Comparison of virtual private network services

This article is a comparison of virtual private network services.

In computer magazines, VPN services are typically judged on connection speeds; privacy protection, including privacy at signup and grade of encryption; server count and locations, interface usability, and cost.[1][2][3][4] In order to determine the degree of privacy and anonymity, various computer magazines, such as PC World and PC Magazine, also take the provider's own guarantees and its reputation among news items into consideration.[1][2]

Definitions

The following definitions clarify the meaning of the column headers in the comparison tables below.

Anonymous payment method
Whether the service offers at least one payment method that does not require personal information. Even if a service accepts a cryptocurrency like bitcoin, it might still require that the customer hands over personally identifiable information (PII) like their full name and address.
Bandwidth
Whether the users' bandwidth is logged while using the service, according to the service's privacy policy.
Diskless
Whether the service's server hardware is connected to hard drives, according to the service provider. If the servers are diskless, the service provider should be unable to log any usage data.
First-party DNS servers
Whether the service provides its own domain name system (DNS) servers.
Logging
Whether the service stores information about their users' connection or activity on the network, according to the service's privacy policy or terms of service. If logging isn't mentioned in those sections but denied somewhere else on the website, the particular table cell will be marked as "No" in yellow and include an explanatory note.
Privacy Impact Score
An indicator of a website's usage of potentially privacy intrusive technologies such as third-party or permanent cookies, CANVAS trackers etc.[5] The score can be in the range from 0 to 100, where 0 is minimal privacy impact (best) and 100 is the biggest privacy impact (worst) relative to other web sites.[5] The score has also a simplified letter and colour presentation from A to F where A is "No cookies" and F is "Score above three standard deviations from the average".[5] The metric is developed by WebCookies.org.[5]
Obfuscation
Whether the service provides a method of obfuscating the VPN traffic so that it's not as easily detected and blocked by national governments or corporations.[6][7]
Offers WireGuard
Whether the service provider offers the WireGuard tunneling protocol.
SSL rating
The service's website's overall SSL server rating according to Qualys SSL Labs' SSL Server Test tool.
Supports Obfsproxy
Whether the service has an implementation of the Tor subproject Obfsproxy.[6][7]

Privacy

PC Magazine recommends that users consider choosing a provider based in a country with no data retention laws, since that makes it easier for the service to keep a promise of no logging.[8] PC Magazine and TechRadar also suggest that users read the provider's logging policy before signing up for the service,[8][3] since some providers collect information about their customers' VPN usage.[9][10] PC World recommends that users avoid free services as a rule of thumb, and asserts that free services either sell their users' browsing data in aggregated form to researchers and marketers, or only offer a minimal amount of data transfer per month.[9]

Service Based in Logging[lower-alpha 1] Anonymous payment method Accepts bitcoin PGP key available
Traffic DNS requests Timestamps Bandwidth IP address
AceVPN United States Some[lower-alpha 2] No[lower-alpha 2] No[14] Yes[15] No
AirVPN Italy No[16] No[16] No[16] No[16] No[16] Yes[lower-alpha 3] Yes[17] Yes
Avast SecureLine Czech Republic No[lower-alpha 4] Yes[20] Yes[20] Yes[20] No No No
Avira Phantom VPN Germany No[lower-alpha 5] Yes[lower-alpha 5] No[lower-alpha 5] No No No
AzireVPN Sweden No[23] No[23] No[23] No[23] No[23] Yes[24] Yes[24] Yes[25]
blackVPN Hong Kong No[26] No[26] No[26] No[26] No[26] Email Yes[27] Yes[28]
ExpressVPN British Virgin Islands[29][30][31] No[32] No[32] Yes[33] Yes[34] No[32] Email[31][30][35] Yes[31][30][36] No
Hotspot Shield Elite United States Yes[lower-alpha 6] Yes[38][39] No No No
IPredator Sweden No[40] Yes[40] Yes[40] Yes[40] Email[41] Yes[42] Yes[43]
IPVanish United States No[44] No[44] No[44] No[44] No[44] No[45] No No
IVPN Gibraltar No[46] No[46] No[46] No[46] No[46] Email Yes[47] Yes[48]
Mullvad Sweden No[49] No[49] No[49] No[49] No[49] Yes[50] Yes[50] Yes[51]
NordVPN Panama No[52] No[52] No[52] No[52] No[52] Email[53] Yes Yes[54]
Private Internet Access United States No[55] No[55] No[55] No[55][56] No[55] Yes[57] Yes[58] Yes[59]
ProtonVPN Switzerland No[60] Yes[60] Email Yes No
PureVPN Hong Kong No[61] No[62] Yes[63] No[lower-alpha 7] Email[lower-alpha 8] Yes[67] No
SaferVPN Israel[68] No[69] No[69] Yes[69] No[69] No[69] Email[70] Yes[70] Yes[71]
TunnelBear Canada[72][73][74] No[75] No[75][76] No[77] Yes[74][77] No[75] Email[72] Yes[78][72][73] No
VPN.ht Hong Kong No[79] No[lower-alpha 9] Email[81] Yes[82] No
VPNBook Unknown[lower-alpha 10] No[83] Yes[83] Yes[83] N/A[lower-alpha 11] N/A[lower-alpha 11] No

