List of Formula One constructors
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The following is a list of Formula One constructors. In Formula One motor racing, constructors are people or corporate entities which design key parts of Formula One cars that have competed or are intended to compete in the FIA World Championship. Since 1981, it has been a requirement that each competitor must have the exclusive rights to the use of certain key parts of their car - in 2018, these parts were the survival cell, the front impact structure, the roll structures and bodywork.[1] However, one key part that is not covered under this requirement is the power unit.
Terminology: constructors vs. teams
In Formula One racing the terms "constructor" and "entrant" have specific and differing meanings. An entrant is the person or corporate entity that registers a car and driver for a race, and is then responsible for preparing and maintaining that car during the race weekend. As a result of this preparation role and active involvement in the running of the race, the term "team" has become commonly applied to an entrant organisation.
Constructors
Under Article 6.3 of the FIA Sporting Regulations, "A constructor is the person (including any corporate or unincorporated body) which designs the Listed Parts set out in Appendix 6".[1] These "listed parts" include the survival cell, the front impact structure, the roll structures and bodywork.
Under article 6.2 of the FIA sporting regulations, "The title of Formula One World Champion Constructor will be awarded to the competitor which has scored the highest number of points".[1] Up until the 1979 season, most seasons saw only the highest-scoring driver in each race for each constructor contributing points towards the World Constructors' Championship, but the current rules state that points from both cars entered by each constructor will count towards their championship total.
Constructors may choose to build their own engines, but this is not a requirement and many choose to run an engine made by a fellow constructor, or by a company that isn't currently a constructor in Formula 1 - for more information on power units and engines, see Formula One engines.
Teams
Since the 1981 season the FIA have required that Formula One entrants own the intellectual rights to the chassis that they enter, and so the terms "entrant" and "constructor", and hence also "team", have become synonymous.
Before this time, constructors were free to sell their chassis to as many other teams as they liked. Brabham and Lotus chassis were used extensively by other teams during the 1960s and 1970s and several quite competitive teams never built their own chassis. Rob Walker Racing Team was the most successful example, being responsible for the first victories in Formula One for both Cooper and Lotus. The concept of a "works" or "factory" team (i.e. the official team of the company producing the cars, as opposed to a customer team which buys them off the shelf) therefore applied to chassis in the same way as it does in rallying and sports car racing.
There have been some recent exceptions where a specialist company, not itself entered in the championship, has been commissioned to design and build a chassis for a team; Lola built cars for Larrousse and Scuderia Italia in the late 1980s and early 1990s, for example. Larousse had their points from the 1990 season erased after the FIA decided that they had falsely nominated themselves and not Lola as the chassis constructor. In 1978, the new Arrows team which had been established by former Shadow personnel was sued by Shadow on the grounds that the Arrows FA/1 car was a copy of Shadow's DN9 – a view upheld by the UK High Court, which placed a ban on Arrows racing the FA/1.
There have been more recent cases with Ligier (1995), Sauber (2004), Scuderia Toro Rosso (2006 & 2007) and Super Aguri (2007 & 2008) where teams have been accused of using a chassis produced by another constructor (respectively Benetton, Ferrari, Red Bull Racing and Honda). No action was taken against any of these teams, the sporting authorities being satisfied in each case that the team owned the intellectual property to the chassis they raced.
From the middle of the 1973 season until the end of the 2013 season, each team had permanent racing numbers from race to race throughout the season. (Since 2014, racing numbers have been assigned to drivers instead of teams). Since the 1985 season the FIA have required that teams enter no more than two cars for a race.[2]
Team's nationality
Unlike drivers who are required to compete in the FIA Formula One World Championship under the nationality of their passport, the FIA's International Sporting Code states that teams competing in the FIA Formula One World Championship shall compete under the nationality of their parent National Automobile Club that issued their FIA racing licence.[3] On the basis of this regulation, despite the fact that most current teams are based in the UK, this country is officially represented in Formula One only by teams holding a racing licence issued by the British National Sporting Authority. Teams take the nationality of their parent National Automobile Club that issued their licence for the period of validity of that licence and the change of the nationality is allowed. Several teams changed their nationality during their competition in Formula One (e.g. Shadow in 1976 from American to British, Benetton in 1996 from British to Italian, Red Bull in 2007 from British to Austrian, Renault in 2011 from French to British). Benetton is the only team to have achieved victories while racing under two different nationalities. Between 1950 and 1968 team's nationality determined the colour of a car entered by the team, e.g. Italian teams entered cars painted in red colour, British teams (with several exceptions, such as Rob Walker, Brabham and McLaren) cars painted in green colour and French teams cars painted in blue colour.
