Dorothea Beale

Dorothea Beale
Born (1831-03-21)21 March 1831
Bishopsgate, England
Died 9 November 1906(1906-11-09) (aged 75)
Nationality British
Occupation Educator, suffragist
Known for Second Principal of The Cheltenham Ladies' College and founder of St Hilda's College, Oxford

Dorothea Beale LL.D. (21 March 1831 – 9 November 1906) was a suffragist, educational reformer, author and Principal of the Cheltenham Ladies' College and founder of St Hilda's College, Oxford.

Early and family life

She was born on 21 March 1831 at 41 Bishopsgate Street, London, the fourth child and third daughter of Miles Beale, a surgeon, of a Gloucestershire family and who took an active interest in educational and social questions.

His wife, Dorothea Margaret Complin, of Huguenot extraction, would have eleven children. She was first cousin to Caroline Frances Cornwallis, a relationship which would influence young Dorothea. Educated till the age of thirteen partly at home and partly at a school at Stratford, Essex, Dorothea then attended lectures at Gresham College and at the Crosby Hall Literary Institution, and developed an aptitude for mathematics.

In 1847, she and two older sisters began attending Mrs. Bray's fashionable school for English girls in Paris, where Dorothea remained till the revolution of 1848 closed the school. Dorothea and her sisters then were among the earliest students at the newly opened Queen's College, Harley Street. Their companions included Miss Buss and Adelaide Procter.[1]

Career

In 1849, Miss Beale was appointed mathematical tutor at Queen's College, and in 1854 she became head teacher in the school attached to the college, under Miss Parry.

During her holidays, she visited schools in Switzerland and Germany. In 1856, for instance, Beale spent some time at the Deaconess's Institute of Kaiserswerth where she made Elizabeth Ferard's acquaintance. In the same year, Beale anonymously published a small pamphlet (Kaiserswerth Deaconesses. Including a History of the Institution, the Ordination Service and Questions for Self-Examination. London 1857) in which she promoted the institute.[2] At the end of 1856, she left Queen's College owing to dissatisfaction with its administration, and in January 1857 became head teacher of the Clergy Daughters' School, Casterton, Westmorland (founded in 1823 by Carus Wilson at Cowan Bridge). At Casterton, Miss Beale's insistence on the need of reforms led to her resignation in December following; many changes in the management of the school were made next year. In 1858, Miss Beale established a scholarship from Casterton School to Cheltenham.[1]

While seeking fresh work Miss Beale taught mathematics and Latin at Miss Elwall's school at Barnes, and compiled her 'Students' Text-Book of English and General History from B.C. 100 to the Present Time,' for the use of teachers.[1]

On 16 June 1858 Miss Beale was chosen out of fifty candidates principal of the Ladies' College, Cheltenham, the earliest proprietary girls' school in England, which had been opened on 13 February 1854 with eighty-two pupils on a capital of £2000. She spent the rest of her educational career at Cheltenham. When she began as principal, the school had sixty-nine pupils and only £400 of its original capital remained. For the next two years the college struggled. In 1860, the financial arrangements were reorganised, and by 1863 the pupil count had risen to 126. Thenceforward the college's survival was assured. In 1873, it moved to buildings of its own buildings, which were enlarged three years later, when the school had 310 pupils. In 1880, the college was incorporated as an independent company, by which time the pupil count had reached 500. Numerous additions were made to the buildings between 1882 and 1905. In 1912, the school comprised over 1000 pupils and 120 teachers, fourteen boarding houses, a secondary and a kindergarten teachers' training department, a library of over 7000 volumes, and fifteen acres of playing-fields.[1] As early as 1864, Miss Beale's success as a head-mistress was acknowledged, and in 1865 she gave evidence before the endowed schools inquiry commission, the seven other lady witnesses including Miss Buss and Miss Emily Davies. The evidence, published in 1868, gave an immense impetus to the education of girls in England. In 1869, Miss Beale published, with a preface by herself, the commissioners' Reports on the Education of Girls. With Extracts from the Evidence. It is a remarkable exposure of the low average standard of the teaching in girls' secondary schools before 1870.[1]

