Common Travel Area

Common Travel Area
Open borders area
The Common Travel Area
Established 1923
Members
List
Area
 • covered 315,134 km2 (121,673.9 sq mi)
Population
 • covered c. 70 million (2,016)

The Common Travel Area (CTA; Irish: Comhlimistéar Taistil) is an open borders area comprising the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands. The British Overseas Territories are not included. Based on agreements that are not legally binding, the internal borders of the Common Travel Area (CTA) are subject to minimal controls, if any, and can normally be crossed by British and Irish citizens with minimal identity documents with certain exceptions.[1][2] The maintenance of the CTA involves considerable co-operation on immigration matters between the British and Irish authorities.

In 2014, the British and Irish governments began a trial system of mutual recognition of each other's visas for onward travel within the Common Travel Area. As of June 2016 it applies to Chinese and Indian nationals and is limited to certain visa types. Other nationalities and those holding non-qualifying visas still require separate visas to visit both countries and may not avail of a transit visa exception if wishing to transit though the UK to Ireland.

Since 1997, the Irish government has imposed systematic identity checks on air passengers coming from the United Kingdom and selective checks on sea passengers, and occasional checks on land crossings.[3]

History

1923 agreement

The Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom in 1922 at a time when systematic passport and immigration controls were becoming standard at international frontiers. Although the British had imposed entry controls in the past – notably during the French Revolution[4] – the imposition of such controls in the 20th century dated from the Aliens Act 1905, before which there was a system of registration for arriving foreigners.[5]

Before the creation of the Irish Free State, British immigration law applied in Ireland as part of the United Kingdom. With the imminent prospect of Irish independence in 1922, the British Home Office was disinclined to impose passport and immigration controls between the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, which would have meant patrolling a porous and meandering 499 km (310 mi) long[6][7] land border. If, however, the pre-1922 situation were to be continued, the Irish immigration authorities would have to continue to enforce British immigration policy after independence. The Irish Department for Home Affairs was found to be receptive to continuing with the status quo and an informal agreement to this effect was reached in February 1923: each side would enforce the other's immigration decisions and the Irish authorities would be provided with a copy of Britain's suspect-codex (or 'Black Book') of any personae non gratae in the United Kingdom.[8]

The agreement was provided for in UK law by deeming the Irish Free State to be part of the United Kingdom for the purposes of immigration law.[9] It was fully implemented in 1925 when legislation passed in both countries provided for the recognition of the other's landing conditions for foreigners.[10] This may be considered to have been the high point of the CTA – although it was not called that at the time – as it almost amounted to a common immigration area. A foreigner who had been admitted to one state could, unless his or her admission had been conditional upon not entering the other state, travel to the other with only minimal bureaucratic requirements.

The CTA was suspended on the outbreak of war in 1939, and travel restrictions were introduced between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland.[11] This meant that travel restrictions even applied to people travelling within the UK if they were travelling from Northern Ireland to elsewhere in the UK.

1952 agreement

After the war, the Irish re-instated their previous provisions allowing free movement[12] but the British declined to do so pending the agreement of a "similar immigration policy"[13] in both countries. Consequently, the British maintained immigration controls between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain until 1952, to the consternation of Northern Ireland's Unionist population.[14]

No agreement on a similar immigration policy was publicised at the time, but a year after the Irish Minister for Justice referred to the lifting of immigration controls between the two islands as "a matter for the British themselves", the British began referring to the CTA in legislation for the first time.[15] The content of the agreement appears to be that a foreigner would be refused entry to the United Kingdom if they wished to travel onward to Ireland (and vice versa) and is provided for in relevant immigration law.[16][17]

