Dwarf pufferfish

Carinotetraodon travancoricus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Actinopterygii
Order:Tetraodontiformes
Family:Tetraodontidae
Genus:Carinotetraodon
Species: C. travancoricus
Binomial name
Carinotetraodon travancoricus
(Hora & K. K. Nair, 1941)

The dwarf pufferfish (Carinotetraodon travancoricus), also known as the Malabar pufferfish (leading to easy confusion with the related C. imitator), pea pufferfish or pygmy pufferfish, is a small, freshwater pufferfish endemic to Kerala and southern Karnataka in Southwest India. It is threatened by overfishing for the aquarium trade, and by habitat loss.[1]

The maximum documented size is 3.5 cm (1.4 in),[2] making it one of the smallest pufferfish in the world.[3] Although closely related to marine pufferfish, they are not found in salt water, and reports to the contrary are based on misidentification.[4]

Range and status

The dwarf pufferfish is endemic to Kerala and southern Karnataka in the Western Ghats of Peninsular India.[1] In Kerala it is known from 13 rivers (as well as estuaries), including Chalakudy, Pamba, Periyar, Kabani, Bharathappuzha, Muvattupuzha, Achenkovil and Vamanapuram.[5] It is also known from other freshwater habitats in the region such as Lake Vembanad and the Thrissur Kole Wetlands.[5]

The dwarf pufferfish is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List due to habitat loss and overharvesting for the aquarium trade.[1] It remains common in some rivers, but it is rare in others and overall it has been estimated that the species declined by 30–40% from 2005 to 2015.[1] Dwarf pufferfish are found in some reserves such as the Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary.[5]

Description

A juvenile dwarf pufferfish in an aquarium

Sexing of juveniles is impossible because these fish "choose" their sex as they mature. Once one pufferfish begins becoming a male he excretes hormones to prevent the other puffers from becoming male. However, if two fish start to mature into males at the same time one will become the dominant male. There is also a dorsal crest, but it lacks special colouration when not erect. Both crests are displayed during courtship while the male circles the female. They also will have more yellow colouration.

Both sexes are primarily yellow with dark green to black iridescent patches on the flanks and dorsal surface, but as with other members of the genus, sexual dimorphism is apparent in mature fish, with males being more brightly coloured than females.[3] Males can also have a dark stripe down the center of their pale belly and iridescent "eye wrinkle" patterns that females do not have. Females are more rounded, tend to be a bit larger than males, and may or may not show more smallish spots between their larger dark markings.

Diet and behavior

The diet of dwarf pufferfish in the wild mainly consists of small animals such as cladocera, rotifers, copepods and insects, but it also eats plants such as diatoms.[5] Sand and detrius, presumably ingested by mistake when feeding on small bottom dwelling animals, has also been found in the gut of dwarf pufferfish.[5] Other members of the genus feed on zooplankton and various benthic crustaceans and molluscs.[6] Food items of specimens maintained in aquaria appears to be similar.[3] . Dwarf pufferfish are commonly associated with plants in the genus Cabomba, and the presence of these plants has been show to reduce mortality among captive specimens.[7]

Unlike many pufferfish species that are solitary and fiercely territorial, the dwarf pufferfish occurs in shoals in the wild.[1] However, like all pufferfish, they can be aggressive, especially towards creatures smaller than themselves, and in the aquarium trade, it is commonly recommended to keep them in a dedicated "species only" tank. A female to male ratio of 3 to 1 is sometimes recommended to reduce aggression in captive fish.

Reproduction

Captive breeding of pufferfish is somewhat difficult,[8] and capture for the pet trade threatens the species in the wild.[1]

Dwarf pufferfish eggs are fertilized externally. In the aquarium, dwarf pufferfish are often plant-spawners, laying eggs in plants (including java moss in aquariums) or on the substrate hidden within plants. Eggs have been seen to hatch after five days at 27 °C (81 °F), with fry initially being fed on infusoria, then brine shrimp when they are a week old, and finally regular-sized food.[9] Dwarf pufferfish do not guard their eggs or fry, and breeders do not keep the adults and the fry together.[3][10]

Captivity

Ramshorn snails are commonly used to feed dwarf pufferfish.

Dwarf pufferfish have become quite popular as aquarium fish thanks to their attractive colours, small size, and relative ease of maintenance.[3][10] The dwarf puffer is also one of the few aquarium fish to regularly eat small live snails, so it is used in controlling snail populations (larger snails do not interest them). This popularity is a major threat to the species, as it is often wild-caught.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dahanukar, N. (2011). "Carinotetraodon travancoricus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2011: e.T166591A6242813. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T166591A6242813.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  2. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). "Carinotetraodon travancoricus" in FishBase. January 2017 version.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Klaus Ebert (2001). The Puffers of Fresh and Brackish Water. Aqualog. pp. 19, 46–49. ISBN 3-931702-60-X.
  4. ↑ Schäfer F. Brackish Water Fishes, p 34. Aqualog 2005, ISBN 3-936027-82-X
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Prasad, G.; et al. (2012). "The first report of the Malabar puffer, Carinotetraodon travancoricus (Hora & Nair, 1941) from the Neyyar wildlife sanctuary with a note on its feeding habit and length-weight relationship" (PDF). researchtrend.net. Journal on New Biological Reports 1(2): 42-46 (2012). Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  6. ↑ Froese, R.; D. Pauly (eds.). "Food Items Reported for Carinotetraodon lorteti". FishBase. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
  7. ↑ Mahadevan, Harikrishnan. (2015). Improved survival of Malabar puffer fish, Carinotetraodon travancoricus (Hora and Nair, 1941) in planted aquaria. 6.
  8. ↑ Breeding – Dwarf Puffer (Nov.-Dec. 2005), Frank Stopper
  9. ↑ Ralph, Chris (2003). Practical Fishkeeping: Pufferfish, p. 61. ISBN 1-86054-233-6
  10. 1 2 Wenzel, R. (2004). Carinotetraodon travancoricus. Die Aquarien- und Terrarienzeitschrift 1/2004:36-37

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