Miss Beale perceived that the absence of all means of training teachers was a main obstacle to improvement. A modest endeavour to meet the need was made by a friend at Cheltenham in 1876. Next year, on her friend's death, Miss Beale undertook to carry on the work. The progress was rapid; a residential training college for secondary women teachers, the first in this country, called St. Hilda's College, was built in Cheltenham, and opened in 1885.[3]

In order to give teachers in training the benefit of a year at Oxford, Miss Beale purchased in 1892 for £5000, Cowley House, Oxford, which was opened as St. Hilda's hall of residence for women in 1893, and was in 1901 incorporated with the Cheltenham training college as 'St. Hilda's Incorporated College.' The students at St. Hilda's Hall, Oxford, are mainly but not exclusively old Cheltonians. A kindergarten class was also started by Miss Beale at Cheltenham in 1876, and a department for the training of kindergarten teachers soon followed, and became an integral part of the college work.[1]

In 1880, mainly with a view to supplying a link between past and present pupils, Miss Beale founded 'The Cheltenham Ladies' College Magazine,' and remained its editor until her death. With the same aim, she established in 1884 'The Guild of the Ladies' Cheltenham College,' which by 1912 numbered 2500 members. On 26 October 1889, the guild started in Bethnal Green the Cheltenham settlement, which is now carried on as St. Hilda's East, a house built by past and present pupils and opened on 26 April 1898. An earnest church-woman of high church principles, Miss Beale, who was guided through life by deep religious feeling, instituted at Cheltenham in 1884 Quiet Days—devotional meetings for teachers—generally at the end of the summer term, when addresses were given by distinguished churchmen.[1]

Outside her college work Miss Beale associated herself with nearly every effort for educational progress, and with local philanthropic institutions. She was president of the Headmistresses' Association from 1895 to 1897, and was a member of numerous educational societies. In 1894 she gave evidence before the royal commission on secondary education, of which Mr. James Bryce was chairman. In collaboration with Miss Soulsby and Miss Dove she embodied her matured views on girls' education in 'Work and Play in Girls' Schools' (1898). She identified herself with the movement for women's suffrage, being a vice-president of the central society.[1]

Memorial to Dorothea Beale in Gloucester Cathedral

Final years, death and legacy

Miss Beale's activities remained unimpaired in her later years, despite deafness and signs of cancer, which became apparent in 1900. On 21 October 1901, the honorary freedom of the Borough of Cheltenham was awarded to her, for her work with the ladies′ college.[4]

On 11 April 1902 the University of Edinburgh awarded her the honorary degree of LL.D., in recognition of her services to education.[5] Until that time, entomologist Eleanor Anne Ormerod had been the only woman who had received such an honorary degree. Cheltenham's staff presented Miss Beale with the academic robes.[1] Miss Beale died after an operation for cancer in a nursing home in Cheltenham on 9 November 1906. The body was cremated at Perry Barr, Birmingham, and the ashes buried in a small vault on the south side of the Lady chapel of Gloucester Cathedral. [1]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lee 1912.
  2. ↑ See Czolkoss, Michael: "Ich sehe da manches, was dem Erfolg der Diakonissensache in England schaden könnte" – English Ladies und die Kaiserswerther Mutterhausdiakonie im 19. Jahrhundert. In: Thomas K. Kuhn, Veronika Albrecht-Birkner (eds.): Zwischen Aufklärung und Moderne. Erweckungsbewegungen als historiographische Herausforderung (= Religion - Kultur - Gesellschaft. Studien zur Kultur- und Sozialgeschichte des Christentums in Neuzeit und Moderne, No. 5). Münster 2017, pp. 255-280, here 265-269.
  3. ↑ "Our History". St Hilda's College, Cowley Place, Oxford, OX4 1DY. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  4. ↑ "Court circular". The Times (36598). London. 29 October 1901. p. 7.
  5. ↑ "University intelligence". The Times (36711). London. 10 March 1902. p. 11.

References

  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Elizabeth (1912). "Beale, Dorothea". In Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography, 1912 supplement​. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  • Wikisource Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Beale, Dorothea". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Beaumont, Jacqueline. "Beale, Dorothea (1831–1906)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30655. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

Sources

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