The CTA has meant that Ireland has been required to follow changes in British immigration policy.[18] This was notable in 1962 when Irish law was changed in response to the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962, which imposed immigration controls between the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries, while in Ireland the Aliens Order 1962 replaced the state's previous provision exempting all British subjects from immigration control,[19] with one exempting only those born in the United Kingdom. The scope of the Irish provision was much more restrictive than the British legislation as it excluded from immigration control only those British citizens born in the United Kingdom, and imposed immigration controls on those born outside the UK. The latter group would have included individuals who were British citizens by descent or by birth in a British colony. This discrepancy between Britain's and Ireland's definition of a British citizen was not resolved until 1999.[20]

2008 proposal to introduce immigration controls and/or identity checks between Great Britain and the island of Ireland

In July 2008, the UK Border Agency (the predecessor of UK Visas and Immigration) published a consultation paper on the CTA that envisaged the imposition of immigration controls for non-CTA nationals, and new measures for identity checks of CTA nationals, as well as an advance passenger information system, on all air and sea crossings between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain.

While passport controls were proposed to be applied to travellers between Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland, the nature of possible identity controls between Great Britain and Northern Ireland was not clear. This led to controversy because Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom, with a prominent Unionist describing the proposed arrangements as "intolerable and preposterous".[21] The nature of identity checks between Northern Ireland and Great Britain was characterised by the British government as follows:

Section 14 of the Police and Justice Act 2006 introduced a new power that will allow the police to capture passenger, crew and service information on air and sea journeys within the United Kingdom. ... It is expected that this police power will only apply to air and sea routes between Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Passengers will not be required to use passports, but may be required to produce one of several types of documentation, including passports, when travelling, to enable the carrier to the meet the requirements of a police request.

— Liam Byrne, Minister of State for Immigration, Citizenship and Nationality, House of Commons Debate, 14 January 2008.[22]

As far as the land border is concerned, the proposal indicated that the border would be "lightly controlled"[23] and a joint statement in 2008 by both governments confirmed that there are no plans for fixed controls on either side of the border.[24]

On 1 April 2009, an amendment moved by Lord Glentoran in the House of Lords defeated the British Government's proposal and preserved the CTA.[25] The relevant clause was re-introduced by Home Office minister Phil Woolas in the Public Bill Committee in June,[26] but again removed in July after opposition pressure.[27]

2011 agreement

2011 marked the first public agreement between the British and Irish governments concerning the maintenance of the CTA. Officially entitled the "Joint Statement Regarding Co-Operation on Measures to Secure the External Common Travel Area Border"[28] it was signed in Dublin on 20 December 2011 by the UK's immigration minister, Damian Green and Ireland's Minister for Justice, Alan Shatter. The two ministers also signed an unpublished memorandum of understanding at the same time.[29]

In common with its unpublished predecessors the 2011 agreement is nonbinding, with its eighth clause stating that the agreement "is not intended to create legally binding obligations, nor to create or confer any right, privilege or benefit on any person or party, private or public".[30]

The agreement commits the two governments to continue their co-operation through the CTA, to align their lists of visa-free countries, to develop "electronic border management system/s",[31] to engage in data sharing to combat the "abuse" of the CTA,[32] and to work toward a "fully-common short stay visit visa".[33]

2016–2017: Brexit

The UK voted to leave the European Union in a referendum on 23 June 2016. Their withdrawal would make the Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border on the island of Ireland an external border of the European Union.[34] However, the Irish and UK governments and the President of the European Council have stated that they do not wish for a hard border in Ireland, taking into account the historical and social "sensitivities" that permeate the island.[35] In September 2016 the British Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, David Davis, stated that the UK government would not seek a return to a "hard border" between the UK and Republic of Ireland.[36]

In October 2016, the UK and Irish governments considered in outline a plan entailing British immigration controls being applied at Irish ports and airports after Brexit, so that Britain might control migration by EU citizens (other than Irish nationals) across the open border into the United Kingdom. This would avoid passport checks being required between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.[37] However, this agreement was never finalised and was met by opposition from political parties in the Republic of Ireland.[38] On 23 March 2017, it was confirmed that British immigration officials would not be allowed to use Irish ports and airports.[39]

