Elizabeth Holmes

Elizabeth Holmes
Elizabeth Holmes backstage at TechCrunch Disrupt San Francisco 2014
Born Elizabeth Anne Holmes
(1984-02-03) February 3, 1984[1]
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Residence Los Altos Hills, California, U.S.
Nationality American
Alma mater Stanford University (withdrew)[2]
Occupation Health-technology entrepreneur
Years active 2003–2018
Title Founder and ex-CEO of Theranos
Parent(s) Christian Holmes IV
Noel Anne Daoust

Elizabeth Anne Holmes (/hoʊmz/); born February 3, 1984)[1] is the founder and former CEO of Theranos, a now-defunct company known for its false claims to have devised revolutionary blood tests that used very small amounts of blood.[3][4] In 2015, Forbes named Holmes as the youngest and wealthiest self-made female billionaire in America due to a $9 billion valuation of Theranos.[5] By the next year, following revelations of potential fraud, Forbes revised her net worth to zero dollars,[6] and Fortune named Holmes one of the "World's Most Disappointing Leaders".[7]

The decline of Theranos began in 2016 when a series of journalistic and regulatory investigations questioned the veracity of Holmes's claims and whether she had potentially misled investors and the government about Theranos's blood-testing technology. In 2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charged Theranos and Holmes with deceiving investors by "massive fraud" through false or exaggerated claims, which Holmes settled by paying a $500,000 fine, returning shares to the company, relinquishing her voting control of Theranos, and being barred from serving as an officer or director of a public company for ten years. In June 2018, a federal grand jury indicted Holmes and former Theranos COO Ramesh Balwani on nine counts of wire fraud and two counts of conspiracy to commit wire fraud.[8][9]

Holmes was personally connected with and supported by many powerful and influential people including former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of State George Shultz, former Marine Corps General James Mattis, Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Holmes was in a relationship with her COO Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani, who she met when she was 18 and he was 37. Holmes has been the subject of a book Bad Blood and an upcoming film.

Early life

Holmes was born in Washington, D.C.[10] Holmes' father, Christian Rasmus Holmes IV, was a vice president at Enron, followed by executive positions in government agencies such as USAID, the EPA, and USTDA.[11][12][13] Her mother, Noel Anne Daoust, worked as a Congressional committee staffer.[14] Her great-grandfather, Christian Rasmus Holmes, was a Danish physician who married Bettie Fleischmann, the wealthy daughter of Charles Louis Fleischmann, founder of Fleischmann’s Yeast. [15]

She attended St. John's School in Houston.[10] During high school, Holmes was interested in computer programming and started her first business selling C++ compilers to Chinese universities.[16] In 2001, Holmes applied to Stanford University and studied chemical engineering, working in a lab with Ph.D. candidates and Channing Robertson, dean at the engineering school.[14]

After the end of her freshman year, Holmes worked in a lab at the Genome Institute of Singapore on testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) through the collection of blood samples with syringes.[16] She filed her first patent on a wearable drug-delivery patch in 2003.[17][18] In March 2004, she dropped out of Stanford's School of Engineering and used her tuition money as seed funding for a consumer healthcare technology company.[14][2]

Theranos

Founding of Theranos

Holmes founded the company in Palo Alto, California as Real-Time Cures to "democratize healthcare."[16][19][16][20][21] Holmes described her fear of needles as one of her motivations for founding Theranos.[20][13] When Holmes initially pitched the idea to reap "vast amounts of data from a few droplets of blood derived from the tip of a finger" to several of her professors at Stanford including Phyllis Gardner, most of them said that it was "virtually impossible to do so with any real efficacy". However, Holmes succeeded in getting Robertson to back her idea.[22]

In April 2004, she incorporated the company as Theranos (a portmanteau of "therapy" and "diagnosis")[23] and rented the basement of a group college house.[14] At that time, Holmes hired her first employee and rented lab space.[24] Robertson became the company's first board member and introduced Holmes to venture capitalists.[14]

