Digitonin

Digitonin
	; Chemical structure of digitonin
	; Alternate depiction using sugar abbreviations (Gal = galactose, Glc = glucose, Xyl = xylose
Names
	Other names Digitin
Identifiers
CAS Number	11024-24-1 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL404811 ;
ChemSpider	23753 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.031.129
EC Number	234-255-6
KEGG	C00765 ;
PubChem CID	25444;
	InChI InChI=1S/C56H92O29/c1-19-7-10-56(75-17-19)20(2)31-45(85-56)37(67)32-22-6-5-21-11-26(24(61)12-55(21,4)23(22)8-9-54(31,32)3)76-50-42(72)39(69)44(30(16-60)80-50)81-53-48(47(36(66)29(15-59)79-53)83-49-40(70)33(63)25(62)18-74-49)84-52-43(73)46(35(65)28(14-58)78-52)82-51-41(71)38(68)34(64)27(13-57)77-51/h19-53,57-73H,5-18H2,1-4H3/t19-,20+,21+,22-,23+,24-,25-,26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31+,32-,33+,34-,35+,36?,37+,38+,39-,40-,41-,42-,43-,44+,45-,46+,47+,48-,49+,50-,51+,52+,53+,54-,55+,56-/m1/s1 Key: UVYVLBIGDKGWPX-YCCXZQINSA-N ; InChI=1/C56H92O29/c1-19-7-10-56(75-17-19)20(2)31-45(85-56)37(67)32-22-6-5-21-11-26(24(61)12-55(21,4)23(22)8-9-54(31,32)3)76-50-42(72)39(69)44(30(16-60)80-50)81-53-48(47(36(66)29(15-59)79-53)83-49-40(70)33(63)25(62)18-74-49)84-52-43(73)46(35(65)28(14-58)78-52)82-51-41(71)38(68)34(64)27(13-57)77-51/h19-53,57-73H,5-18H2,1-4H3/ t19-,20+,21+,22-,23+,24-,25-,26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31+,32-,33+,34-,35+,36?,37+,38+,39-,40-,41-,42-,43-,44+,45-,46+,47+,48-,49+,50-,5 1+,52+,53+,54-,55+,56-/m1/s1;
	SMILES O[C@@H]%11[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]%11O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@H](CO)[C@@H]1O)O[C@@H]%10[C@@H](O[C@@H]2OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(O)[C@H](O[C@H]%10O[C@@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]3CO)O[C@H]9[C@H](O)C[C@@]8(C)[C@@H](CC[C@@H]6[C@@H]8CC[C@@]7([C@@H]5[C@@H](O[C@@]4(OC[C@@H](CC4)C)[C@H]5C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]67)C)C9)CO)CO;
Properties
Chemical formula	C56H92O29
Molar mass	1,229.32 g·mol−1
Appearance	White to off-white powder
Melting point	244.0–248.5 °C (471.2–479.3 °F; 517.1–521.6 K)[1]
Chiral rotation ([α]D)	-40° (589.3 nm; 20 °C)[1]
Hazards
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	23 mg/kg (rat, intravenous)[2] 4 mg/kg (mouse, intravenous)[3]
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is ?)
	Infobox references

Digitonin is a steroidal saponin (saraponin) obtained from the foxglove plant Digitalis purpurea. Its aglycone is digitogenin, a spirostan steroid. It has been investigated as a detergent, as it effectively water-solubilizes lipids. As such, it has several potential membrane-related applications in biochemistry, including solubilizing membrane proteins, precipitating cholesterol, and permeabilizing cell membranes.^[4]^[5]

Digitonin is sometimes confused with the cardiac drugs digoxin and digitoxin and all three can be extracted from the same source.

Chemical properties

Critical micelle concentration = < 0.5 mM
Average micellar weight = 70000
Aggregation number = 60

References

1 2 Tschesche, R.; Wulff, G. (January 1963). "Über saponine der spirostanolreihe—IX". Tetrahedron (in German). 19 (4): 621–634. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)98548-5.
↑ Segal, Ruth; Milo-Goldzweig, Ilana; Kaplan, Gideon; Weisenberg, Emil (April 1977). "The protective action of glycyrrhizin against saponin toxicity". Biochemical Pharmacology. 26 (7): 643–645. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(77)90039-9.
↑ Pitha, Josef; Szente, Lajos (February 1984). "Digitonin derivatives of low toxicity: Potential solubilizers for lipophilic compounds". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 73 (2): 240–243. doi:10.1002/jps.2600730224.
↑ Geelen, Math J.H. (December 2005). "The use of digitonin-permeabilized mammalian cells for measuring enzyme activities in the course of studies on lipid metabolism". Analytical Biochemistry. 347 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2005.03.032. PMID 16291302.
↑ Fiskum, Gary (April 1985). "Intracellular levels and distribution of Ca2+ in digitonin-permeabilized cells". Cell Calcium. 6 (1–2): 25–37. doi:10.1016/0143-4160(85)90032-6.