In June 2017, the UK government's policy paper on the position of EU citizens in the UK stated a desire to "protect the Common Travel Area arrangements", stating that "Irish citizens residing in the UK will not need to apply for "settled status" to protect their entitlements".[40]

Identity and immigration checks

Channel Islands

Immigration checks are carried out by the Guernsey Border Agency and the Jersey Customs and Immigration Service on passengers arriving in the Channel Islands only from outside the CTA.[41]

Ireland

The border at Killeen marked only by a speed sign marked in km/h

In 1997, Ireland changed its immigration legislation to allow immigration officers to examine (i.e. request identity documents from) travellers arriving in the state from elsewhere in the CTA and to refuse them permission to land if they are not entitled to enter.[3] Although this is stated to apply only to people other than Irish and British citizens, both of the latter groups are effectively covered as they may be required to produce identity documents to prove that they are entitled to the CTA arrangements.

Although it is difficult to be exact about the nature of current border checks when entering Ireland from another part of the CTA, fixed controls are maintained only at ports and airports[42] while targeted controls are conducted along the land border in what are referred to as "intelligence driven operations".[43] Air passengers arriving in Ireland from elsewhere in the CTA are no longer segregated from those arriving from outside the CTA;[44] consequently all air passengers must pass through Irish immigration checks, administered by the Garda National Immigration Bureau (GNIB). While British citizens are not required to be in possession of a valid travel document as a condition of entry, they may be required to satisfy immigration officials as to their nationality.

The nature of the Irish controls was described by an Irish High Court judge, Mr Justice Gerard Hogan, in the following terms:

The practical result of this is that all persons arriving by air from the United Kingdom face Irish immigration controls. While in theory both Irish and British citizens are entitled to arrive here free from immigration control by virtue of the common travel area, increasingly in practice such passengers who arrive by air from the United Kingdom are required to produce their passports (or, at least, some other form of acceptable identity document) in order to prove to immigration officers that they are either Irish or British citizens who can avail of the common travel area. Whatever about anyone else, Joseph Heller certainly would have approved.[44][45]

In 2012, a pilot project was set up to use civilian staff from the Immigration section of the Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service (INIS) to work with GNIB staff at immigration control at Dublin Airport. INIS staff will be responsible for performing all "in-booth" duties (including examining arriving passengers), but will not take part in any matters related to restraint, detention or arrest.[46]

UK Transit Visas requirement

Many individuals who would need visas to enter the UK can transit through the UK to another destination without a visa, but this exemption is not available to those wishing to travel through the UK to Ireland. Visa nationals wishing to transit through the UK to Ireland must have a valid UK visa (in addition to an Irish visa if necessary) and pass through UK immigration before continuing their journey.

Isle of Man

The Isle of Man government reports that, "[o]n-entry Immigration Control is rarely undertaken in the Isle of Man as there are very few transport services entering the Isle of Man from outside the CTA."[47] As of April 2018 the only regular commercial air service between the Isle of Man and an airport outside the Common Travel Area is Geneva in Switzerland.[48]

The Isle of Man is considered a part of the UK for customs purposes, and so there are no routine customs checks on travellers arriving from the UK.[49]

United Kingdom

The UK Border Force does not carry out routine immigration checks on travellers (regardless of nationality) arriving in the UK from another part of the CTA.[49] However, because the Channel Islands have VAT free status, the UK carries out selective customs checks on travellers arriving from there.