Funding and expansion

Theranos experienced a spectacular rise before its ultimate downfall. By December 2004, Holmes had raised $6 million to fund Theranos.[14][24] By the end of 2010, Theranos had more than $92 million in venture capital.[17] In July 2011, Holmes was introduced to former Secretary of State George Shultz. After a two-hour meeting, he joined the Theranos board of directors.[25] She was recognized for forming "the most illustrious board in U.S. corporate history" over the next three years.[26] Holmes operated Theranos in stealth mode without press releases or a company website until September 2013 when the company announced a partnership with Walgreens to make in-store blood sample collection centers.[27][28] Media attention increased in 2014 when Holmes appeared on the cover of Fortune, Forbes, T: The New York Times Style Magazine and Inc.[29] Forbes recognized Holmes as the world's youngest self-made female billionaire and ranked her #110 on the Forbes 400 in 2014. Theranos was valued at $9 billion with more than $400 million in venture capital.[14][30] By the end of 2014, her name appeared on 18 U.S. patents and 66 foreign patents.[18] During 2015, Holmes established agreements with Cleveland Clinic, Capital BlueCross and AmeriHealth Caritas to use Theranos technology.[17]

Decline of Theranos

John Carreyrou of The Wall Street Journal initiated a secret months-long investigation of Theranos after he received a tip from a medical expert who thought the blood testing device looked suspicious.[31] Carreyrou spoke to ex-employee whistleblowers and obtained company documents such as email exchanges. On learning of the investigation, Holmes initiated through her powerful lawyer David Boies a campaign to stop Carreyrou from publishing by way of legal and financial threats against the WSJ and the whistleblowers.[31] In October 2015, despite legal threats and strong-arm tactics by Boies, Carreyrou published a "bombshell article"[32] that the Edison blood testing device by Theranos gave inaccurate results, that the company used commercially available machines for most testing, and other incriminating details.[33] This was the first serious criticism of Theranos in the press, and a further series of articles by Carreyrou followed with more damning details. Holmes denied all the claims, calling the WSJ a "tabloid", and said the company would publish data on the accuracy of its tests.[34][35] She appeared on Jim Cramer's Mad Money the same evening the article was published. Cramer said "The article was pretty brutal", and Holmes responded "This is what happens when you work to change things, first they think you're crazy, then they fight you, and then all of a sudden you change the world."[36]

In January 2016, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) sent a warning letter to Theranos after an inspection of its Newark, California laboratory uncovered irregularities with staff proficiency, procedures, and equipment.[37] CMS regulators proposed a two-year ban on Holmes from owning or operating a blood lab after the company had not fixed problems within its California lab in March 2016.[38] On The Today Show, Holmes said that she was "devastated we did not catch and fix these issues faster" and that the lab would be rebuilt with help from a new scientific and medical advisory board.[39] In July 2016, the CMS banned Holmes from owning, operating, or directing a blood-testing service for a period of two years. (The company appealed that decision to a U.S. Department of Health and Human Services appeals board.)[13][40] Shortly thereafter, Walgreens ended its relationship with Theranos and closed its in-store blood collection centers. The FDA also ordered the company to cease using its Capillary Tube Nanotainer device, one of its core inventions.[41]

In 2017, the State of Arizona filed suit against Theranos, alleging that the company had sold 1.5 million blood tests to Arizonans while concealing or misrepresenting important facts about those tests. The company settled the lawsuit in April of that year by agreeing to refund the cost of the tests to Arizona consumers and to pay $225,000 in civil fines and attorney fees, for a total of $4.65 million.[42] Other reported ongoing actions include civil and criminal investigations by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Northern District of California, an unspecified FBI investigation, and two class action fraud lawsuits. Holmes is reportedly standing by all of her company's claims and has denied any wrongdoing.[13]

On May 16, 2017, approximately 99 percent of Theranos shareholders reached an agreement with the company to dismiss all current and potential litigation in exchange for shares of preferred stock. Holmes released a portion of her equity to offset any dilution of stock value to non-participating shareholders.[43][44]

