Daniel in the lions' den

Daniel in the lions' den
Daniel's age
Daniel's Answer to the King
Briton Rivière, 1890
Although Peter Paul Rubens' depiction shows Daniel as a young man,[1] Daniel would have been over eighty years old at the time of this incident.[2]

The story of Daniel in the lions' den (chapter 6 in the Book of Daniel) tells how Daniel is raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede, but jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree which condemns Daniel to death. Hoping for Daniel's deliverance, but unable to save him, the king has him cast into the pit of lions. At daybreak he hurries back, asking if God had saved his friend. Daniel replies that God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions, "because I was found blameless before him." The king has those who had conspired against Daniel, and their wives and children, thrown to the lions in his place, and commands to all the people of the whole world to "tremble and fear before the God of Daniel".[3]

Modern scholarship agrees that Daniel is a legendary figure.[4] The book of which he is the hero comprises two parts, a set of tales in chapters 1–6, and the series of visions in chapters 7–12:[5] the tales are no earlier than the Hellenistic period, and the visions date from the Maccabean era (the mid-2nd century BC).[4] The stories were probably originally independent, but were collected in the mid-2nd century by the author of chapter 7 and expanded again shortly afterwards with the visions in chapters 8-12 to produce the modern book.[6]

Chapter 6, the story of Daniel in the lions' den, parallels chapter 3, the story of the "fiery furnace": each begins with the jealousy of non-Jews towards successful Jews and an imperial edict requiring the Jews to compromise their religion, and concludes with divine deliverance and a king who confesses the greatness of the God of the Jews and issues an edict of royal protection.[7]

Summary

Daniel is raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede. Daniel's jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree that for thirty days no prayers should be addressed to any god or man but Darius himself; any who break this are to be thrown to the lions. Daniel continues to pray to the God of Israel, and the king, although deeply distressed, must condemn Daniel to death, for the edicts of the Medes and Persians cannot be altered. Hoping for Daniel's deliverance, he has him cast into the pit. At daybreak the king hurries to the place and cries out anxiously, asking if God had saved his friend. Daniel replies that his God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions, "because I was found blameless before him." The king commands that those who had conspired against Daniel should be thrown to the lions in his place, along with their wives and children, and writes to all the people of the whole world commanding that all should tremble and fear before the God of Daniel.[3]

Composition and structure

It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Babylonian diaspora, the Jewish community living in Babylon and Mesopotamia in the Persian and Hellenistic periods (5th to 2nd centuries BC).[8] Chapters 4–6, which includes the tale of Daniel in the lions' den, may belong to the earliest stage, as these differ quite markedly in the oldest texts.[9] Although the entire book is traditionally ascribed to Daniel the seer, the tales of chapters 1-6, including the story of the lion's den, are the voice of an anonymous narrator (except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar).[10] It is possible that the name of Daniel was chosen for the hero because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition.[11]

Chapters 2-7 are in Aramaic, and are in the clear form of a chiasm (a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side):[12]

  • A. (2:4b-49) – A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth
    • B. (3:1–30) – Daniel's three friends in the fiery furnace
      • C. (4:1–37) – Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar
      • C'. (5:1–31) – Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar
    • B'. (6:1–28) – Daniel in the lions' den
  • A'. (7:1–28) – A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifth

The story of Daniel in the lions' den in chapter 6 is paired with the story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego and the "fiery furnace" in Daniel 3. The parallels include the jealousy of non-Jews, an imperial edict requiring Jews to compromise their religion on pain of death, and divine deliverance. Each story climaxes with the king confessing the greatness of the God of the Jews and issuing an edict of royal protection. In each case life is preserved through divine presence in the fire or the pit.[7]

The structure of Daniel 6 itself is also in the form of a chiasm:[13]

A. Introduction: Daniel’s success (vv.1-3)
B. Darius’s edict and Daniel’s response (vv.4-10)
C. Daniel’s opponents plot his death (vv.11-15)
D. Darius hopes for Daniel’s deliverance (vv.16-18)
D'. Darius witnesses Daniel’s deliverance (vv.19-23)
C'. Daniel’s opponents sentenced to death (v.24)
B'. Darius’s edict and doxology (v.25-27)
A'. Conclusion: Daniel’s success (v.28)

Rabbinic literature

Daniel in the lions' den saved by Habakkuk, as described in rabbinic literature (France, 15th century).