Travel within the UK

There are no border controls between the four constituent countries of the UK, and consequently the land frontiers between England, Scotland and Wales are completely open. However, section 8[50] of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1974 provided for temporary powers to examine persons travelling between Northern Ireland and Great Britain.[51] Schedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000 provides for similar powers and remains in force.[52]

According to the Home Office, with regard to the legal basis for identity screening and immigration checks at airports and sea ports, as carried out on passengers travelling between Northern Ireland and Great Britain,[53] "Immigration Enforcement officers may arrest without warrant anyone they have reasonable grounds to suspect has committed an immigration offence and/or may be liable for removal directions." Section 31.19.3 of the Enforcement Instructions and Guidance (part of the visas and immigration operational guidance),[54] relating to the case law Baljinder Singh v. Hammond,[55] said "Any questioning must be consensual. The paragraph 2 power to examine does not include a power to compel someone to stop or to require someone to comply with that examination. Should a person seek to exercise their right not to answer questions and leave, there is no power to arrest that person purely on suspicion of committing an immigration offence."

As in most countries, airlines may require photo identification (e.g. a passport or a driving licence) for internal flights between destinations within the UK.[56][57]

Common visa system

In October 2014, the British and Irish governments signed a memorandum of understanding paving the way for mutually recognised visas allowing visitors to travel to Britain and Ireland on a single visa. Chinese and Indian nationals were the first and, as of 2018, the only nationalities to get the benefit of the scheme. It was proposed to conduct a review of the scheme in 2015 with a view to expand it to all other countries by the end of that year,[58] but no such review took place, and the scheme has not been extended to other nationalities. The scheme exists in parallel to the Irish visa waiver programme which waives the visa requirement for the nationals of 17 countries if they hold valid UK short-stay visas and enter Ireland directly from the UK.

While the CTA has, for most of its history, involved an open or relatively open border, since the Second World War this has not meant that someone who legally entered one part of the CTA was automatically entitled to enter another part. Unlike the Schengen Agreement, the CTA currently provides no mechanism for the mutual recognition of leave to enter and remain, and the UK and Ireland operate separate visa systems with distinct entry requirements. In general, a UK visa will not allow entry to Ireland nor vice versa.

The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man allow entry to holders of UK visas (with some exceptions). Bailiwick of Guernsey and Jersey immigration authorities routinely check non-EEA nationals seeking to enter the UK to ensure they have valid UK permissions.

In July 2011 Ireland introduced a limited pilot visa waiver programme under which the normal requirement for certain nationalities to hold an Irish visa is waived for visitors to the UK who hold valid UK visas.

Nationalities that are visa-free in the UK but not in Ireland:

Nationalities that are visa-free in Ireland but not in the UK:

Irish visa-waiver nationalities

Freedom of movement

While British and Irish citizens enjoy the right to live in each other's countries under European Union law, the provisions that apply to them are generally more far reaching than those that apply to other European Economic Area nationals. There now are identity checks at least for air travel, and British and Irish citizens may be requested to produce a valid identity document when crossing the border.

British citizens in Ireland

Under Irish law, all British citizens – including Manx people and Channel Islanders, who are not entitled to take advantage of the European Union's freedom of movement provisions – are exempt from immigration control and immune from deportation.[60] They are entitled to live in Ireland without any restrictions or conditions.[61] They have, with limited exceptions,[62] never been treated as foreigners under Irish law, having never been subject to the Aliens Act 1935 or to any orders made under that Act.[61] British citizens can thus move to Ireland to live, work or retire and unlike other EU citizens, they are not required to demonstrate having sufficient resources or have private health insurance in order to retire. This is due to the fact that British citizens are also entitled to use Irish public services on the same basis as Irish citizens in Ireland.[61]

Irish citizens in the United Kingdom

Before 1949, all Irish citizens were considered under British law to be British subjects.[63][64] After Ireland declared itself a republic in that year, a consequent British law gave Irish citizens a similar status to Commonwealth citizens in the United Kingdom, notwithstanding that they had ceased to be such. Thus, much like British citizens in Ireland, Irish citizens in the United Kingdom have never been treated as foreigners. Irish citizens have, however, like Commonwealth citizens, been subject to immigration control in Britain since the enactment of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962. Unlike Commonwealth citizens, Irish citizens have generally not been subject to entry control in the United Kingdom and, if they move to the UK, are considered to have 'settled status' (a status that goes beyond indefinite leave to remain). They may be subject to deportation from the UK upon the same basis as other European Economic Area nationals.[65] In February 2007 the British government announced that a specially lenient procedure would apply to the deportation of Irish citizens compared to the procedure for other European Economic Area nationals.[66][67] As a result, Irish nationals are not routinely considered for deportation from the UK when they are released from prison.[68]