On March 14, 2018, Holmes settled a SEC lawsuit.[45] The charges of fraud included claiming the company's technology was being used by the U.S. Department of Defense in combat situations despite never having been used (Defense Secretary Jim Mattis pushed for use of the technology although it was never implemented).[46] Another false claim included claiming a $100 million revenue stream in 2014 that was actually $100,000.[47] The terms of the settlement included surrendering voting control of Theranos, a ban on holding an officer position in a public company for 10 years, and a $500,000 fine.[48][49][50]

At its height, Theranos had more than 800 employees.[51] It fired 340 staff members in October 2016, and an additional 155 employees in January 2017.[52] In April 2018, Theranos filed a WARN Act notice with the State of California announcing its plans to permanently lay off 105 employees, leaving it with fewer than two dozen employees remaining.[51][53] The company ceased operations entirely at the end of August 2018, with its remaining cash and assets to be distributed to its creditors.[54]

Criminal charges

On June 15, 2018, following an investigation by the U.S. Attorney's Office in San Francisco that lasted more than two years, a federal grand jury indicted Holmes and former Theranos COO and president Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani on nine counts of wire fraud and two counts of conspiracy to commit wire fraud. Prosecutors allege that Holmes and Balwani engaged in two criminal schemes, one to defraud investors, the other to defraud doctors and patients.[8][55] After the indictment was issued, Holmes stepped down as CEO of Theranos, but remained chair of the board.[9]

The case is proceeding in the U.S. District Court in San Jose. Holmes and Balwani pleaded not guilty.[56]

Promotional activities

Holmes partnered with Carlos Slim Helú in June 2015 to improve blood testing in Mexico.[57] In October 2015, she announced #IronSisters to help women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) careers.[58] She helped to draft and pass a law in Arizona to let people obtain and pay for lab tests without requiring insurance or healthcare provider approval, while misrepresenting the accuracy and effectiveness of the Therenos device, in effect using the public as unwitting experimental subjects.[31][59]

Powerful connections

Holmes was associated with many powerful and well connected individuals who supported her.[31] The 12-member Theranos board included former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of Defense William Perry, former Secretary of State George Shultz, former Senators Sam Nunn and Bill Frist, former Navy Admiral Gary Roughead, former Marine Corps General James Mattis, and former CEOs Dick Kovacevich of Wells Fargo and Riley Bechtel of Bechtel.[60] Her high-profile private investors included media-mogul Rupert Murdoch, Trumps' secretary of education Betsy DeVos, Walmart's Walton family, the billionaire Cox family of Cox Enterprises and Mexican billionaire Carlos Slim, all of whom lost 10s to 100s of millions of dollars each when the company folded.[61] Holmes was a supporter of Hillary Clinton during her 2016 run for President, and was on friendly terms with her daughter Chelsea Clinton.[62]

In some cases she had personal friendships. She often attended parties at George Shultz's house as a family friend.[31] Shultz's grandson Tyler Shultz, a recent college graduate, landed his first job at Theranos. Tyler was one of the whistleblowers who spoke to WSJ investigative reporter John Carreyrou about corruption in the company. On learning this, Holmes threatened through her lawyer David Boies to sue the Shultz family and bankrupt them if his grandson continued to talk.[31] George Shultz stayed loyal to Holmes and demanded his grandson cease talking to the WSJ.[31]

Recognition

Before the collapse of Theranos, Holmes received widespread acclaim. She was named one of Time magazine's Most Influential People in the World in 2015.[63] Holmes received the "Under 30 Doers" Award from Forbes and ranked on its 2015 list of the "Most Powerful Women".[64][65] She was also named "Woman of the Year" by Glamour.[66] Holmes was awarded the 2015 Horatio Alger Award, being the youngest recipient in its history.[67][68] She had also previously been named Fortune's "Businessperson of the Year" and "40 Under 40" lists.[69][70]

Following several journalistic and criminal investigations and civil suits regarding Theranos' business practices, she was charged with "massive fraud" by the Securities and Exchange Commission.[46] In 2016, Fortune named Holmes one of the "World's Most Disappointing Leaders".[7]

Personal life

Elizabeth Holmes and Ramesh “Sunny” Balwani at Stanford University, April 17, 2013