Notes

  1. ↑ As claimed by provider unless otherwise noted.
  2. 1 2 AceVPN's privacy policy "applies solely to information collected at [the] Acevpn.com web site [sic], and through Acevpn.com merchant provider PayPal Inc."[11] Even though it is stated in an FAQ section on their website that neither traffic nor bandwidth is logged on their VPN service,[12] the former is contradicted by the terms of service in which it is written that "SMTP traffic is logged and disabled on all our servers."[13]
  3. ↑ Registration is required in order to access the service,[17] but real e-mail address is optional.[18]
  4. ↑ It is not stated in Avast's privacy policy whether traffic is logged. In another section on Avast's website, however, it is stated that traffic is not logged.[19]
  5. 1 2 3 There is no mention of Avira's VPN logging policy in their privacy policy. However, it is stated in an FAQ section that neither traffic nor IP addresses are logged on their VPN service.[21] It is also stated that bandwidth is logged.[21] When visiting Avira's website, the visitor's IP address is logged by both Google Analytics and the CrazyEgg tool.[22]
  6. ↑ Hotspot Shield claims to collect "anonymous, aggregate data about which websites you visit and which apps you use."[37]
  7. ↑ We DO NOT keep any record of your browsing activities, connection logs, records of the VPN IPs assigned to you, your original IPs, your connection time, the history of your browsing, the sites you visited, your outgoing traffic, the content or data you accessed, or the DNS queries generated by you."[64] However, in 2017, PureVPN provided connection logs including IP addresses to the FBI for use in a criminal investigation.[65]
  8. ↑ Name and e-mail is required for every payment method.[66]
  9. ↑ VPN.ht only touches upon logging of traffic in their privacy policy.[79] However, in another section of the website, it is stated that bandwidth is not logged.[80]
  10. ↑ VPNBook does not disclose in which jurisdiction it operates.
  11. 1 2 VPNBook is free and therefore doesn't require payment. However, it accepts donations in bitcoin and through Paypal.

