Continental Airlines Flight 1713

Continental Airlines Flight 1713
A Continental Airlines Douglas DC-9-14, similar to the one involved in the accident
Accident
Date November 15, 1987
Summary Loss of control due to atmospheric icing and pilot error[1]
Site Stapleton Int'l Airport, Denver, United States
Aircraft
Aircraft type Douglas DC-9-14
Operator Continental Airlines
Registration N626TX
Flight origin Denver–Stapleton Int'l Airport (DEN/KDEN)
Destination Boise Airport
Passengers 77
Crew 5
Fatalities 28 (25 passengers, 3 crew)
Injuries 28
Survivors 54

Continental Airlines Flight 1713 was a commercial airline flight that crashed while taking off in a snowstorm from Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado on November 15, 1987. The Douglas DC-9 was operated by Continental Airlines and was a scheduled flight to Boise, Idaho. Twenty-five passengers and three crew members died in the crash.[1]:20

Background information

Aircraft

Flight 1713 was operated using a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14, a twin-engine, narrow-body jet airliner (registration number N626TX).[1]:7 The aircraft was equipped with two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-7B engines.[1]:7 It was originally delivered to Air Canada in 1966, and sold to Continental in 1982.[1]:7 The airplane had accumulated 52,400 flight hours at the time of the accident.[1]:7

Weather

At the time of the accident, the National Weather Service was reporting moderate wet snow at Stapleton International Airport.[1]:8 The heaviest snowfall rate occurred between 13:10 and 14:20 MST, with peak snowfall rate occurring around 13:50.[1]:8

Accident

Continental Airlines Flight 1713 was scheduled to depart Denver at 12:25, but many flights out of Denver that day were delayed by inclement weather.[2] At 13:03, Flight 1713 taxied from its gate to the de-icing pad; air traffic controllers were not aware that Flight 1713 had departed the gate because the flight crew did so without requesting taxi clearance.[1]:3 De-icing was completed at 13:46.[1]:1–2 At 13:51, Flight 1713 contacted the clearance delivery controller for permission to "taxi from the ice pad." The clearance delivery controller, believing that Flight 1713 was still at the gate and requesting to proceed to deicing, instructed the flight to switch to ground controller frequency.[1]:2 Ground controllers then cleared Flight 1713 to taxi to the de-icing pad.[1]:2 Flight 1713, having previously taxied to the de-ice pad of their own accord, chose to interpret this new clearance to mean they could now taxi from the de-ice pad to hold at the end of runway 35L and await takeoff clearance.[1]:2 At 14:05, Flight 1713 was lined up on the number one position at the north end of the runway, and the crew was ready for take off.[1]:3 Not kept properly informed of Flight 1713’s position, the air traffic controllers tried repeatedly to have a different plane takeoff, leaving Flight 1713 standing in the falling snow for several minutes. Flight 1713 then notified air traffic controllers that they were holding at the start of the runway and awaiting takeoff instructions.[1]:3

Flight 1713 was cleared for takeoff at 14:14.[1]:3 As the plane was taking off, the pilot in control over-rotated; the aircraft descended and the left wing struck the ground, causing the wing to separate. A fuel-fed flash fire ignited in the left wing shortly after it struck the ground, causing a "fireball" inside the cabin.[1]:3 The left side of the plane and cockpit struck the ground next and the plane continued rolling, inverted. As the plane skidded, the left side was tilted over and the tail was inverted; this action caused the middle part of the plane to compress and crush many of the passengers on board.[1]:20[3]

A total of 25 passengers and 3 crew members died in the crash. The captain and first officer, one flight attendant, and 11 passengers died from blunt trauma.[1]:20 In addition, 5 passengers died of head injuries secondary to blunt trauma, and 9 passengers died of asphyxia.[1]:20 The remaining 52 passengers and 2 flight attendants survived.[1]:20 Of the surviving passengers, 25 received minor injuries and 27 received serious injuries.[1]:4 Fitzsimmons Army Medical Facility sent its personnel to assist in the triage of passengers.

Investigation

The seating chart of Continental Airlines Flight 1713, provided by the NTSB.
The chart illustrates locations of passengers, lack of injuries, severities of injuries, and causes of deaths, all where applicable.

The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the accident.[4][5]

In July 1988, Continental Airlines filed a report with the NTSB positing the causes of the crash as wake turbulence, poor snow plowing on the runway and errors by air traffic controllers.[6] However, the NTSB investigated the wake-turbulence theory and concluded that wake turbulence from the preceding flight would not have affected Flight 1713.[1]:44

During the investigation, it was revealed that the captain, Frank B. Zvonek Jr., had no more than 166 hours of experience in this particular type of aircraft, and that the first officer, Lee Edward Bruecher, had only 36 hours.[7] Investigators also discovered that prior to being hired by Continental, Bruecher had been dismissed by another airline after failing on three occasions to pass a flight exam.[8][9] Investigators likewise determined that first officer Bruecher was at the controls at the time of the accident.[9]

