David Miscavige

David Miscavige
Miscavige in 2011
Born (1960-04-30) April 30, 1960
Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States
Spouse(s) Michele Miscavige
Relatives Ron Miscavige (father)
Jenna Miscavige Hill (niece)
Religion Scientology
Church Church of Scientology
Offices held
 Captain of the Sea Org
Title Chairman of the Board, Religious Technology Center
Website davidmiscavige.org

David Miscavige (/mɪˈskævɪdʒ/; born April 30, 1960) is the leader of the Church of Scientology.[1] His official title is Chairman of the Board of the Religious Technology Center (RTC), a corporation that controls the trademarks and copyrights of Dianetics and Scientology.

Miscavige was a deputy to church founder L. Ron Hubbard (a "Commodore's messenger") while he was a teenager.[2] He rose to a leadership position by the early 1980s and was named Chairman of the Board of RTC in 1987.[3] Official church biographies describe Miscavige as "the ecclesiastical leader of the Scientology religion".[2][4][5]

Since he assumed his leadership position, there have been a number of allegations made against Miscavige. These include claims of forced separation of family members, coercive fundraising practices, harassment of journalists and church critics, and humiliation of church staff members, including physical assaults upon them by Miscavige. Miscavige and church spokespersons deny the majority of these claims, often criticizing the credibility of those who bring them.[6][7][8][9][10]

Early life

David Miscavige was born in 1960 in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in the Philadelphia area[11] to the Roman Catholic Polish-Italian family of Ron and Loretta Miscavige,[12] along with twin sister Denise. Miscavige was raised in Willingboro Township, New Jersey.[5][13] He attended high school at Marple Newtown. As a child, he suffered from asthma and severe allergies. He played baseball and football.[11] His father, a trumpet player, became interested in Scientology, and he sent Miscavige to see a Scientologist. According to both father and son, a 45-minute Dianetics session cured his ailments.

The family joined the Church of Scientology in 1971 and eventually moved to the church's world headquarters in Saint Hill Manor, England.[12] By the age of twelve, he was conducting Scientology auditing sessions.[5] The family returned to Philadelphia within a few years, where Miscavige attended a local high school.[12] Saint Hill served as his own training ground as an auditor, and he is remembered by the church as the "12-year-old prodigy" who became the youngest professional Scientology auditor.[14] On his sixteenth birthday (1976) he left high school with his father's permission to move to Clearwater, Florida, and joined the Sea Org, a Scientologist religious order established in 1968 by L. Ron Hubbard.[12][15] Some of his earliest jobs in the Sea Org included delivering telexes, grounds-keeping, food service and taking photographs for Scientology brochures.[12] Miscavige then joined a group of young Scientologists called the Commodore's Messenger Organization (CMO). The group started with running Hubbard's errands, but as they grew into adolescence, Hubbard increased their influence.[16]

Leadership in Scientology

L. Ron Hubbard, science fiction author and founder of Scientology, appointed Miscavige as an assistant and groomed him for leadership.

In 1977, Miscavige worked directly under L. Ron Hubbard as a cameraman for Scientology training films, in La Quinta, California.[15] Hubbard appointed him to the Commodore's Messenger Organization (CMO), responsible for enforcing Hubbard's policies within the individual Scientology organizations; he became head of the CMO in 1979.[15] By 1980, Hubbard was no longer appearing at public functions related to Scientology, and by some accounts Miscavige took effective control of the organization at this time.[17] In 1981, he was placed in charge of the Watchdog Committee and the All Clear Unit, with the task of handling the various legal claims against Hubbard. Miscavige also became in charge of Author Services, Inc., an entity to manage Hubbard’s literary and financial affairs, which was established in the same year.[18] After the Guardian's Office's criminal involvement in Operation Snow White, he persuaded Mary Sue Hubbard to resign from the Guardian's Office (GO), and purged several top GO officials through ethics proceedings.[19] The St. Petersburg Times, in a 1998 article "The Man Behind Scientology," says: "During two heated encounters, Miscavige persuaded Mary Sue Hubbard to resign. Together they composed a letter to Scientologists confirming her decision -- all without ever talking to L. Ron Hubbard."[12] She subsequently changed her mind, believing that she had been tricked.[20] Despite this, Miscavige claims he and Mary Sue Hubbard remained friends thereafter.[21]