Prior to the March 2018 settlement, Holmes held a 50 percent stock ownership in Theranos.[16] Forbes listed her as one of "America's Richest Self-Made Women" in 2015 with a net worth of $4.5 billion.[30] In June 2016, Forbes released an updated valuation of $800 million for Theranos, which made Holmes’s stake essentially worthless, because other investors owned preferred shares and would have been paid before Holmes, who owned only common stock.[6] Holmes reportedly owed a $25 million debt to Theranos in connection with exercising options. She did not receive any company cash from the arrangement, nor did she sell any of her shares, including those associated with the debt.[71][72][73]

Holmes was romantically involved with Ramesh “Sunny” Balwani, an Indian-born Silicon Valley technology entrepreneur. She met him in 2002 at age 18 while still in school, he was 19-years her senior and married to another woman at the time.[74] They became romantically involved in 2003, about the same time Holmes dropped out of college.[74] Sunny divorced his wife in 2004 and the couple moved into an apartment around 2005. Although Sunny didn't officially join the company until 2009, as Chief Operating Officer, he was advising Holmes behind the scenes prior to then.[74] Holmes and Sunny ran the company jointly in a corporate culture of "secrecy and fear".[74] He left Theranos in 2016 in the wake of the WSJ investigations, fired by Holmes according to her but on his own according to him.[74]