Technical features

Service Leak Protection Protocols Obfuscation / Censorship Avoidance Network Neutrality Server Data Encryption Handshake Encryption Data Authentication
First-party DNS servers IPv6 supported / blocked Offers OpenVPN Offers WireGuard Supports multihop Supports TCP port 443 Supports Obfsproxy Offers SOCKS Supports SSL tunnel Supports SSH tunnel Other proprietary protocols Blocks SMTP (authent.) Blocks P2P Dedicated or Virtual Diskless Default provided Strongest provided Weakest provided Strongest provided Weakest provided Strongest provided
AceVPN Yes[84] No No Yes Yes Yes[13] Some[lower-alpha 1] AES-256 (GCM) AES-256 (GCM) RSA-4096 HMAC-SHA-256
AirVPN Yes[86] Yes. Pure IPv6 or IPv6 over IPv4[86] Yes[86] No Yes. OpenVPN+Tor and Tor+OpenVPN[86] Yes[86] No No Yes[86] Yes[86] No[86] No[86] Dedicated No AES-256 (GCM)[86] AES-256 (GCM)[86] RSA-4096 using Diffie-Hellman key exchange with 4096 bit DH keys[86] RSA-4096 using Diffie-Hellman key exchange with 4096 bit DH keys[86] HMAC-SHA-1 for backward compatibility with old OpenVPN clients[86] HMAC-SHA-384 or AEAD with AES-GCM[86]
Avast SecureLine Yes Yes Yes No No No Some[87] Dedicated[88] No AES-256 AES-256
Avira Phantom VPN Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Dedicated No AES-256 AES-256
AzireVPN Yes[24] Yes[24] Yes[24] Beta[89] Yes; WireGuard and SOCKS5 Yes[90] Yes No No Dedicated[90] Yes[90] AES-256 (CBC or GCM)[24] AES-256 (CBC or GCM)[24] RSA-4096 using Diffie-Hellman key exchange[90] RSA-4096 using Diffie-Hellman key exchange[90] HMAC-SHA-512[90] HMAC-SHA-512[90]
blackVPN Yes No Yes[91] No No Yes[91] No Yes[91] Some[lower-alpha 2] Some[92] Dedicated[93] AES-256[91] AES-256[91] RSA-4096[91] RSA-4096[91] SHA-512[91] SHA-512[91]
ExpressVPN Yes[29] Yes Yes[29][30][31] No No Yes[94] No[29][30][31] Both[95][96] No AES-256 CA-4096
Hotspot Shield Elite No No No No No AES-128[97] AES-128[97] TLS 1.2 ECDHE PFS[97] TLS 1.2 ECDHE PFS[97] HMAC[98] HMAC[98]
IPredator Yes[99] Yes[100] Yes[101] No No Yes[102] No No AES-256 (CBC)[103] AES-256 (CBC)[103] SHA-1[103] SHA-1[103]
IPVanish Yes[104] Yes[105] Yes[45] No No Yes[106] Yes[107] Yes[45] No No No No[45] No[45] Dedicated[108] No AES-256[109] AES-256[109] RSA-2048[109] RSA-2048[109] SHA-256[109] SHA-256[109]
IVPN Yes[110] No Yes No Yes; OpenVPN Yes Yes Yes[111] No[112] No[113] AES-256[110] AES-256[110] RSA-4096[110]
Mullvad Yes[114] Yes[114] Yes[114] Beta[115] Yes; WireGuard[116] and SOCKS5 Yes[114] No[117] Yes[118][114] Yes Yes[114] No[114] No[114] Dedicated[119] AES-256 (GCM)[114] AES-256[114] RSA-4096[114] RSA-4096[114] SHA-512[114] SHA-512[114]
NordVPN Yes[120] No[121] Yes[122] No Yes; OpenVPN[123] and SOCKS5 Yes[124] Yes[125] Yes No[126] Dedicated AES-256[127] AES-256 (CBC)[127] 2048-bit Diffie-Hellman[127] 2048-bit Diffie-Hellman[127]
Private Internet Access Yes[128] Yes[129] Yes[130] No No Yes[131] No Yes[132][133] Some[lower-alpha 3] No[135] AES-128 (CBC)[136] AES-256[136] ECC-256k1[136] RSA-4096[136] SHA-1[136] SHA-256[136]
ProtonVPN Yes No Yes No Yes Some AES-256 AES-256
PureVPN Yes Yes Yes[137] No No Only through SSTP[138] No No No Some[139] Both[140][96] No AES-256
SaferVPN Yes[141] Yes[142][68] No[142] No Yes[143] No No Some[lower-alpha 4] No AES-256[142] AES-256[142] 2048bit SSL/TLS[142] 2048bit SSL/TLS[142] SHA-256[142] SHA-256[142]
TunnelBear Yes[76] Yes[145][73] No No No Yes[146][74] Yes No[147] Yes[148][72][73] AES-128 (CBC)[lower-alpha 5] AES-256 (CBC)[145] 1548 bit Diffie-Hellman group[lower-alpha 6] 4096 bit Diffie-Hellman group[145] SHA-1[lower-alpha 7] SHA-256[145]
VPN.ht Yes[149] Yes[150] No No No[151] AES-256
VPNBook Yes[152] No No Yes[153] Some[154] Dedicated[155] No

Notes

  1. ↑ AceVPN blocks P2P on their US and UK servers.[85]
  2. ↑ Allowed on ports 465 and 587.[91]
  3. ↑ The support team may be willing to whitelist your email provider's SMTP server upon request.[134]
  4. ↑ SaferVPN only allows P2P on their Netherlands server.[144]
  5. ↑ Only on iOS 8 and earlier. All other supported devices and operating systems use AES-256 (CBC).[145]
  6. ↑ iOS 9 and later use 2048 bit. iOS 8 and earlier use 1548 bit. All other supported devices and operating systems use 4096 bit.[145]
  7. ↑ iOS 8 and earlier use SHA-1. All other supported devices and operating systems use SHA-256.[145]

Availability

Service No. of simultaneous connections No. of countries No. of servers Linux support (manual config.)
AceVPN 1 32[156] 43[156] Yes[157]
AirVPN 5[86] 20 235 Yes. Dedicated GNU/Linux software or manual config.
Avast SecureLine 5 34 54 No
Avira Phantom VPN Unlimited[158][159] 25[160] 36[160] No
AzireVPN 5 5 26 Yes
blackVPN 7 18 31 Yes[91]
ExpressVPN 3[29][30][161] 94[162] 2000 circa[163] Yes[29][31]
Hotspot Shield Elite 5[164] 21 No
IPredator 1[165] 1 Yes[166]
IPVanish 10[45] 60[45] 1000[45] Yes[167]
IVPN 5[110] 13 37 Yes[168]
Mullvad 5[169] 31[170] 180[170] Yes[171]
NordVPN 6 62[172] 4835[172] Yes[173]
Private Internet Access 5[174] 33[175] 3650[175] Yes[176]
ProtonVPN 5 14 100 approx. Yes
PureVPN 5[137] 140 circa[177] 2000 circa[177] Yes[178]
SaferVPN 5[179] 35 circa[180] 700 circa[180] Yes[181]
TunnelBear 5[74][182] 20[182] Yes
VPN.ht 3 25[150] 128[150] Yes
VPNBook Unlimited[154] 5[154] 7[154] No

Website

Example of a warrant canary
Library warrant canary relying on active removal designed by Jessamyn West.