In 1982, Miscavige set up a new organizational structure to release Hubbard from personal liability and to handle the Scientology founder's personal wealth through a corporate entity outside of the Scientology organization.[15] He established the Religious Technology Center, in charge of licensing Scientology's intellectual property, and Author Services Inc. to manage the proceeds.[19] Miscavige has held the title of Chairman of the Board of the Religious Technology Center since the organization's founding.[2] The Church of Spiritual Technology was created at the same time with an option to repurchase all of RTC's intellectual property rights.[19] In a 1982 probate case, Ronald DeWolf, Hubbard's estranged son, accused Miscavige of embezzling from and manipulating his father. Hubbard denied this in a written statement, saying that his business affairs were being well managed by Author Services Inc., of which Miscavige was the Chairman of the Board. In the same document L. Ron Hubbard called David Miscavige a "trusted associate" and "good friend" who had kept Hubbard's affairs in good order. A judge ruled the statement was authentic.[22] The case was dismissed on June 27, 1983.[21]

In October 1982, Miscavige required Scientology Missions to enter new trademark usage contracts which established stricter policies on the use of Scientology materials.[18][23] Over the two years following the formation of the RTC, Miscavige and his RTC team replaced most of Scientology's upper and middle management.[24] A number of those ousted attempted to establish breakaway organizations, such as the Advanced Ability Center led by David Mayo, a former RTC board member who had also been Hubbard's personal auditor.[24][25] The Advanced Ability Center closed in 1984, two years after opening.[24]

When L. Ron Hubbard died in 1986, Miscavige announced the death to Scientologists at the Hollywood Palladium.[26] Shortly before Hubbard's death, an apparent order from him circulated in the Sea Org that promoted Scientologist Pat Broeker and his wife to the new rank of Loyal Officer, making them the highest-ranking members; Miscavige asserted this order had been forged.[27] After Hubbard's death, Miscavige assumed the position of head of the Scientology organization.[28] Miscavige holds the rank of Captain, and is the highest-ranking member of the Sea Org.[29]

Relationship with IRS

In 1991 Miscavige, together with Marty Rathbun, visited the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) headquarters in Washington D.C. to arrange a meeting with Commissioner Fred T. Goldberg, Jr.. For more than two decades, the IRS had refused to recognize Scientology as a nonprofit charitable organization, a status granted to most established religious organizations. Prior to this meeting, Scientology had filed more than fifty lawsuits against the IRS and, according to The New York Times, "Scientology's lawyers hired private investigators to dig into the private lives of IRS officials and to conduct surveillance operations to uncover potential vulnerabilities... [and] taken documents from an I.R.S. conference and sent them to church officials and created a phony news bureau in Washington to gather information on church critics. The church also financed an organization of I.R.S. whistle-blowers that attacked the agency publicly."[30] At the meeting with Commissioner Goldberg, Miscavige offered to cease Scientology's suits against the IRS in exchange for tax exemptions.[30] This led to a two-year negotiating process, in which IRS tax analysts were ordered to ignore the substantive issues because the issues had been resolved prior to review. Ultimately, the church was granted recognition as a nonprofit religious or charitable organization in the United States, which creates a tax exemption for the Church of Scientology International and its organizations, and tax deductions for those who contribute to their programs.[5][30] Senior Scientology officials and the IRS later issued a statement that the ruling was based on a two-year inquiry and voluminous documents that showed the church was qualified for the exemptions.[30]

To announce the settlement with the IRS, Miscavige gathered a reported 10,000 members of Scientology in the Los Angeles Sports Arena, where he delivered a two-and-a-half-hour address and proclaimed, "The war is over!"[5][30] The crowd gave Miscavige an ovation that lasted more than ten minutes.[31]

Current role in Scientology

Miscavige in Amsterdam, 2017

As Chairman of the Board of the Religious Technology Center, David Miscavige works primarily from Scientology's Gold Base near Hemet, California.[15][32][33] Scientologists often refer to him as "DM", or "C.O.B.", for chairman of the board.[18][34] In their 2007 book, Extraordinary Groups: An Examination of Unconventional Lifestyles, W. W. Zellner and Richard T. Schaefer noted that "David Miscavige has been the driving force behind the Church of Scientology for the past two decades" and that "Miscavige's biography and speeches are second only to Hubbard in dominating the official Scientology Web site. [...] He is acknowledged as the ultimate ecclesiastical authority regarding the standard and pure application of L. Ron Hubbard's religious theories."[5]

Miscavige is portrayed within Scientology as "a servant of Hubbard's message, not an agent in his own right".[35] Miscavige uses church publications as well as professionally produced videos of gala events, at which he acts as master of ceremonies, to communicate with Scientologists worldwide.[31] As the Religious Technology Center's Chairman of the Board, his primary task is to "preserve, maintain and protect" the Scientology religion.[36]

Among Miscavige's initiatives is a long-term project of issuing unreleased and corrected editions of Hubbard's books and restoring L. Ron Hubbard lectures, including translating many works into other languages.