Investigators determined that 27 minutes elapsed between the conclusion of de-icing and Flight 1713's attempt to take off, seven minutes longer than should have been allowed to elapse before takeoff. The NTSB concluded that the wing surface became contaminated by a build-up of ice on the wings of Flight 1713 prior to departure, based on reports from surviving passengers that they had seen "patches" of ice on the wing after deicing was complete.[1]:33 Investigators also concluded that enough wet snow landed on Flight 1713 after deicing was complete to melt and dilute the deicing fluid, which allowed ice to reform on the wings.[1]:33 According to the aircraft's manufacturer, even a modest amount of ice contamination on the upper wing could impair the lifting performance of the wings and lead to loss of roll and pitch control.[1]:33–34 Based on this, the NTSB concluded that a small amount of ice on the wings had caused Flight 1713 to have significant controllability problems.[1]:35

The NTSB also determined that the first officer's poor performance during takeoff had likely contributed to his loss of control of the airplane.[1]:36 The first officer rotated the airplane at more than 6 degrees per second, or twice the recommended rate.[1]:36 Combined with the effects of ice on the wing, the high climb rate caused the plane's left wing to stall and the plane to begin rolling over.[1]:36 Flight 1713 was Bruecher's first flight after a 24-day absence from flight duties, and the NTSB concluded that this prolonged absence had eroded the newly hired first officer's retention of his recent training, which contributed to his poor takeoff performance.[1]:37

On September 27, 1988, the NTSB published a final report on its investigation into the crash, attributing the accident to the captain's failure to have the plane de-iced a second time, the first officer's poor takeoff performance, confusion between the pilots and air traffic controllers which contributed to delays, compounded by a cockpit crew where both pilots were relatively inexperienced on the aircraft type.[1]:ii Specifically, the NTSB concluded:

The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the captain's failure to have the airplane deiced a second time after a delay before takeoff that led to upper wing surface contamination and a loss of control during rapid takeoff rotation by the first officer. Contributing to the accident were the absence of regulatory or management controls governing operations by newly qualified flight crew members and the confusion that existed between the flightcrew members and air traffic controllers that led to the delay in departure.[1]:44

Aftermath

After the crash, Continental Airlines reiterated its procedures for handling deicing and developed a computerized assignment program that would keep pilots with less than 100 hours flying time in type from being assigned to the same flight.[7]

Nine months after the crash of Flight 1713, Delta Air Lines Flight 1141 crashed in Dallas. When the NTSB released its report on Flight 1713, it specifically mentioned the fact that "almost 3 minutes of nonpertinent social conversation" had occurred before take-off.[1]:39 When the NTSB later issued its report on Delta 1141, it found that the Delta crew had also engaged in nonpertinent conversation, including a discussion of the cockpit voice recorder from the crash of Continental 1713.[10] The report on Delta 1141 concluded, amongst other causes, that the Dallas crash was caused by that crews’ nonpertinent conversation contributing to their failure to extend that aircraft's flaps and slats to proper take-off configuration.[11]:72–74, 93

See also

Continental Airlines Flight 1713 was mentioned in the film Rain Man.[12]

The crash was the subject of episode 10, season 18 of Mayday, "Dead of Winter".

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 "Continental Airlines, Inc., Flight 1713, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14, N626TX, Stapleton International Airport, Denver, Colorado, November 15, 1987" (PDF). September 27, 1988. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
  2. ↑ Knudson, Thomas J. (November 16, 1987). "Plane Crashes in Snow at Denver; 26 of the 82 Aboard Are Killed". New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2007.
  3. ↑ Associated Press (November 27, 1987). "Rear Passengers Survived Air Crash". New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  4. ↑ Associated Press (March 9, 1988). "Inquiry Into Denver Jet Crash Looks at Possible Ice Buildup". New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  5. ↑ Associated Press (March 10, 1988). "Rescue Coordinator Testifies In Continental Crash Hearing". New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  6. ↑ Associated Press (August 18, 1988). "Airline Says Several Errors Caused Crash Fatal to 28". New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  7. 1 2 Associated Press (September 28, 1988). "U.S. Panel Lays Denver Air Crash To Failure to De-ice Second Time". New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  8. ↑ Ott, James (October 3, 1988). "NTSB Finds Inadequate Oversight Of New Pilots' Flight Operations". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  9. 1 2 "Pilot in Denver Air Crash Had Failed 3 Flight Exams". Los Angeles Times. September 27, 1988. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
  10. ↑ http://www.aviationexplorer.com/audio/delta_1141.wav Cockpit Voice Recording from Delta Air Lines Flight 1141
  11. ↑ "Aircraft Accident Report: Delta Air Lines, Inc.; Boeing 727-232, N473DA; Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, Texas; August 31, 1988" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. September 26, 1989. AAR-89/04. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  12. ↑ Quiroga, Rodrigo (2012). "Chapter 7". Borges and Memory: Encounters with the Human Brain. MIT Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 9780262304955.
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