The rating of the services' websites according to SSL server certificate and HTTP cookie test tools. Also listed is whether the websites maintain a warrant canary.

Service SSL certificate Privacy Impact Score Warrant canary
Holder Issued to SSL rating
AceVPN Yes[183] Cloudflare[183] A[183] B[184] Yes[185]
AirVPN Yes[186] Self[186] A+[186] B[187] No
Avast SecureLine Yes[188] Self[188] A+[188] B[189] No
Avira Phantom VPN Yes[190] Self[190] A[190] E[191] No
AzireVPN Yes[192] Self[192] A[192] B[193] Yes[194][195]
blackVPN Yes[196][197] Cloudflare[196] A[196] B[198] No
ExpressVPN Yes[199][200] Self[200] A+[200] B[201] No
Hotspot Shield Elite Yes[202] Self[202] A-[202] F[203] No
IPredator Yes[204] Self[204] A+[204] A[205] Yes
IPVanish Yes[206] Self[206] A[206] B[207] No
IVPN Yes[208] Self[208] A+[208] B[209] Yes
Mullvad Yes[210] Self[210] A+[210] A[211] No
NordVPN Yes[212] Self[212] A+[212] B[213] Yes[214]
Private Internet Access Yes[215] Self[215] A[215] B[216] No
ProtonVPN Self[217] A+[217] B[218] Yes[219]
PureVPN Yes[220] Self[220] A[220] B[221] No
SaferVPN Yes[71] Self[71] A[71] Yes Yes[143]
TunnelBear Yes[222] Self[222] A+[222] B[223] No
VPNBook Yes[224] Self[224] B[224] B[225] No
VPN.ht Yes[226] Yes[226] A+[226] B[227] Yes[228]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Paul, Ian (2018-01-02). "Best VPN services of 2018: Reviews and buying advice". How we tested. PC World. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04.
  2. 1 2 Eddy, Max (2018-01-15). "The Best VPN Services of 2018". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on 2018-01-17. It's important to keep a few things in mind when evaluating which VPN service is right for you: reputation, performance, type of encryption used, transparency, ease of use, support, and extra features.
  3. 1 2 Athow, Desire (2018-01-13). "The best VPN services for 2018". How to test a VPN. TechRadar. Archived from the original on 2018-01-18. We were looking for features, value, and clear and honest pricing. Free ways to learn more about a service - free plans, trial periods, refund periods - were important, and we also looked for companies which maintained your privacy when you signed up (no email address required, trials available without credit cards, Bitcoin available as a payment option).
  4. ↑ Athow, Desire (2018-01-13). "The best VPN services for 2018". How to choose a VPN: Here are 6 tips. TechRadar. Archived from the original on 2018-01-18.
  5. 1 2 Tor (2012-02-16). "Obfsproxy: the next step in the censorship arms arce / Tor Blog". Tor Blog. Archived from the original on 2018-01-11.
  6. 1 2 OpenVPN. "TrafficObfuscation - OpenVPN Community". Wiki. Archived from the original on 2018-01-11.
  7. 1 2 Eddy, Max (2018-01-15). "The Best VPN Services of 2018". Can You Trust Your VPN Service?. PC Magazine. Archived from the original on 2018-01-17.
  8. 1 2 Paul, Ian (2018-01-02). "Best VPN services of 2018: Reviews and buying advice". What to look for in a VPN. PC World. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04.
  9. ↑ Krebs, Brian (2017-03-17). "Post-FCC Privacy Rules, Should You VPN?". Krebs on Security. Archived from the original on 2018-01-18.
  10. ↑ "Privacy Policy". Archived from the original on 2017-12-29. This statement applies solely to information collected at Acevpn.com web site, and through Acevpn.com merchant provider PayPal Inc.
  11. ↑ "Ace VPN Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ". Do you log?. Archived from the original on 2017-12-29. [...] no traffic logging, no bandwidth usage tracking.
  12. 1 2 "Terms Of Service". Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. SMTP traffic is logged & disabled on all our servers.
  13. ↑ "Privacy Policy". Archived from the original on 2017-12-29. We collect personal information that is provided by site users. "Personal Information" includes your name, address, telephone number, credit or debit card information, e-mail address, date of birth, IP address and the last four digits of your credit card number. Personal Information is collected when you establish an account with us, place an order on the site, [...].
  14. ↑ "Bitcoin Now Accepted - Acevpn.com". 2016-06-02. Archived from the original on 2018-01-03.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 AirVPN. "Privacy Notice and Terms". Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Activity traffic and/or traffic content and/or IP addresses of the customers or users are not inspected, logged or stored into any mass storage device.
  16. 1 2 AirVPN. "Access Plans". Archived from the original on 2018-05-11.
  17. ↑ AirVPN. "Registration Form". Archived from the original on 2018-05-11.
  18. ↑ "Avast SecureLine / A VPN to protect your online activities". What is a VPN? / No logging. Archived from the original on 2018-01-02. Once you’re connected to our servers, we don’t track the apps you use, the websites you visit or the content you consume, period. If someone asks, we just can’t answer.
  19. 1 2 3 "Avast Privacy Policy". Data collected by specific products. Archived from the original on 2017-12-29. When you use the Avast SecureLine virtual private network (VPN) service, the server may capture certain basic data such as the time and network location from which the VPN connection was made and the duration of the VPN connection. This information is routinely deleted within 30 days. In addition, the system may store data on the bandwidth transferred per session.