Miscavige initiated a strategy in 2003 to build new or revamped Churches of Scientology, called "Ideal Orgs",[37] in every major city in the world. Since then, sixty-five[38][39][40] new or remodeled Churches have been opened including facilities in Madrid, New York, London, Berlin,[41] Mexico City,[42] Rome,[43] Washington, DC,[44] Tel Aviv,[45] Atlanta,[46] Miami,[47] San Diego,[48] and Kaohsiung, Taiwan.[49] In 2012, David Miscavige also opened the Church of Scientology's "National Affairs Office" in Washington D.C., which he declared to be "An office designed to give back to a United States government that steadfastly guaranteed our religious rights, the very freedom that allows us to do what we are doing today."[50] The Church of Scientology says the National Affairs Office was built "to oversee programs around the country and the world dealing with human rights, drug addiction, literacy and disaster response".[51]

The Flag Building[52] in Clearwater, Florida is one of Miscavige's flagship projects. The building contains a Sea Org museum and training facilities.

One of the largest projects of Miscavige's career is the Flag Building, also called the "Super Power Building", which is described as the spiritual headquarters for the Scientology religion.[52][53] It is the largest of Scientology's properties in Clearwater, Florida. The 377,000 square foot structure[54] is reportedly outfitted with custom-built equipment designed to administer the supposedly perception-enhancing "Super Power Rundown" to high-level Scientologists.[55][56] The building was scheduled for completion in 2003, but underwent ten years of delays and re-designs as the Church completed two other major construction and restoration projects in the same area ahead of it, the Fort Harrison Hotel and the Oak Cove Hotel.[57] Miscavige inaugurated the Flag Building on November 17, 2013.[58][59]

The Church of Scientology launched the Scientology Network, a DIRECTV broadcast and OTT streaming service on March 12, 2018, with Miscavige introducing the first evening of broadcast in a rare on-camera appearance.[60][61][62][63] It is produced by Scientology Media Productions in Los Angeles, California, a facility opened by the church in May 2016. He addressed the crowd at the SMP opening, calling the channel "Our uncorrupted communication line to the billions. Because as the saying goes, if you don't write your own story, someone else will."[64][65][66][67]

Media coverage and criticism

Since assuming his leadership role, Miscavige has been faced with press accounts regarding alleged illegal and unethical practices of the Church of Scientology or by Miscavige himself. A 1991 Time magazine cover story on the church described Miscavige as "ringleader" of a "hugely profitable global racket that survives by intimidating members and critics in a Mafia-like manner".[4] Miscavige stated on Nightline that the publication of the article resulted from a request by Eli Lilly, because of "the damage we had caused to their killer drug Prozac".[68] According to a 1994 article in Regardies magazine by journalist Patrick J. Kiger, Eli Lilly's public relations agency Hill & Knowlton, which is owned by the British conglomerate The WPP Group, was pressured by Eli Lilly to drop the Church of Scientology as a client just before the Time article was published.[69] After the publication of the Time article, Miscavige stated that "Eli Lilly ordered a reprint of 750,000 copies of Time magazine before it came out."[68] The Church filed a suit against Lilly, J. Walter Thompson, Hill and Knowlton and both agencies' parent group, WPP. The case was settled for an undisclosed amount.[70]

In 1998, the St. Petersburg Times published "The man behind Scientology", a story based on six hours of interviews with Miscavige. In this first-ever newspaper interview, Miscavige talks about his rise to leadership, creating peace and resolving conflicts, and Scientology in Clearwater. The reporters, Tom Tobin and Joe Childs, said of Miscavige that he was "not only the founder's protege and trusted aide, he is to Scientologists what the pope is to Catholics – a leader who sets the tone, establishes goals and ensures that Hubbard's practices and teachings are followed with precision".[71]