Relating to the team's nationality because of teams' bases in Britain several mistakes occurred on official entry lists issued by or podium ceremonies organized by the FIA or race organisers, e.g. Wolf[4][5] holding the Canadian nationality and Shadow (in 1973)[6] and Penske[7][8] holding the American nationality all identified as the British by official entry lists, or the British national anthem played on the podium in honour of the winning Jordan and Red Bull (in 2009) holding the Irish and Austrian nationality respectively.[9][10]
2018 constructors' statistics
- Correct as of the 2018 Japanese Grand Prix
Key: Races Entered = Number of individual races entered; Races Started = Number of individual races started; Drivers = Number of drivers; Total Entries = Total number of race entries; Wins = Number of races won; Points = Number of World Constructors' Championship points scored; Poles = Number of pole positions; FL = Number of fastest laps; Podiums = Number of podium finishes; WCC = World Constructors' Championships won; WDC = World Drivers' Championships won.
Former constructors' statistics
Key: Races Entered = Number of individual races entered; Races Started = Number of individual races started; Drivers = Number of drivers; Total Entries = Total number of race entries; Wins = Number of races won; Points = Number of Constructors' Championship points scored; Poles = Number of pole positions; FL = Number of fastest laps; Podiums. = Number of podium finishes; WCC = Constructors' Championships won; WDC = Drivers' Championships won.
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Note: Until 1965 every constructor was licensed in the country where it was really based. In 1965 Japanese constructor Honda moved their team from Tokyo to Amsterdam, Netherlands, followed in 1966 by American constructor Eagle which was based in Rye, East Sussex, UK.[20] Since the early 2000s most constructors have been based in England, but licensed in another country.
Indianapolis 500 only
Constructors whose only World Championship participation was in the Indianapolis 500 from 1950 to 1960. All were American-based.
Privateer teams
The following are teams which never built their own chassis, and thus were not "constructors":
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Privateer teams by number of wins
| Privateer team | Number of wins | First win | Last win | Constructor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
10 | 1968 Dutch Grand Prix | 1970 Spanish Grand Prix |  |
|
9 | 1958 Argentine Grand Prix | 1968 British Grand Prix | |
 |
1 | 1961 French Grand Prix*** | 1961 French Grand Prix | |
* All constructor's wins
** First win for the constructor
*** Team's only championship race
See also
Notes
- ↑ Between 1954–1955.
- ↑ A rebadged Renault engine.
- ↑ Red Bull had a British license in 2005 and 2006.
- ↑ Renault had a British license in 2011.
- ↑ Between 1977–1985.
- ↑ In 1949 and 1950, AFM participated in the German Formula 2 championship.
- ↑ Points awarded from seasons 1979–1985.
- ↑ The first Constructors' World Championship was not held until 1958.
- ↑ From 1950 to 1957, Alta was also an engine manufacturer for teams HWM, Cooper and Connaught.
- ↑ Arrows were known as Footwork from 1991 to 1996.
- ↑ In 1964 and 1967, ATS was an engine manufacturer for teams Derrington-Francis and Cooper, racing at the 1964 Italian and 1967 British Grands Prix with Mário de Araújo Cabral and Silvio Moser.
- ↑ BAR formerly Tyrrell; subsequently became Honda, then Brawn, then Mercedes.
- ↑ Benetton formerly Toleman; subsequently became Renault, then Lotus F1.