  20. 1 2 "What, if anything, do you track?". Archived from the original on 2017-12-31.
  21. ↑ "Privacy policy". User Experience and Statistics. Archived from the original on 2017-12-31. Information about your use of our website the Cookie generates is usually transferred to a Google server in the USA and saved there. However, before this happens, Google shortens and anonymizes your IP address [...] if located within a member state of the European Union or in other contracting member states to the Agreement on the European Economic Area. The entire IP address is transferred to a Google server in the USA and saved there only in exceptional cases. [...] Information about your use of our website (including your IP address) that Cookies generate is transferred to a CrazyEgg server in the USA and stored there.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 "AzireVPN - Terms of Service". § Logging. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "AzireVPN - Home". Archived from the original on 2017-12-27.
  24. ↑ "AzireVPN - PGP Key". Archived from the original on 2017-04-16.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 "Terms of Service - blackVPN". Archived from the original on 2017-12-30.
  26. ↑ "Checkout - Privacy - blackVPN". Archived from the original on 2018-01-03.
  27. ↑ "Contact - blackVPN". Archived from the original on 2017-12-30.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eddy, Max (2017-05-12). "ExpressVPN". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on 2017-05-14.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Williams, Mike (2017-10-23). "ExpressVPN review". TechRadar. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Paul, Ian (2017-09-20). "ExpressVPN review: A good service with no public leadership". PCWorld. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04.
  31. 1 2 3 ExpressVPN. "ExpressVPN Privacy Policy". Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2018-01-04. We do not collect logs of your activity, including no logging of browsing history, traffic destination, data content, or DNS queries. We also never store connection logs, meaning no logs of your IP address, your outgoing VPN IP address, connection timestamp, or session duration.
  32. ↑ ExpressVPN. "ExpressVPN Privacy Policy". Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2018-01-04. We collect information about whether you have successfully established a VPN connection on a particular day (but not a specific time of the day).
  33. ↑ ExpressVPN. "ExpressVPN Privacy Policy". Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2018-01-04. We may know, for example, that our customer John had connected to our New York VPN location on Tuesday and had transferred an aggregate of 823 MB of data across a 24-hour period.
  34. ↑ ExpressVPN. "Buy VPN with Bitcoin, PayPal, Credit Card / ExpressVPN". 2. Enter your email address. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
  35. ↑ ExpressVPN. "Buy VPN with Bitcoin, PayPal, Credit Card / ExpressVPN". 3. Select your preferred method of payment. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Retrieved 2018-01-04. Continue below to buy VPN with Bitcoin.
  36. ↑ "AnchorFree Hotspot Shield Privacy Policy". When you launch Hotspot Shield. 2017-11-29. Archived from the original on 2017-12-28. When you use Hotspot Shield to access the internet, we collect only anonymous, aggregate data about which websites you visit and which apps you use.
  37. ↑ "AnchorFree Hotspot Shield Privacy Policy". When you visit our websites. 2017-11-29. Archived from the original on 2017-12-28. Your IP address may be collected when you visit our websites.
  38. ↑ "AnchorFree Hotspot Shield Privacy Policy". When you launch Hotspot Shield. 2017-11-29. Archived from the original on 2017-12-28. We collect your IP address [...]. We may also use your IP address to derive your approximate location [...]. Your true IP address is stored only for the duration of your VPN session and is cleared after your session is closed.
  39. 1 2 3 4 IPredator. "IPredator - FAQ". 2.3 What kind of logging do you do to keep your service running?. Archived from the original on 2018-04-05.
  40. ↑ IPredator. "IPredator - FAQ". 2.2 What information does the user database actually contain?. Archived from the original on 2018-04-05. The user database only contains the information you entered during the sign-up process. This is your user name, password and your email address.
  41. ↑ IPredator. "IPredator - Pricing". Archived from the original on 2018-04-05.
  42. ↑ IPredator. "IPredator - Contact". Archived from the original on 2018-04-05.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 "Privacy Policy - IPVanish VPN". www.ipvanish.com.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "The Best VPN Service Provider with Fast, Secure VPN Access". www.ipvanish.com.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 IVPN. "IVPN Privacy Policy". What information is logged when customers connect to our network?. Archived from the original on 2018-03-26. We do not store any connection logs whatsoever. In addition we do not log bandwidth usage, session data or requests to our DNS servers.