Tobin and Childs have continued to report on Miscavige in subsequent years. In 2009, the St. Petersburg Times published a series titled "The Truth Rundown," which featured allegations by former high-ranking executives of Scientology that Miscavige had repeatedly humiliated and physically beaten his staff, and had confined church members in degrading conditions in a Scientology-owned property known as "The Hole".[9][32] The series included interviews with Mike Rinder, former official spokesperson for Scientology and director of the Church's Office of Special Affairs, and Mark Rathbun, the former Inspector General of the Religious Technology Center. Rinder has said that he was physically assaulted by Miscavige on about 50 occasions.[9] These allegations have been supported by other former Scientologists: Lawrence Wright, author of Going Clear, interviewed twelve individuals who reported having been personally attacked by Miscavige and twenty-one people who say they have witnessed such attacks.[72] The Church of Scientology denies all of these reports.[73]

Similar charges have been reported in previous years.[74] In 1987, the BBC Panorama program Scientology: The Road to Total Freedom? featured an interview with former member Don Larson, who described Miscavige's physical violence towards a staff member.[75] In a 1995 interview for ITV, Stacy Young, Miscavige's former secretary and the ex-wife of Hubbard's former public relations spokesman, Robert Vaughn Young, had previously asserted that Miscavige emotionally tormented staff members on a regular basis. "His viciousness and his cruelty to staff was unlike anything that I had ever experienced in my life," she said. "He just loved to degrade the staff."[76] In an incident also witnessed and supported by Amy Scobee,[77] Jeff Hawkins, a former marketing guru for Scientology, claimed to have attended a meeting where Miscavige "jumped up on the conference room table, like with his feet right on the conference room table, launched himself across the table at me—I was standing—battered my face, and then shoved me down on the floor".[78]

Church representatives have consistently denied such accusations, insisting that the allegations come from apostates motivated by bitterness or attempting to extract money from the church.[9][73][79][80] Hawkins’ claims were responded to by the Church of Scientology when he reiterated them in a documentary, who said they were "fabricated", and referred to him as "a discredited anti-Scientology media source".[81] Church executive David Bloomberg claimed that it was Hawkins who became belligerent and attacked Miscavige.[77] An issue of the church's Freedom magazine was dedicated to praising Miscavige and attacking the "Truth Rundown" series, featuring articles titled "Merchants of Chaos: Journalistic Double-dealing at the St. Petersburg Times" and "The Bigotry Behind the Times' Facade of Responsible Journalism."[82] Miscavige sent an open letter to the newspaper challenging the integrity of the reporters and labeling their sources as "lying" after the persons in question had been removed from the organization for "fundamental crimes against the Scientology religion".[7] The church also commissioned an independent review of the St. Petersburg Times's reporting, but have not, to date, released those findings.[83][84]

"Inside Scientology: The Truth Rundown" was recognized with journalistic honors, including the 2010 Gold Medal for Public Service award from the Florida Society of News Editors.[85][86][87][88] The series was cited as a basis for subsequent journalistic investigations, including a weeklong series hosted on the CNN network by Anderson Cooper.

Though he and the Scientology organization have been the subject of much press attention, Miscavige has rarely spoken directly to the press. Exceptions include a televised 1992 interview by Ted Koppel of ABC News,[89] a 1998 newspaper interview with the St. Petersburg Times,[71] and a 1998 appearance in an A&E Investigative Reports installment called "Inside Scientology".[90][89]

Family and personal life

Miscavige is married to fellow Sea Org member Michele Diane "Shelly" Miscavige, who has not been seen in public since August 2007.[91] Multiple sources have alleged she disappeared from Gold Base shortly after she "filled several job vacancies without her husband's permission".[92] In July 2012, responding to press accounts of speculation on Shelly Miscavige's whereabouts, lawyers who said they represented Shelly Miscavige informed two UK newspapers "she is not missing and devotes her time to the work of the Church of Scientology".[93][94] In 2013, in the Los Angeles Times, Andrew Blankstein reported, based on anonymous sources from the Los Angeles Police Department, that the LAPD had closed their investigation following a missing-persons report filed by former Scientologist and actress Leah Remini, having "located and spoke[n]" to Mrs Miscavige.[95] The LAPD declined to answer questions about the details of the report.[96] Writer Lawrence Wright reports "former Sea Org members say she is being guarded at a church facility on Gilman Springs Road in San Jacinto, California".[72]

