Death in Venice (film)

Death in Venice
Theatrical poster
Directed by	Luchino Visconti
Produced by	Luchino Visconti
Screenplay by	Luchino Visconti Nicola Badalucco
Based on	Death in Venice by Thomas Mann
Starring	Dirk Bogarde Silvana Mangano Romolo Valli Mark Burns Björn Andrésen
Music by	Gustav Mahler Ludwig van Beethoven Modest Mussorgsky Armando Gil
Cinematography	Pasqualino De Santis
Edited by	Ruggero Mastroianni
Distributed by	Warner Bros.
Release date	March 1, 1971 (1971-03-01)
Running time	130 min.
Country	Italy France
Language	English French Italian Polish
Budget	$2 million[1]

Death in Venice (original Italian title: Morte a Venezia) is a 1971 Italian-French drama film directed in Panavision and Technicolor by Luchino Visconti and starring Dirk Bogarde and Björn Andrésen. It is based on the novella Death in Venice, first published in 1912 as Der Tod in Venedig by the German author Thomas Mann.

Plot

The protagonist, Gustav von Aschenbach, travels to Venice for health reasons. There, he becomes obsessed with the stunning beauty of an adolescent Polish boy named Tadzio who is staying with his family at the same Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Lido as Aschenbach.

While the character Aschenbach in the novella is an author, Visconti changed his profession from writer to composer. This allows the musical score, in particular the Adagietto from the Fifth Symphony by Gustav Mahler, which opens and closes the film, and sections from Mahler's Third Symphony, to represent Aschenbach's writing. Apart from this change, the film is relatively faithful to the book, but with added scenes where Aschenbach and a musician friend debate the degraded aesthetics of his music.

While Aschenbach attempts to find peace and quiet, the rest of the city is gripped by a cholera epidemic, and the city authorities do not inform the holiday-makers of the problem for fear that they will leave. As Aschenbach and the other guests make day-trips into the city centre, they begin to realize that something is seriously wrong. Aschenbach decides to leave, but in a moment of impulse decides to stay. However, he himself is dying from heart disease.

Rejuvenated by the presence of Tadzio—though they never actually converse—he visits the barber who, in his words, "returns to you merely what has been lost", dyeing his grey hair black and whitening his face and reddening his lips to try to make him look younger. As he leaves the barber's shop the barber exclaims: "And now Sir is ready to fall in love as soon as he pleases". Aschenbach continues to gaze at Tadzio from afar, the latter more aware that he is being gazed at. In the climactic scene, Aschenbach sees Tadzio being beaten up on the beach by an older boy. When released, Tadzio walks away from him alone towards the horizon. He suddenly turns back to look at Aschenbach, then turns away to face the sun, and stretches his arm out towards it. Aschenbach too, stretches his hand as if to reach Tadzio, and at that very moment—heightened by the crescendo in Mahler's Adagietto—he dies from a heart attack. A few people notice him collapsed on his chair and alert the hotel staff. They carry Aschenbach's body away.

Cast

Production credits

Visconti (at left), Andresen (at right). Garfagnoli in the middle.

• Director: Luchino Visconti
• Cinematographer: Pasqualino De Santis
• Screenplay: Luchino Visconti, Niccola Badalucco
• Art Director: Ferdinando Scarfiotti
• Costume Designer: Piero Tosi
• Production Designer: Ferdinando Scarfiotti
• Sound Track: Vittorio Trentino, Giuseppe Muratori
• Producer: Robert Gordon Edwards
• Producer (associate executive producer): Mario Gallo
• Producer (executive producer), Luchino Visconti

Music

The film's score was performed by the Orchestra dell'Accademia de Santa Cecilia, conducted by Franco Mannino, and subsequently released by EMI. In addition to the music of Gustav Mahler's Third and Fifth Symphonies which embodied the character and suffering of Aschenbach, Visconti included a number of pieces from other composers. Although overshadowed as they are by the dominance of Mahler they play an important part in the film's narrative. One is the ballad by Armando Gil, sung by the strolling player, Chi con le donne vole aver fortuna (He who wants to be successful with the ladies). Another is Beethoven's famous piano piece Für Elise played by Claudio Gizzi. The third which is particularly evocative, is Modest Mussorgsky's Lullaby which in the film, heralds Ashenbach's death. It is sung by Mascia Predit, an unforgettable soprano whom Visconti was happily surprised to discover among the extras when filming the last scene.