  46. ↑ IVPN. "IVPN Pricing". What payment types do you accept?. Archived from the original on 2018-03-26. We accept all major credit cards, Paypal, Bitcoin and cash. However paying with cash is only available when purchasing an annual subscription.
  47. ↑ IVPN. "How do I send a secure PGP encrypted email to IVPN?". Archived from the original on 2018-03-26.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 "No-logging data policy - Guides / Mullvad". What we don't log. Archived from the original on 2017-12-26. We log nothing whatsoever that can be connected to a numbered account's activity: no logging of traffic; DNS requests; connections, including when one is made, when it disconnects, for how long, or any kind of timestamp; IP addresses; user bandwidth [or] account activity except total simultaneous connections [...] and the payment information detailed in this post.
  49. 1 2 "No-logging data policy - Guides / Mullvad". How Mullvad handles payment information. Archived from the original on 2017-12-26. Mullvad accepts Bitcoin, cash, bank wire, credit card, PayPal, and Swish.
  50. ↑ "Mullvad client - Settings - Guides / Mullvad". Archived from the original on 2017-12-26. You do have the option of sending an encrypted email to us using PGP. Mullvad's PGP key is found on our website.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 NordVPN (2017-10-28). "Terms of Service". Logging policy. Archived from the original on 2018-01-23.
  52. ↑ NordVPN (2017-10-28). "Terms of Service". Privacy policy. Archived from the original on 2018-01-23.
  53. ↑ "Do you have a PGP key so I could reach you anonymously?". support.nordvpn.com. Retrieved 2018-06-16.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 "Privacy Policy, VPN Network Services / Private Internet Access". 2016-08-11. Archived from the original on 2017-11-14. PrivateInternetAccess.com does not collect or log any traffic or use of its Virtual Private Network ("VPN") or Proxy.
  55. ↑ "Do you impose any limitations on usage or bandwidth when using your service? / Private Internet Access". 2017-11-28. Archived from the original on 2017-12-26. We do not impose any restrictions or limitations on usage and/or bandwidth consumption.
  56. ↑ "We accept all kinds of payment methods... including all major gift cards!".
  57. ↑ "What methods of payment do you accept for account purchases? / Private Internet Access". 2017-04-22. Archived from the original on 2017-12-26.
  58. ↑ "Private Internet Access Management Team".
  59. 1 2 ProtonVPN (2018-04-16). "Privacy Policy". Archived from the original on 2018-05-14.
  60. ↑ "PureVPN's Privacy Policy". 2016-01-15. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. We do not monitor user activity [...]. We therefore have no record of your activities such as which software you used, which websites you visited, what content you downloaded, which apps you used, etc. after you connected to any of our servers.
  61. ↑ "PureVPN's Privacy Policy". 2018-07-30. Archived from the original on 2018-07-30. We are unable to identify at what time you connected to the VPN, with which IP address and which VPN IP was assigned to you.
  62. ↑ "PureVPN's Privacy Policy". 2016-01-15. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. The time when a successful connection is made with our servers is counted as a “connection” and the total bandwidth used during this connection is called “bandwidth”. Connection and bandwidth are kept in record [...].
  63. ↑ "PureVPN's Privacy Policy". 2018-07-30. Archived from the original on 2018-07-30. From here on forward, we do not keep any records of anything that could associate any specific activity to a specific user.
  64. ↑ U.S.A. v. Lin, p. 22 (D. Mass. 10/03/2017) ("Further, records from PureVPN show that the same email accounts - Lin's gmail account and the teleportfx gmail account - were accessed from the same WANSecurity IP address. Significantly, PureVPN was able to determine that their service was accessed by the same customer from two originating IP addresses: the RCN IP address from the home Lin was living in at the time, and the software company where Lin was employed at the time."). Text
  65. ↑ "Buy VPN Service at an Amazing Discount!". Archived from the original on 2017-12-28.
  66. ↑ "PureVPN's Privacy Policy". 2016-01-15. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Since we are huge believers in anonymity, we have included Bitcoin and Gift Cards – 100% anonymous payment methods – in the payment methods accepted by us.
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  69. 1 2 SaferVPN (2018-01-15). "SaferVPN Now Accepts Bitcoin for Payment / SaferVPN Blog". Archived from the original on 2018-01-16.
  70. 1 2 3 4 "Do you have a PGP key so I could reach you securely and anonymously?".
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  72. 1 2 3 4 Eddy, Max (2017-05-02). "TunnelBear VPN". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on 2018-01-10.
  73. 1 2 3 4 Williams, Mike (2017-05-23). "TunnelBear VPN review". TechRadar. Archived from the original on 2018-01-10.