David Miscavige's older brother Ronald Miscavige, Jr. served as an executive in the Sea Org for a time,[27] but left the Church of Scientology in 2000.[97] David's twin sister, Denise Licciardi, was hired by major Scientology donor Bryan Zwan as a top executive for the Clearwater, Florida-based company Digital Lightwave, where she was linked to an accounting scandal.[98][99] Ronald's daughter Jenna Miscavige Hill, niece of David Miscavige, remained in the Sea Org until 2005. She has since become an outspoken critic of the Scientology organization, publishing a book about her experience of Scientology in 2013. In the book, titled Beyond Belief: My Secret Life Inside Scientology And My Harrowing Escape, she stated that her grandfather Ronald Miscavige Sr. left the church in 2012 and is living with Ronald Jr. in Virginia.[100]

David's father, Ron Miscavige Sr., was a longtime Scientologist who left the Church in 2012. In July 2013, Wisconsin police confronted Dwayne S. Powell after a suspicious person report. Powell said he had been hired at $10,000 a week to conduct full-time surveillance on the elder Miscavige for Scientology, which he said he had been doing for over a year. Los Angeles Times reporter Kim Christensen reports that David Miscavige and the church deny any connection to Powell in an email to The Times. Gary Soter, a church attorney, stated that the allegations were "blatantly false".[101][102] Powell told police that on one occasion, he witnessed what he believed to be Ronald Sr. undergoing cardiac arrest. According to Powell, after immediately reporting the perceived emergency to his superiors, he received a call for further instructions from a man who identified himself as David Miscavige. According to the police report, Powell was instructed not to intervene in any way. Church spokesperson Karin Pouw asserted in an email that "no such conversation with Mr. Miscavige ever took place."[101][102][103] Ron Miscavige and Dan Koon wrote Ruthless: Scientology, My Son David Miscavige, and Me, which was published in May 2016.[104]

Miscavige is close to actor Tom Cruise[8] and served as best man at Cruise's wedding to Katie Holmes.[105]