Other European Economic Area nationals

Nationals of member states of the European Economic Area other than British and Irish nationals have the right to freely enter and reside in the UK and Ireland under European Union law. They are required to carry a valid travel document, a passport or a national identity card, for entering the CTA and for travelling between Ireland and the UK.[69]

Schengen Area

In 1985, five member states of the then European Economic Community signed the Schengen Agreement on the gradual dropping of border controls between them. This treaty and the implementation convention of 1990 paved the way for the creation of the Schengen Area. Implemented in 1995, by 1997 all European Union member states except the United Kingdom and Ireland had signed the Agreement. The Amsterdam Treaty, which was drafted that year, incorporated Schengen into EU law, while giving Ireland and the UK an opt-out permitting them to maintain systematic passport and immigration controls at their frontiers. The wording of the treaty makes Ireland's opt-out from eliminating border controls conditional on the Common Travel Area being maintained.

The British government has always refused to lower its border controls as it believes that the island status of the CTA puts the UK in a better position to enforce immigration controls than mainland European countries with "extensive and permeable land borders".[70] While not signing the Schengen Treaty, Ireland has always looked more favourably on joining but has not done so to maintain the CTA and its open border with Northern Ireland,[71] though in 1997 Ireland amended its Aliens Order to permit identity and immigration controls on arrivals from the United Kingdom.[3]

