Duke of Lancaster

Duchy of Lancaster
Incumbent Elizabeth II since 6 February 1952
Style	Her Majesty
Residence	Buckingham Palace
Term length	Life tenure
Inaugural holder	Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster
Formation	6 March 1351
Succession	Charles, Prince of Wales
Website	www.duchyoflancaster.co.uk

Dukedom of Lancaster (Extinct) (Title still used by custom)
Arms of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster (first creation): The royal arms of King Henry III a label France of three points
Creation date	1351 (first creation) 1362 (second creation) 1399 (third creation)
Monarch	Edward III (first creation) Edward III (second creation) Henry IV (third creation)
Peerage	Peerage of England
First holder	Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster
Last holder	Henry V (merged with crown)
Subsidiary titles	First creation Earl of Derby Earl of Leicester Earl of Lancaster Earl of Lincoln Earl of Moray Second creation Earl of Richmond Earl of Leicester Earl of Lancaster Earl of Derby Third creation Earl of Chester (subsidiary of Prince of Wales)
Extinction date	1361 (first creation) 1399 (second creation) 1413 (third creation)
Former seat(s)	Lancaster Castle

Henry, Prince of Wales, was the last person to hold the title before it merged in the crown on his accession as Henry V.

The Duke of Lancaster is the owner of the estates of the Duchy of Lancaster. It is also an ancient title that is informally used within Lancaster to describe Elizabeth II, the monarch of the United Kingdom. The Duchy of Lancaster exists as a separate entity from the Crown Estate and currently provides income for the British monarch.^[1]

It is customary at formal dinners in the historic county boundaries of Lancashire and in Lancastrian regiments of the armed forces for the Loyal Toast to the crown to be announced as "The Queen, Duke of Lancaster." In addition, in Lancaster it was quite common as late as the second half of the twentieth century to hear the national anthem sung as "God save our gracious Queen, long live our noble Duke," but this is a tradition that has no constitutional warrant, and the British monarch is not styled legally so within either the County Palatine of Lancashire nor the Duchy of Lancaster in any official capacity (for example, Letters Patent or Acts of Parliament), merely as a sign of local, 'Lancastrian' loyalty.

History

There were several Dukes of Lancaster in the 14th and early 15th centuries. There were three creations of the Dukedom of Lancaster. The first creation was on 6 March 1351, for Henry of Grosmont, 4th Earl of Lancaster, a great-grandson of Henry III; he was also 4th Earl of Leicester, 1st Earl of Derby, 1st Earl of Lincoln and Lord of Bowland. He died in 1361 and the peerage expired.

The second creation was on 13 November 1362, for John of Gaunt, 1st Earl of Richmond,^[2] who was both the 1st Duke's son-in-law and also fourth son of King Edward III. John had married Blanche of Lancaster, 6th Countess of Lancaster, daughter of Henry Grosmont and heiress to his estates. When John of Gaunt, the 1st Duke of this creation died on 4 February 1399, the Dukedom passed to his son, Henry of Bolingbroke, 1st Duke of Hereford. Later that same year, the new 2nd Duke usurped the throne of England from Richard II, ascending the throne as Henry IV, at which point the Dukedom merged in the crown (i.e. becomes vested with the crown).

The third creation was on 10 November 1399, for Henry of Monmouth, Prince of Wales, eldest son of the new king. In 1413, the 1st Duke ascended the throne as King Henry V, and the Dukedom merged in the crown again, where it has remained ever since.

Dukes of Lancaster, first Creation (1351)

also Earl of Derby (1337), Earl of Leicester (1345), Earl of Lancaster (1345), Earl of Lincoln (1349), Earl of Moray (1359), Lord of Beaufort and Nogent (1345)

• Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1306–1361) died without male issue

Dukes of Lancaster, second Creation (1362)

also Duke of Aquitaine (1390), Earl of Richmond (1342–1372), Earl of Leicester, Earl of Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Baron of Halton (1361)

• John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1340–1399), son-in-law of Grosmont, father of the 2nd duke
• Henry (of) Bolingbroke, 1st Duke of Hereford, 2nd Duke of Lancaster (1367–1413) seized the throne as Henry IV in 1399, at which point all his peerages merged into the crown

2nd Duke: also Duke of Hereford (1397), Earl of Northampton (1337)

Dukes of Lancaster, third Creation (1399)

also Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (1399), Duke of Cornwall (1337), Duke of Aquitaine (1390)

• Henry of Monmouth, Prince of Wales, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1386–1422), eldest son of Bolingbroke, acceded the throne as Henry V in 1413, at which point all his peerages merged into the crown

Family tree

See also

• Earl of Lancaster

References

External links

• "Of the Countries Subject to the Laws of England," from Commentaries on the Laws of England, Introduction, chapter 4, by Sir William Blackstone, 1765 (see text following footnote 72)