Miscavige is a firearms enthusiast who enjoys skeet shooting.[8] In the 1998 St. Petersburg Times interview he named playing the piano, underwater photography, and trail biking as being among his hobbies.[31]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Official Church of Scientology: David Miscavige, Religious Technology Center Chairman of the Board". Scientology.org. Retrieved November 6, 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Christensen, Dorthe Refund (2004). "Inventing L. Ron Hubbard". In James R. Lewis (scholar). Controversial New Religions. Oxford University Press. p. 247. ISBN 0-19-515683-8.
  3. ↑ Young, Robert Vaughn (November–December 1993). "Scientology from inside out". Quill magazine. 81 (9).
  4. 1 2 Behar, Richard (May 6, 1991). "The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zellner, William W.; Richard T. Schaefer (2007). "David Miscavige". In William W. Zellner. Extraordinary Groups: An Examination of Unconventional Lifestyles (8th ed.). Worth Publishers. pp. 285–286. ISBN 0-7167-7034-2.
  6. ↑ "Ex-members spar with Scientology over beating allegations". CNN. March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
  7. 1 2 Joe Childs, Thomas C. Tobin (June 23, 2009). "A letter from David Miscavige". St Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
  8. 1 2 3 Hoffman, Claire (December 18, 2005). "Tom Cruise and Scientology". Los Angeles Times. www.latimes.com. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
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  10. ↑ Joe Childs, Thomas C. Tobin (June 23, 2009). "Inside Scientology: A Times Investigation". St Petersburg Times. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  11. 1 2 Nark, J. (January 3, 2012). "From here to Scientology: Worldwide leader David Miscavige's Philly-area roots". McClatchy - Tribune Business News. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thomas C. Tobin (October 25, 1998). "The man behind Scientology, part 2". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved August 27, 2007.
  13. ↑ Nark, Jason. "From here to Scientology: Worldwide leader David Miscavige's Philly-area roots", The Philadelphia Inquirer, January 3, 2012. Accessed April 9, 2013. "Miscavige's middle-class Catholic upbringing in Willingboro, N.J., abruptly changed four decades ago when his childhood asthma led the family to another utopian vision - that of L. Ron Hubbard."
  14. ↑ Nark, Jason. "From here to Scientology: Worldwide leader David Miscavige's Philly-area roots". Retrieved 2015-11-23.
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  19. 1 2 3 Lamont, Stewart (1986). Religion Inc.: The Church of Scientology. London: Harrap. p. 95. ISBN 0-245-54334-1.
  20. ↑ Atack, Jon (1990). A Piece of Blue Sky. New York, NY: Carol Publishing Group. pp. 266–7. ISBN 0-8184-0499-X.
  21. 1 2 Miller, Russell (1987). Bare-faced Messiah, The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard (First American ed.). New York: Henry Holt & Co. pp. 305–306, 369. ISBN 0-8050-0654-0.
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  23. ↑ "Mystery of the Vanished Ruler". Time. January 31, 1983. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
  24. 1 2 3 Nordhausen, Frank; von Billerbeck, Liane (2008), Scientology. Wie der Sektenkonzern die Welt erobern will (in German), Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, pp. 278, 288, 302, ISBN 978-3-86153-470-9
  25. ↑ Abgrall, Jean-Marie (1999). Soul Snatchers: The Mechanics of Cults. Algora Publishing. p. 294. ISBN 978-1-892941-04-6.
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  27. 1 2 Atack, Jon (1990). "Chapter Four—The Young Rulers". A Piece of Blue Sky. Lyle Stuart. pp. 362, 448. ISBN 0-8184-0499-X.
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  29. ↑ Reitman, Janet. Inside Scientology.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Frantz, Douglas (March 9, 1997). "Scientology's Puzzling Journey From Tax Rebel to Tax Exempt". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
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  32. 1 2 Reitman, Janet (March 9, 2006). "Inside Scientology". Rolling Stone (995): 57. Retrieved October 12, 2010.
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  39. ↑ Payne, Will (December 20, 2013). "Squirrel Busters, sex toys sent to work and secret cameras trained on their home: Paranoid ex-Scientology leader and wife claim their lives are a living hell". Daily Mail UK. London. Retrieved January 30, 2014. At the same time that Rathbun has been waging his hate campaign, the Church is currently experiencing its greatest period of expansion ever with the opening of 38 new ideal Churches of Scientology in major metropolitan areas and cultural centers internationally and the opening last month of our new spiritual headquarters in Florida.
  40. ↑ Payne, Will (January 20, 2014). "The Church of Scientology Responds to "The Tip of the Spear"". Los Angeles Magazine. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2014. More than 30 new Ideal Churches opening in major cities throughout the United States and around the world. This year those new Churches opened in Hamburg, Germany; Florence, Kentucky; Sacramento, Orange County, San Jose and Los Gatos, California; Phoenix, Arizona; Denver, Colorado; Buffalo, New York; Padova, Italy; and our first in the Middle East, in Tel Aviv, Israel.
  41. ↑ "'Church' that yearns for respectability". The Times. London. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
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  46. ↑ FOX. "Georgia's first ideal Scientology Church Opens - Story | WAGA". Fox5atlanta.com. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
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  49. ↑ Boyle, Louise (August 28, 2013). "Scientology heads to Harlem: Religious group puts down roots in new areas to". Daily Mail UK. London. Retrieved January 30, 2014. Centers are planned for Cape Town, Durban and Harare in South Africa, Toronto and Montreal in Canada; Bogotá in Colombia; Caracas in Venezuela, Copenhagen in Denmark; Sydney, Australia; Kaohsiung, Taiwan and Manchester, England - among many other large cities.
  50. ↑ "Scientology Expands Its Presence in Washington | Local News". Washingtonian. September 14, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
  51. ↑ Zeller, Shawn (September 24, 2012). "Solons Salute Scientologists". CQ Weekly.
  52. 1 2 Coleman, Ashley (November 15, 2013). "New 377,000-square-foot Scientology building has entire floor where members can get 'super powers'". Daily Mail UK. London. Retrieved January 30, 2014. The $145million Flag Building is a massive seven-story, 377,000-square-foot complex and the tallest building in Clearwater, which is the 'spiritual headquarters' of the 59-year-old religion.
  53. ↑ Stacy, Mitch (September 23, 2007). "Fla. town comes to terms with status as Scientology mecca". Usatoday.Com. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  54. ↑ Eric Goldschein (January 12, 2012). "The Scientology Building Where Members Will Receive 'Infinite Power' Is Finally About To Open - Business Insider". Articles.businessinsider.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  55. ↑ Farley, Robert (June 6, 2006). "Scientology nearly ready to unveil Super Power". St. Petersburg Times.
  56. ↑ "Cornerstone Newsletter", Church of Scientology Religious Trust, undated but published 2007
  57. ↑ Brassfield, Mike (March 21, 2009). "Scientology church gives Clearwater's Fort Harrison Hotel a $40M makeover - Tampa Bay Times". Tampabay.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
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