Bad Blood: book and movie

In May 2018 author John Carreyrou released his book Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup. A movie based on the book is in development with Jennifer Lawrence in the role of Holmes and to be directed by Adam McKay.[75][76]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "The rise and fall of Elizabeth Holmes, who started Theranos when she was 19 and became the world's youngest female billionaire before it all came crashing down". Retrieved September 6, 2018.
  2. 1 2 Crane, Rachel (October 16, 2014). "She's America's youngest female billionaire – and a dropout". CNNMoney. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  3. ↑ Levine, Matt (14 March 2018). "The Blood Unicorn Theranos Was Just a Fairy Tale". Bloomberg View. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  4. ↑ Abelson, Reed (24 April 2016). "Theranos's Fate Rests With a Founder Who Answers Only to Herself". New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  5. ↑ "Forbes Announces Inaugural List Of America's 50 Richest Self-Made Women". Forbes. 27 May 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  6. 1 2 Herper, Matthew (June 1, 2016). "From $4.5 Billion To Nothing: Forbes Revises Estimated Net Worth Of Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes". Forbes. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  7. 1 2 "The World's 19 Most Disappointing Leaders". Fortune. 2016-03-30. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  8. 1 2 Johnson, Carolyn Y. (June 15, 2018). "Elizabeth Holmes, founder of blood-testing company Theranos, indicted on wire fraud charges". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286.
  9. 1 2 Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes steps down as CEO, Reuters (June 15, 2018).
  10. 1 2 Abelson, Reed; Creswe, Julie (19 December 2015). "Theranos Founder Faces a Test of Technology, and Reputation". New York Times. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  11. ↑ "Company Overview of Ze-gen Inc: Executive Profile: Christian Holmes". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2018-09-04.
  12. ↑ "Christian Holmes". The Boston Consulting Group. Retrieved 2018-09-04.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Bilton, N. "Exclusive: How Elizabeth Holmes's House of Cards Came Tumbling Down". Vanity Fair, October 2016, retrieved December 5, 2016.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Auletta, Ken (December 15, 2014). "One Woman's Drive to Revolutionize Medical Testing". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
  15. ↑ Abelson, Reed and Julie Creswell (December 19, 2015). "Theranos Founder Faces a Test of Technology, and Reputation". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Parloff, Roger (June 12, 2014). "This CEO is out for blood". Fortune.
  17. 1 2 3 Weisul, Kimberly. "How Playing the Long Game Made Elizabeth Holmes a Billionaire". Inc.com. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
  18. 1 2 Kim, Larry (July 1, 2015). "21 Surprising Facts About Billionaire Entrepreneur Elizabeth Holmes". Inc. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  19. ↑ Arrillaga-Andreessen, Laura (October 12, 2015). "Five Visionary Tech Entrepreneurs Who Are Changing the World: Elizabeth Holmes". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
  20. 1 2 Roper, Caitlin (February 18, 2014). "This Woman Invented a Way to Run 30 Lab Tests on Only One Drop of Blood". Wired.
  21. ↑ Kolhatkar, Sheelah; Chen, Caroline (December 10, 2015). "Can Elizabeth Holmes Save Her Unicorn?". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
  22. ↑ Bilton, Nick. "How Elizabeth Holmes's House of Cards Came Tumbling Down". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
  23. ↑ "Theranos' Elizabeth Holmes: Young entrepreneurs need "a mission"". MSN. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  24. 1 2 Rago, Joseph (2013-09-08). "Elizabeth Holmes: The Breakthrough of Instant Diagnosis". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  25. ↑ Parloff, Roger (June 12, 2014). "A singular board at Theranos". Fortune. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
  26. ↑ Leuty, Ron (August 2, 2013). "Theranos adds Kovacevich to all-star board". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
  27. ↑ "Holmes is where the heart is". The Economist. June 27, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  28. ↑ Leuty, Ron (September 9, 2013). "Secretive Theranos emerging (partly) from shadows". San Francisco Business Times. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  29. ↑ Kulwin, Noah (October 26, 2015). "Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes's Five Best Cover Story Appearances, Ranked". Re/code. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  30. 1 2 "Elizabeth Holmes". Forbes. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 John Carreyrou (2018). Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup. Knopf. ISBN 978-1524731656.
  32. ↑ Justin Fox (May 19, 2016). "Theranos Could Have Used a Few Short Sellers". Bloomberg News. Retrieved August 15, 2018. John Carreyrou’s first bombshell article in the Wall Street Journal about problems at the blood-testing startup Theranos
  33. ↑ Carreyrou, John (2015-10-16). "Hot Startup Theranos Has Struggled With Its Blood-Test Technology". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
  34. ↑ Stewart, James B. (October 30, 2015). "The Narrative Frays for Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes". The New York Times.
  35. ↑ Pollack, Andrew (October 27, 2015). "Theranos Chief Yields to Calls for Proof of Blood Test's Reliability". The New York Times.
  36. ↑ Abigail Stevenson (October 15, 2015). "Theranos CEO fires back at WSJ: I was shocked". Mad Money. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  37. ↑ Duhaime-Ross, Arielle (February 2, 2016). "Here's what Theranos customers need to know". Verge.
  38. ↑ Abelson, Reed (13 April 2016). "Theranos Under Fire as U.S. Threatens Crippling Sanctions". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  39. ↑ "Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes: I'm 'devastated' about blood test issues". The Today Show. April 18, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2016.