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  75. 1 2 "TunnelBear DNS: Protecting Your Privacy and Mauling DNS Leaks". 2017-06-22. Archived from the original on 2017-12-28. Every time you connect to TunnelBear, your DNS requests are directed to TunnelBear DNS servers, so your ISP can no longer see what websites you’re visiting. And because we don’t keep any records of your DNS, you’re the only one that knows your browsing history.
  76. 1 2 "A Privacy Policy You Can Actually Understand". 1.5 Operational Data. Archived from the original on 2017-12-28. Understanding how much data people are using is a critical metric for TunnelBear. [...] We felt that overall usage would respect individual user privacy (i.e. no login timestamps [...]) [...].
  77. ↑ "Buy TunnelBear VPN with Credit Card, Bitcoin". Archived from the original on 2018-01-03.
  78. 1 2 "Terms of use". 3. Privacy Policy. September 2015. Archived from the original on 2018-01-02. We are committed to your privacy and do not collect or log traffic data or browsing activity from individual users connected to our VPN.
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  81. ↑ "Terms of use". 1. Subscriptions. September 2015. Archived from the original on 2018-01-02. By default auto renewal is turned on when you use a payment method that supports auto renewal (such as a credit card or Paypal) and is turned off when you use a payment method that does not support it (such as bitcoin).
  82. 1 2 3 "Contact Us - 100% Free PPTP and OpenVPN Service". Privacy Policy. Archived from the original on 2018-01-02. We do not collect any personal information or store any user's internet data. The only thing we log is the IP address and time the connection was made. We log connection information in order to reduce abusive activities [...]. Connection logs are automatically deleted every week.
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  84. ↑ "Changes in Torrent and P2P file sharing policy - Acevpn.com". Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. We decided to block torrents and P2P file sharing on our USA and UK servers.
  85. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 AirVPN. "AirVPN - The air to breathe the real internet". Archived from the original on 2018-05-11.
  86. ↑ "Avast SecureLine / A VPN to protect your online activities". It’s your Internet. Take it back - Connect with your peers. No tricks. Archived from the original on 2017-12-29. We support peer-2-peer (P2P) networking in some of our server locations.
  87. ↑ "Avast SecureLine / A VPN to protect your online activities". Where speed meets capacity - Rows upon rows of dedication. Archived from the original on 2017-12-29. All of our VPN gateways run on dedicated hardware servers.
  88. ↑ "AzireVPN - Wireguard". Archived from the original on 2017-12-27.
  89. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "AzireVPN - Home". Specification. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27.
  90. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "About - blackVPN". Features. Archived from the original on 2017-12-30.
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  92. ↑ blackVPN (2016-08-09). "We Only Use Dedicated Servers - Not Virtual/Cloud Servers - For Maximum Security". Medium. Archived from the original on 2018-01-01.
  93. ↑ ExpressVPN. "Stay Safe and Keep Your Online Privacy With a Secure VPN". ExpressVPN Features. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Our network is SSL-secured [...].
  94. ↑ ExpressVPN (2017-12-04). "Virtual server locations". Archived from the original on 2018-01-04.
  95. 1 2 Paul, Ian (2017-09-20). "ExpressVPN review: A good service with no public leadership". PCWorld. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. Similar to PureVPN, ExpressVPN says it uses virtual servers in certain locations due to infrastructure issues.
  96. 1 2 3 4 "Hotspot Shield Privacy Frequently Asked Questions / Hotspot Shield". How does Hotspot Shield secure my Internet connection?. Archived from the original on 2017-12-28. Turning Hotspot Shield on encrypts all of the traffic between your device and our servers using TLS 1.2 with perfect forward secrecy (ECDHE), 128-bit AES data encryption.
  97. 1 2 "AnchorFree Hotspot Shield Privacy Policy". Security. 2017-11-29. Archived from the original on 2017-12-28. We encrypt all of the traffic between your device and our servers using TLS 1.2 with perfect forward secrecy (ECDHE), 128-bit AES data encryption, and HMAC message authentication.
  98. ↑ IPredator. "IPredator - FAQ". DNS. Archived from the original on 2018-04-05. A dedicated set of DNS servers is available for use when connected to the VPN.
  99. ↑ IPredator. "IPredator - FAQ". 1.5 Do you support IPv6?. Archived from the original on 2018-04-05.
  100. ↑ IPredator. "IPredator - FAQ". 1.1 Which protocols are supported to connect to IPredator?. Archived from the original on 2018-04-05.
  101. ↑ IPredator. "IPredator - OpenVPN configuration overview". Server ports. Archived from the original on 2018-04-05.
  102. 1 2 3 4 IPredator. "IPredator - OpenVPN configuration overview". Overview. Archived from the original on 2018-04-05.
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  107. ↑ "IPVanish Interview - BestVPN.com". BestVPN.com. 7 March 2018.
