlotte (September 28, 2016). "Association of Hormonal Contraception With Depression". JAMA Psychiatry. 73: 1154. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2387. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  20. ↑ World Health Organization (WHO). Age-standardized DALYs per 100,000 by cause, and Member State, 2004; 2004 [Retrieved 2011-03-31].
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