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[Wulff-1] 1 2 Tschesche, R.; Wulff, G. (January 1963). "Über saponine der spirostanolreihe—IX". Tetrahedron (in German). 19 (4): 621–634. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)98548-5.

[2] Segal, Ruth; Milo-Goldzweig, Ilana; Kaplan, Gideon; Weisenberg, Emil (April 1977). "The protective action of glycyrrhizin against saponin toxicity". Biochemical Pharmacology. 26 (7): 643–645. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(77)90039-9.

[3] Pitha, Josef; Szente, Lajos (February 1984). "Digitonin derivatives of low toxicity: Potential solubilizers for lipophilic compounds". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 73 (2): 240–243. doi:10.1002/jps.2600730224.

[4] Geelen, Math J.H. (December 2005). "The use of digitonin-permeabilized mammalian cells for measuring enzyme activities in the course of studies on lipid metabolism". Analytical Biochemistry. 347 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2005.03.032. PMID 16291302.

[5] Fiskum, Gary (April 1985). "Intracellular levels and distribution of Ca2+ in digitonin-permeabilized cells". Cell Calcium. 6 (1–2): 25–37. doi:10.1016/0143-4160(85)90032-6.

Glycosides
Bond	O-glycosidic bond N-glycosidic bond S-glycosidic bond C-glycosidic bond
Geometry	α-Glycoside β-Glycoside 1,4-Glycoside 1,6-Glycoside
Glycone	Fructoside Galactoside Glucoside Glucuronide Rhamnoside Riboside
Aglycone	Alcoholic glycoside Cardiac glycoside Bufadienolide Cardenolide Cyanogenic glycoside Glycosylamine Phenolic glycoside Anthraquinone glycoside Coumarin glycoside Flavonoid glycoside Saponin Steviol glycoside Thioglycoside

Names
Chemical structure of digitonin
Alternate depiction using sugar abbreviations (Gal = galactose, Glc = glucose, Xyl = xylose
Other names Digitin
Identifiers
CAS Number	11024-24-1^Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEMBL	ChEMBL404811^N
ChemSpider	23753^Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.031.129
EC Number	234-255-6
KEGG	C00765^N
PubChem CID	25444
InChI InChI=1S/C56H92O29/c1-19-7-10-56(75-17-19)20(2)31-45(85-56)37(67)32-22-6-5-21-11-26(24(61)12-55(21,4)23(22)8-9-54(31,32)3)76-50-42(72)39(69)44(30(16-60)80-50)81-53-48(47(36(66)29(15-59)79-53)83-49-40(70)33(63)25(62)18-74-49)84-52-43(73)46(35(65)28(14-58)78-52)82-51-41(71)38(68)34(64)27(13-57)77-51/h19-53,57-73H,5-18H2,1-4H3/t19-,20+,21+,22-,23+,24-,25-,26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31+,32-,33+,34-,35+,36?,37+,38+,39-,40-,41-,42-,43-,44+,45-,46+,47+,48-,49+,50-,51+,52+,53+,54-,55+,56-/m1/s1^N Key: UVYVLBIGDKGWPX-YCCXZQINSA-N^N InChI=1/C56H92O29/c1-19-7-10-56(75-17-19)20(2)31-45(85-56)37(67)32-22-6-5-21-11-26(24(61)12-55(21,4)23(22)8-9-54(31,32)3)76-50-42(72)39(69)44(30(16-60)80-50)81-53-48(47(36(66)29(15-59)79-53)83-49-40(70)33(63)25(62)18-74-49)84-52-43(73)46(35(65)28(14-58)78-52)82-51-41(71)38(68)34(64)27(13-57)77-51/h19-53,57-73H,5-18H2,1-4H3/ t19-,20+,21+,22-,23+,24-,25-,26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31+,32-,33+,34-,35+,36?,37+,38+,39-,40-,41-,42-,43-,44+,45-,46+,47+,48-,49+,50-,5 1+,52+,53+,54-,55+,56-/m1/s1
SMILES O[C@@H]%11[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]%11O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@H](CO)[C@@H]1O)O[C@@H]%10[C@@H](O[C@@H]2OC[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)C(O)[C@H](O[C@H]%10O[C@@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]3CO)O[C@H]9[C@H](O)C[C@@]8(C)[C@@H](CC[C@@H]6[C@@H]8CC[C@@]7([C@@H]5[C@@H](O[C@@]4(OC[C@@H](CC4)C)[C@H]5C)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]67)C)C9)CO)CO
Properties
Chemical formula	C₅₆H₉₂O₂₉
Molar mass	1,229.32 g·mol⁻¹
Appearance	White to off-white powder
Melting point	244.0–248.5 °C (471.2–479.3 °F; 517.1–521.6 K)^[1]
Chiral rotation ([α]_D)	-40° (589.3 nm; 20 °C)^[1]
Hazards
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD₅₀ (median dose)	23 mg/kg (rat, intravenous)^[2] 4 mg/kg (mouse, intravenous)^[3]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is ^YN ?)
Infobox references