Danubian Limes

The Danubian Limes (German: Donaulimes), or Danube Limes, refers to the Roman military frontier or Limes which lies along the River Danube in the present-day German state of Bavaria, in Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania.

The Danube was not always or everywhere used by the Romans as the military frontier which was moved north or south in some locations according to military conquests, but it was maintained in many places as a fairly permanent defensive structure for long periods.

Unlike the Neckar-Odenwald Limes in Germany the border ramparts were reinforced with numerous watchtowers, legion camps (castra) and forts (castella), due to the boggy and dendritic nature of the river banks. The camps were built in the mid-1st century. Later, under Trajan, the camps, which had originally only been surrounded by earthen embankments, were also enclosed by stone walls.

A Roman road, the Danube Way (Latin: Via Istrum) was laid along the Limes, which linked the stations, camps and forts as far as the Danube delta.[1]

Subdivisions

Because of the sheer length of this border, the Danubian Limes is often divided into the following subdivisions:

Germany and Austria

The Salz Tower (Salzturm) in Tulln, Lower Austria, the former western horseshoe tower (Hufeisenturm) at Comagena

The oldest Roman camp in Austria was Carnuntum. Fourteen kilometres away to the west an auxiliary fort (Hilfskastelle) was built near Schlögen (today in the municipality of Haibach ob der Donau) in Upper Austria. At that time, the limes ran from Vienna to Linz roughly following the present-day Wiener Straße (B 1).

Because the Danube did not always provide adequate protection, bridgeheads were built on its northern banks against the Marcomanni, such as the one in Stillfried or at the Oberleiser Berg. However, these were cleared again under Marcus Aurelius' son, Commodus, and a seven-kilometre-wide 'death strip' was laid along the Danube.

The increasing number of fortifications that were falling into decay were renovated again under Emperor Valentinian I (364–375) and upgraded to the conform to the latest military tactics. Walls were thickened, and defensive ditches renewed. In addition, towers were built along the walls, such as a watchtower discovered near Oberranna in 1960. These fortifications lasted only another hundred years before the fall of the Roman Empire. In 488 the land of present-day Austria was cleared. The Roman fortifications along the lower courses of the Danube were overhauled once again, especially under Anastasios I and Justinian I They finally served during Maurice's Balkan campaigns his successor, Phocas, as a basis for larger military operations and some were maintained in the province of Moesia Secunda until the invasion of the Bulgars in 679.

A few defensive towers survive: in Bacharnsdorf in Lower Austria, in Mautern (Favianis) and in Traismauer (Augustiana). In Tulln and Zeiselmauer, too, there are surviving remnants. In the Kürnberg Forest near Linz there are remains of a watchtower from the Roman period.

Legion camps were established in:[2]

Camps (castrae) and forts (castella) in Austria from west to east:[2]

Lower Danube

The Roman provinces along the Danube
The Lower Danubian Limes and the northern Balkans in the 6th century. Depicted are the provinces, major settlements and military roads

On the Lower Danube, between the present-day Bulgaria and Romania, the Lower Danubian Road was built under Emperor Tiberius in the 1st century AD on the Bulgarian side of the river.

Roman camps, smaller garrisons and watchtowers were built on both sides of the Danube. Civilian settlements, predominantly for veterans and former legionaries were also built. The following Roman garrisons were the first to be established during the 1st century on the Lower Danube:


See also

References

  1. ↑ The widespread name for the lower courses of the Danube river in Roman times was the Ister.
  2. 1 2 The Roman Limes in Austria retrieved 25 May 2009

Literature

  • Ralph F. Hoddinott: Bulgaria in Antiquity. An archeological introduction. Ernest Benn Ltd., London, 1975, ISBN 0-510-03281-8, pp. 111–142.
  • Kurt Genser: Der Donaulimes in Österreich (= Schriften des Limesmuseums Aalen. Vol. 44). Württembergisches Landesmuseum, Stuttgart, 1990.
  • Gerda von Bülow et al. (eds.): Der Limes an der unteren Donau von Diokletian bis Heraklios. Vorträge der Internationalen Konferenz Svištov, Bulgarien (1–5 September 1998). Verlag NOUS, Sofia, 1999, ISBN 954-90387-2-6.
  • Susanne Biegert (ed.): Von Augustus bis Attila. Leben am ungarischen Donaulimes (= Schriften des Limesmuseums Aalen. Vol. 53). Theiss, Stuttgart, 2000, ISBN 3-8062-1541-3.
  • Herwig Friesinger et al. (eds.): Der römische Limes in Österreich. Führer zu den archäologischen Denkmälern. 2nd, revised edition. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, 2002, ISBN 3-7001-2618-2.
  • Sonja Jilek: Grenzen des Römischen Reiches: Der Donaulimes, eine römische Flussgrenze. Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warsaw, 2009, ISBN 978-83-928330-7-9.
  • Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic (publ.): Danube Limes in Slovakia. Ancient Roman Monuments on the Middle Danube. Printed Final Document to nominate the Slovakian Limes as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Bratislava, 2011, retrieved 4 May 2013 (pdf; 5.8 MB).
  • Zsolt Máté u. a.: Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH). Nomination statement Vol. 1. National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest, 2011, ISBN 978-963-7474-31-6, retrieved 4 May 2013 (pdf; 3.1 MB).
  • Zsolt Máté u. a.: Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH). Nomination statement Vol. 2. Maps and plans, showing the boundaries of the nominated property and the buffer zone. National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest, 2011, retrieved 4 May 2013 (pdf; 119 MB).
  • Zsolt Visy: The Danube Limes Project Archaeological Research Between 2008–2011. University of Pécs, Department of Archaeology, Pécs, 2011, ISBN 978-963-642-447-3, retrieved 4 May 2013 (pdf; 24 MB).
  • Beitrag im ORF
  • Information pages on the Danubian Limes (German, English)
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