Debatable Lands

Map showing the location and eventual division of the Debatable Lands

The Debatable Lands, also known as debatable ground, batable ground or threip lands,[1] lay between Scotland and England[2]. These lands were formerly in question to which it belonged, when they were distinct kingdoms. The name either signifies litigious or disputable ground.[3], or it comes from the Old English word 'battable' (land suitable for fattening livestock).[4]

History

The Debatable Lands extended from the Solway Firth near Carlisle to Langholm in Dumfries and Galloway, the largest population centre being Canonbie.[5] The lands included the baronies of Kirkandrews, Bryntallone and Morton.[1] They were around ten miles (16 km) long from north to south and four miles (6.4 km) wide. The boundaries were marked by the rivers Liddel and Esk in the east and the River Sark in the west. A legal system indigenous to the area prevented settlement of it, and served to resolve disputes, but this broke down in the Middle Ages, in part because of interference by the English and Scottish crowns.[4] For over three hundred years the area was effectively controlled by local clans, such as the Armstrongs, who successfully resisted any attempt by the Scottish or English governments to impose their authority. In his history of the Border Reivers (The Steel Bonnets, 1971), George MacDonald Fraser says that the Armstrongs alone could put 3,000 men in the field. They launched frequent raids on farms and settlements outside the Debatable Lands, the profits enabling them to become major landowners. Other clans in the area were the Elwands, Ellwoods, or Eliotts who extended into Teviotdale; the Nixons who were more numerous in Cumberland; the Crossars in Upper Liddesdale, with their chief stronghold in Riccarton/Riccarton Mill (Rickerton, forms of Richardtown) Northern/Upper Liddesdale (listed in valleys of Liddesdale as locus/locality of Croyser 1376) of Hudhouse also located nearby on Liddel (It is a mistake to suppose they settled in Debatable lands on the lower Liddel though at Riccarton, and Hudhouse they were on the upper end of the Liddel Water.)[6] and the Grahams, who owned five towers in the Debatable Land. The Irvings, Carruthers, Olivers, Bells, Dicksons, and Littles were also present in varying numbers.[1]

In 1530, King James V of Scotland took action against the lawless clans of the Debatable Lands and imprisoned the Lords Bothwell, Maxwell and Home, Walter Scott of Buccleuch, and other border lairds for their lack of action. James took various other steps, but significantly he broke the strength of the Armstrongs by hanging Johnnie Armstrong of Gilnockie and thirty-one others at Caerlanrig Chapel, under questionable circumstances.[7]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Maxwell 1897, p. 161.
  2. ↑ The County Histories of Scotland, Volume 5. Scotland: W. Blackwood and Sons. 1896. pp. 160–162. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  3. ↑ Chambers 1728, p. 91.
  4. 1 2 Graham Robb (2018). Debatable Land. Picador. ISBN 9781509804689.
  5. ↑ Dan O'Sullivan (2016). The Reluctant Ambassador: The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Chaloner, Tudor Diplomat. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781445651651. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  6. ↑ The History of Liddesdale, Eskdale, Ewesdale, Wauchopedale and the ..., Volume 1 By Robert Bruce Armstrong pg 181-2
  7. ↑ Maxwell 1897, pp. 161–167.

References

  • Maxwell, Sir Herbert (1897). A History of Dumfries and Galloway. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. pp. 161–167.
Attribution
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "batable ground". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. 1 (first ed.). James and John Knapton, et al. p. 91.

Further reading

  • Robson, Eric (2006). The Border Line. Frances Lincoln Ltd.
  • Mack, James Logan (1926). The Border Line. Oliver & Boyd.
  • "Romanticism's Debatable Lands". The British Association for Romantic Studies, Biennial Conference. University of Newcastle upon Tyne. 28–31 July 2005.
  • "Debatable Lands". Border Reivers Website.
  • BBC staff. "A village on debatable land... The small village of Bewcastle". BBC.
  • "A Researcher's Guide to Local History terminology".

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