According to Josippon, "the beasts in the den received Daniel as faithful dogs might receive their returning master, wagging their tails and licking him." The Midrash Tehillim says that "the mouth of the den was closed with a huge stone, which had rolled of itself from Palestine to Babylon for that purpose" and that "upon this stone sat an angel in the shape of a lion, so that Daniel's enemies might not harass him."[14]

Artistic representations

In visual arts

Although Daniel is sometimes depicted as a young man in illustrations of the incident, James Montgomery Boice points out that he would have been over eighty years old at the time.[15]

Painters who have depicted this incident include:

In music

  • The 1929 gospel blues song "I've Got the Key to the Kingdom" by Washington Phillips retells the story
  • The 1964 Broadway Musical Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick includes a song called "Miracle of Miracles", in which Motel, the tailor, sings "Wonder of wonders; miracle of miracles; God took a Daniel once again, turned him around and, miracle of miracles, walked him through the lion's den."
  • The front sleeve of the 1981 album by The Sound (band) From the Lions Mouth is the painting “Daniel in the Lion’s Den” by Briton Riviere
  • The 1982 song "Daniel" by Raffi on his Rise and Shine album
  • The 1982 song "Lion's Den" by Bruce Springsteen, first released on the 1998 album Tracks, alludes to the story
  • The 2011 song "Us Against The World" by Coldplay includes the line 'My drunken hazard Daniel in a lion's den', as a reference to being in a bad place.
  • The 2013 album Bad Blood by Bastille includes a track called "Daniel in the Den"
  • The 2016 album Arts & Leisure by Walter Martin (formerly of The Walkmen) includes a track called "Daniel in the Lion's Den"[16]
  • The 2017 album Fear Not Fantasy by Joe Ransom (an unknown songwriter of Australia, residing in Honduras) will include a track called "Science Teacher" which begins with a reference to Daniel in the Lions' Den
  • Paul White's 'Accelerator' EP features a track called Lion's Den. In the chorus featuring rapper Danny Brown references "Daniel in the lion's den".

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Daniel in the Lions' Den". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  2. ↑ Boice.
  3. 1 2 Seow 2003, p. 85-86.
  4. 1 2 Collins 1984, p. 28.
  5. ↑ Collins 2002, p. 2.
  6. ↑ Seow 2003, p. 7-8.
  7. 1 2 Seow 2003, p. 86-88.
  8. ↑ Collins 1984, p. 29,34-35.
  9. ↑ Redditt 2008, p. 176-177.
  10. ↑ Wesselius 2002, p. 295.
  11. ↑ Redditt 2008, p. 180.
  12. ↑ Redditt 2009, p. 177.
  13. ↑ Goldingay 1989, p. 124.
  14. ↑ Daniel, Jewish Encyclopedia.
  15. ↑ Boice 2006, p. 68.
  16. ↑ "Us Against the World - Coldplay". Retrieved 2018-01-07.

Bibliography

  • Boice, James Montgomery (2006). Daniel: An Expositional Commentary. Baker Books. ISBN 9780801066412.
  • Collins, John J. (1984). Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802800206.
  • Collins, John J. (2002). "Current Issues in the Study of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL. ISBN 9004116753.
  • Goldingay, John E. (1989). Daniel. Word Books.
  • Redditt, Paul L. (2009). Introduction to the Prophets. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802828965.
  • Redditt, Paul L. (1999). Daniel: based on the New Revised Standard Version. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84127-009-8.
  • Seow, C.L. (2003). Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256753.
  • Wesselius, Jan-Wim (2002). "The Writing of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL. ISBN 0391041282.
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