  40. ↑ Michael Siconolfi, John Carreyrou & Christopher Weaver, U.S. Regulator Bans Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes From Operating Labs for Two Years, Wall Street Journal (July 8, 2016).
  41. ↑ Balwani, Ramesh (2015-09-16). "Pharmacy Inspection, Theranos, Inc., Newark, CA 483" (PDF). Washington, DC: FDA. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  42. ↑ Ramsey, Lydia (18 April 2017). "Theranos just agreed to refund 175,000 people in Arizona who took its tests". Business Insider. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  43. ↑ "Theranos Finalizes Shareholder Recapitalization" (Press release). Theranos Inc. May 16, 2017.
  44. ↑ Balakrishnan, Anita (23 March 2017). "Theranos' Elizabeth Holmes is giving away her shares to dodge lawsuits, report says". CNBC. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  45. ↑ Ho, Catherine (March 14, 2018)."Theranos founder to pay $500,000 to settle 'massive fraud' charges", San Francisco Chronicle
  46. 1 2 della Cava, Marco. "She was 'the next Steve Jobs.' Now, Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes is charged with fraud". USA Today. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  47. ↑ Cooper, Daniel. "SEC charges Theranos and CEO Elizabeth Holmes with 'massive fraud'". Engadget. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
  48. ↑ Robinson, Matt; Spalding, Rebecca (2018-03-14). "Blood, Fraud and Money Led to Theranos CEO's Fall From Grace". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  49. ↑ "Theranos, CEO Holmes, and Former President Balwani Charged With Massive Fraud" (Press release). Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  50. ↑ Ramsey, Lydia (15 June 2018). "SEC Charges Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes With 'Massive Fraud'". Inc.
  51. 1 2 Carreyrou, John (10 April 2018). "Theranos Lays Off Most of Its Remaining Workforce". Wall Street Journal.
  52. ↑ Vincent, James (January 9, 2017). "Theranos starts 2017 by firing 40 percent of its staff", The Verge
  53. ↑ "Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification (WARN) Report" (PDF). Employment Development Department, State of California. 2018-05-10. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
  54. ↑ Carreyrou, John. "Blood-Testing Firm Theranos to Dissolve". Wall Street Journal.
  55. ↑ Carreyrou, John (June 15, 2018). "U.S. Files Criminal Charges Against Theranos's Elizabeth Holmes, Ramesh Balwani", Wall Street Journal.
  56. ↑ Mole, Beth (June 15, 2018). "Disgraced Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes indicted on criminal charges", Ars Technica
  57. ↑ Estevez, Dolia (22 June 2015). "With Carlos Slim, Billionaire Elizabeth Holmes Brings Innovative Blood Testing Method To Mexico". Forbes. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  58. ↑ Lev-Ram, Michal (12 October 2015). "Theranos' Elizabeth Holmes calls on women to help each other". Fortune. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  59. ↑ della Cava, Marco (2 July 2015). "Now no doctor's note needed for blood test in Arizona". USA Today. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  60. ↑ Jennifer Reingold (October 15, 2015). "Theranos' board: Plenty of political connections, little relevant expertise". Fortune. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
  61. ↑ Reed Abelson (May 4, 2018). "Caught in the Theranos Wreckage: Betsy DeVos, Rupert Murdoch and Walmart's Waltons". NY Times. Retrieved September 6, 2018.
  62. ↑ "Here's a picture of Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes and Chelsea Clinton".
  63. ↑ Kissinger, Henry A. (16 April 2015). "The 100 Most Influential People: Elizabeth Holmes". TIME. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  64. ↑ Hedgecock, Sarah. "Elizabeth Holmes On Using Business To Change The World". Forbes.
  65. ↑ "The World's Most Powerful Women 2015: 19 Newcomers". Forbes. 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  66. ↑ Fenn, Donna (October 29, 2015). "Elizabeth Holmes Wants You to Have Control of Your Health Info". Glamour Magazine. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  67. ↑ Parloff, Roger. "Theranos' Elizabeth Holmes: Young entrepreneurs need "a mission"". Fortune. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  68. ↑ "2015 Horatio Alger Award Winner Elizabeth Holmes". Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
  69. ↑ "14. Elizabeth Holmes". Fortune. 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  70. ↑ "9. Elizabeth Holmes". Fortune. 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  71. ↑ Weaver, Christopher (April 5, 2017). "Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes Owes About $25 Million to Blood-Testing Startup". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  72. ↑ Shen, Lucinda (6 April 2017). "Theranos Founder Elizabeth Holmes Reportedly Owes Her Startup $25 Million". Fortune. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  73. ↑ Balakrishnan, Anita (5 April 2017). "Founder Elizabeth Holmes reportedly owes Theranos about $25 million". CNBC. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
  74. 1 2 3 4 5 Carreyrou, John (19 May 2018). "Theranos Inc.'s Partners in Blood". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  75. ↑ Cooper, Daniel (2018-03-14). "SEC charges Theranos and CEO Elizabeth Holmes with 'massive fraud". Engadget. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  76. ↑ Robertson, Jamie (2018-03-15). "Bad blood: the rise and fall of Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes". BBC News. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
  • Elizabeth Holmes on IMDb
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • Elizabeth Holmes: Lab testing reinvented. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018.
  • Makers: Elizabeth Holmes.
  • American Masters: The Women's List.
  • The Theranos Deception.
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