Hush, hush-a-bye, my little grandchild,
Sleep in slumber deep, little peasant’s son
Hush, hush-a-bye; our forefathers never saw such a misfortune,
But misfortune has come, disaster upon disaster, . . .

Hush, hush, hush-a-bye!
Your small white body lies there in the cradle,
Your soul flies in the heavens,
Your quiet slumber is guarded by God himself.
By your side stand bright angels,
Bright angels!

Behind the scenes

In the second volume of his autobiography, Snakes and Ladders, Bogarde recounts how the film crew created his character's deathly white skin for the final scenes of the film, just as he dies. The makeup department tried various face paints and creams, none of which were satisfactory, as they smeared. When a suitable cream was found and the scenes were shot, Bogarde recalls that his face began to burn terribly. The tube of cream was found and written on the side was "Keep away from eyes and skin": the director had ignored this and had been testing it out, as small patches, on various members of the film crew, before finally having it applied to Bogarde's face.

In another volume of his memoirs, An Orderly Man, Dirk Bogarde relates that, after the finished film was screened for them by Visconti in Los Angeles, the Warner Bros. executives wanted to write off the project, fearing it would be banned in the United States for obscenity because of its subject matter. They eventually relented when a gala premiere of Death in Venice was organized in London, with Elizabeth II and Princess Anne attending, to gather funds for the sinking Italian city.

In 2003, Björn Andrésen gave an interview to The Guardian in which he expressed his dislike of the fame Death in Venice brought him and how he sought to distance himself from the objectifying image he acquired from playing Tadzio.^[2] He stated that he now disapproves of the film's subject matter: "Adult love for adolescents is something that I am against in principle. Emotionally perhaps, and intellectually, I am disturbed by it - because I have some insight into what this kind of love is about." He also recounted attending the film's premiere at the Cannes Film Festival: "I was just 16 and Visconti and the team took me to a gay nightclub. Almost all the crew were gay. The waiters at the club made me feel very uncomfortable. They looked at me uncompromisingly as if I was a nice meaty dish...it was the first of many such encounters."

Critical reception

Death in Venice holds a 76% "fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes.^[3]

Film historian Lawrence J. Quirk wrote, in his study, The Great Romantic Films (1974), "Some shots of Björn Andrésen, the Tadzio of the film, could be extracted from the frame and hung on the walls of the Louvre or the Vatican in Rome." He says Andrésen did not represent just a pretty youngster as an object of perverted lust, but that novelist Mann and director-screen writer Visconti intended him as a symbol of beauty in the realm of Michelangelo's David or Da Vinci's Mona Lisa, the beauty that moved Dante to "...seek ultimate aesthetic catharsis in the distant figure of Beatrice."

In 2011, writer Will Aitken published Death in Venice: A Queer Film Classic, a critical analysis the film, as part of Arsenal Pulp Press's Queer Film Classics series.^[4] In July 2018, it was selected to be screened in the Venice Classics section at the 75th Venice International Film Festival.^[5]

Awards

• 1971 Cannes Film Festival

25th Birthday Award (special award created for the occasion to decide between the two favorites for the Palme d'Or)^[6]

• 1972 BAFTA Awards

Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, Best Costume Design, Best Sound Track

• 1972, Nastro d'Argento

Best Director, Best Cinematography, Best Costume Design, Best Production Design.

See also

• Parodied as Death in Bognor by The Goodies^[7]
• Visually referenced in Ken Russell's 1974 film Mahler

Notes

References

• Henry Bacon, Visconti: explorations of beauty and decay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
• Dirk Bogarde, Postillion Struck by Lightning. London: Orion Books, (new edition) 2006.
• Lawrence J. Quirk, The Great Romantic Films, New York: Citadel Press, 1983.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Death in Venice (film).

• Death in Venice on IMDb