- ↑ From 1986 to 1995 Benetton had a British license; from 1996 to 2001, an Italian one.
- ↑ Coloni subsequently became Andrea Moda.
- ↑ Points not awarded prior to 1958.
- ↑ Force India formerly Jordan, Midland and Spyker; subsequently became Racing Point Force India.
- ↑ Frank Williams Racing Cars includes Politoys (1972), Iso-Marlboro (1973–1974) and Wolf-Williams (1976) cars. Prior to 1972 FWRC ran customer chassis. Subsequently became Wolf. Williams Grand Prix Engineering was a new constructor established by Frank Williams and Patrick Head after Williams left Wolf-Williams.
- ↑ Jaguar formerly Stewart Grand Prix. Subsequently became Red Bull Racing.
- ↑ Jordan subsequently became Midland F1 Racing, then Spyker, then Force India.
- ↑ Leyton House formerly March Engineering.
- ↑ Ligier subsequently became Prost Grand Prix.
- ↑ Lola includes Larrousse (1990) and Mastercard Lola (1997) entries.
- ↑ March subsequently became Leyton House Racing, later reappearing as March for one final season.
- ↑ Marussia formerly Virgin Racing, subsequently became Manor Racing.
- ↑ Midland formerly Jordan Grand Prix; subsequently became Spyker F1, then Force India.
- ↑ Minardi subsequently became Scuderia Toro Rosso.
- ↑ Osella subsequently became Fondmetal.
- ↑ Prost formerly Ligier.
- ↑ From 1973 to 1975 Shadow had an American license; from 1976 to 1980, a British one.
- ↑ Spyker formerly Jordan Grand Prix and Midland F1 Racing; subsequently became Force India.
- ↑ Stewart subsequently became Jaguar Racing.
- ↑ Toleman subsequently became Benetton Formula.
- ↑ Tyrrell subsequently became British American Racing.
- ↑ Virgin subsequently became Marussia F1, then Manor Racing.
- ↑ Wolf formerly Frank Williams Racing Cars.
- ↑ In 1952 and 1953 Scuderia Platé built their own engines for the Maserati-Platé 4CLT.
References
- 1 2 3 "Formula One - Sporting Regulations - 2018".
- ↑ Renault became the last team to have entered three cars for a race at the 1985 German Grand Prix, but only two of their cars were eligible for championship points.
- ↑ FIA international sporting regulations para 112
- ↑ "1978 United States Grand Prix Entry list".
- ↑ "1979 United States Grand Prix Entry list".
- ↑ "1973 Austrian Grand Prix Entry list".
- ↑ "1975 Belgian Grand Prix Entry list".
- ↑ "1975 United States Grand Prix Entry list".
- ↑ "1998 Belgian Grand Prix podium ceremony".
- ↑ "2009 Chinese Grand Prix podium ceremony".
- ↑ "Benetton to race under Italian colours". New Straits Times. 29 November 1995. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
- ↑ "Saga of Audacity: Eagle F1 - Dan Gurney's All American Racers". All American Racers. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ↑ "itv.com/f1 - The day EJ beat them all". ITV F1. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ↑ "1974 United States Grand Prix Entry list". Racing Sports Cars. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ↑ "1973 United States Grand Prix Entry list". Racing Sports Cars. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ↑ "1978 United States Grand Prix Entry list". Racing Sports Cars. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
- ↑ "F1 Marussia Virgin Racing team to compete under Russian flag". RIA Novosti. 3 February 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
- ↑ "The story of Formula 1's first winning Wolf". 12 Dec 2015. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
- ↑ "Canada's first Formula 1 team has wealthy backer, Scheckter". The Montreal Gazette. 10 November 1976. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
- ↑ "Case History". Corktree.tripod.com. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
All statistics and other data drawn from:
- "ChicaneF1.com". Retrieved 11 April 2008.
- "StatsF1.com". Retrieved 11 April 2008.
- "All Formula One Info". Retrieved 11 April 2008.