  108. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Online Data Encryption - IPVanish VPN". www.ipvanish.com.
  109. 1 2 3 4 5 IVPN. "Why IVPN". IVPN offers you more than any other VPN. Archived from the original on 2018-03-26.
  110. ↑ IVPN. "Does IVPN protect SSH connections?". Archived from the original on 2018-03-26.
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  113. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Features / Mullvad". Details. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22.
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  117. ↑ "Increased security with SOCKS5 proxy - Blog / Mullvad". 2016-11-29. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27.
  118. ↑ "Features / Mullvad". Technical. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22.
  119. ↑ NordVPN. "Use DNS Leak Test & Quickly Identify DNS Requests Exposure!". How can it affect you?. Archived from the original on 2018-02-11.
  120. ↑ NordVPN. "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". Do you support IPv6?. Archived from the original on 2018-02-11. No, but we are planning to add the support of IPv6 in 2018.
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  122. ↑ NordVPN. "Extra Security With Double VPN". What is Double VPN & how does it work?. Archived from the original on 2018-02-23.
  123. ↑ NordVPN. "What is OpenVPN?". Retrieved March 14, 2018. For OpenVPN TCP connections - port 443.
  124. ↑ NordVPN. "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". Do you offer socks5 proxies?. Archived from the original on 2018-02-11. Yes, we do support Socks5 proxies as well as HTTP proxies (1 HTTP and Socks5 proxy at each of our VPN server destinations).
  125. ↑ NordVPN. "Best VPN for P2P". Why is NordVPN the best VPN for P2P?. Archived from the original on 2017-07-11.
  126. 1 2 3 4 NordVPN. "Military-Grade VPN Encryption". How secure and reliable is NordVPN?. Archived from the original on 2017-11-24.
  127. ↑ "Client Support Area / Private Internet Access VPN Service". DNS Leak Protection. Archived from the original on 2017-12-31. We use our own private DNS servers for your DNS queries while on the VPN.
  128. ↑ "Client Support Area / Private Internet Access VPN Service". IPv6 Leak Protection. Archived from the original on 2017-12-31. IPv6 leak protection disables IPv6 traffic while on the VPN. This includes 6to4 and Teredo tunneled IPv6 traffic.
  129. ↑ "How a VPN Tunnel Works / Private Internet Access VPN Service". Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. This is used in conjunction with the OpenVPN protocol [...]
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  131. ↑ "How a VPN Tunnel Works / Private Internet Access". Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. We also offer IPSec/L2TP, PPTP and SOCKS5 technologies.
  132. ↑ "Client Support Area / Private Internet Access VPN Service". SOCKS5 Proxy Usage Guides. Archived from the original on 2017-12-31. Although quite different from a VPN, we provide a SOCKS5 Proxy with all accounts in the event users require this feature.
  133. ↑ "Why can't I send email when on the VPN? / Private Internet Access". 2017-10-31. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Any VPN provider that does not retain logs must block outgoing SMTP traffic due to rampant spam associated with usage of VPN services. With that said, we can whitelist (allow) any outgoing email server that a) require authentication, and b) is correctly setup so as not to be an open relay.
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  135. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Private Internet Access / VPN Encryption". Archived from the original on 2017-12-27.
  136. 1 2 "PureVPN Features - Get Premium Anonymity, Security, & Privacy All In One!". Archived from the original on 2017-12-27.
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  138. ↑ "PureVPN P2P File Sharing - Break P2P barriers anonymously!". 2014-07-08. Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. Furthermore, we have blocked P2P on some of our servers as per changing Global Web Policy. We don’t allow p2p/filesharing where it’s illegal by law named United Kingdom (UK), United States (US), Canada, Australia etc.
  139. ↑ "PureVPN Servers". Virtual Servers and When you Should Use them?. 2017-11-11. Archived from the original on 2018-01-04. PureVPN has never denied using virtual servers. To make matters simpler, an update on our Server Location page will state which servers are virtual and which are physical.
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  141. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 SaferVPN. "VPN Protocols". Archived from the original on |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help).
  142. 1 2 "SaferVPN's OpenVPN TCP Configuration".
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  146. ↑ "TunnelBear / Search Results". Archived from the original on 2018-01-03. TunnelBear does not block SMTP on our network.
  147. ↑ "TunnelBear / Can I torrent with TunnelBear?". Archived from the original on 2017-07-18.
  148. ↑ VPN.ht. "DNS Leak Test". Archived from the original on 2018-03-24.
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