Identification requirements

Most transport operators permit passengers to travel within the Common Travel Area without a passport, although Ryanair require all passengers to carry a passport or a national identity card. In 2014 a private member's bill was put before the Irish parliament which proposed to prohibit transport operators from requiring the production of a passport for travel within the Common Travel Area, but it was not passed.[72] Photo ID is required for Irish or British citizens travelling by air at the minimum. The Irish government in October 2015, started issuing passport cards and are the same size as national identity cards from other EU countries, which are accepted by all transport operators but the issuing of a passport card requires the holder to already have a conventional passport book.[73]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Common Travel Area between Ireland and the United Kingdom". Citizens Information Board. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  2. ↑ "British and Irish citizens do not have to produce ID or Passport, Minister for Justice, Dail Debates, Tuesday, 27 November 2012".
  3. 1 2 3 by the Aliens (Amendment) (No. 3) Order 1997 ; M. Wallace, Dáil Debates volume 510 columns 1400–1404 (16 November 1999).
  4. ↑ See the decision of the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords in Mark v. Mark [2005] UKHL 42 at para 17.
  5. ↑ Pellew, Jill (June 1989). "The Home Office and the Aliens Act, 1905". The Historical Journal. Cambridge University Press. 32 (2): 369. doi:10.1017/s0018246x00012206. JSTOR 2639607.
  6. ↑ Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland, 1999
  7. ↑ MFPP Working Paper No. 2, "The Creation and Consolidation of the Irish Border" by KJ Rankin and published in association with Institute for British-Irish Studies, University College Dublin and Institute for Governance, Queen's University, Belfast (also printed as IBIS working paper no. 48)
  8. ↑ See #References and further reading: Ryan, page 857. The agreement was also, albeit indirectly, referred to in a Dàil debate on 4 June 1925 (Dáil Debates volume 12 columns 317–318).
  9. ↑ Aliens Order 1923 (UK).
  10. ↑ Respectively by the Aliens Order 1925 (Ireland) and the Aliens Order 1925 (UK).
  11. ↑ See #References and further reading: Ryan.
  12. ↑ by the Aliens Order 1946 (Ireland) .
  13. ↑ Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, Geoffrey de Freitas, House of Commons Debates volume 478 columns 842–849 (28 July 1950).
  14. ↑ House of Commons Debates volume 446 columns 1158–1166 (28 January 1948), volume 463 column 543 (24 March 1949), and volume 478 columns 842–849 (28 July 1950).
  15. ↑ in the Aliens Order 1953 (UK).
  16. ↑ The existence of the 1952 agreement was conceded in an Irish parliamentary question on 3 June 1980 (Dáil Debates volume 321 column 1379) .
  17. ↑ In the UK by section 1(3) of the Immigration Act 1971 (as amended) and by Immigration (Control of Entry through the Republic of Ireland) Order 1972 (as amended) and in Ireland by the Aliens Orders 1946 (as amended; in particular by the Aliens (Amendment) Order 1975 ).
  18. ↑ #References and further reading: Ryan at p865.
  19. ↑ the Aliens (Exemption) Order 1935 (Ireland)
  20. ↑ by the Aliens (Exemption) Order 1999 (Ireland), which exempted all (and only) British citizens from immigration control.
  21. ↑ Sharrock, David (25 October 2007). "New border control will abolish free movement between UK and Ireland". Times Online. London. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  22. ↑ House of Commons Debates volume 470 Column 1051W (14 January 2008) .
  23. ↑ "Strengthening the common travel area: a consultation paper". UK Borders Agency. 24 July 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014.
  24. ↑ Ford, Richard (25 October 2007). "Britain and Ireland agree to tighten border check". London: The Times. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
  25. ↑ Lord Glentoran (1 April 2009). "Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Bill (HL). Amendment 54 (Report stage)". Hansard of the House of Lords.
  26. ↑ Public Bill Committee (18 June 2009). "Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Bill (Lords): New Clause 3 (Common Travel Area)". Hansard of the House of Commons.
  27. ↑ "UK shelves Irish passport plan". BBC News. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  28. ↑ "Joint Statement by Mr Damian Green, Minister of State for Immigration the United Kingdom's Home Department And Mr. Alan Shatter, Minister for Justice and Equality Ireland's Department of Justice and Equality Regarding Co-Operation on Measures to Secure the External Common Travel Area Border signed in duplicate at Dublin, on the 20th December, 2011" (PDF). Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  29. ↑ "Ireland-UK Accord to Further Secure the Common Travel Area". Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service. The Joint Statement and the accompanying Memorandum of Understanding on visa data exchange was signed by Minister for Justice, Equality and Defence, Alan Shatter, T.D. and UK Immigration Minister, Damien Green, M.P., in Dublin today.
  30. ↑ Clause 8 of the Joint Statement.
  31. ↑ Clause 5 of the Joint Statement.
  32. ↑ Clause 4 of the Joint Statement.
  33. ↑ Clause 3 of the Joint Statement.
  34. ↑ Smith, Evan (20 July 2016). "Brexit and the history of policing the Irish border". History & Policy. History & Policy. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  35. ↑ EU pledges NO hard border in Ireland - but admits ‘creative’ solution needed (31 March 2017)
  36. ↑ "Brexit secretary: no return to 'hard' border in Ireland". The Telegraph. London. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  37. ↑ "Irish Republic signals support for UK plan to avoid post-Brexit "hard border"". The Guardian. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  38. ↑ "Brexit: Ireland has no agreement with UK on use of Irish ports". The Irish Times. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  39. ↑ "UK officials at Irish ports ruled out". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  40. ↑ "Safeguarding the position of EU citizens in the UK and UK nationals in the EU". GOV.UK. 26 June 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  41. ↑ http://www.jerseyairport.com/index.asp?NavID=26&SubNavID=32
  42. ↑ D. Wallace, Seanad Debates volume 154 columns 106 (4 February 1998) .
  43. ↑ John O'Donoghue, Dáil Debates volume 548 columns 494 (12 February 2002) .
  44. 1 2 Pachero v. Minister for Justice [2011] IEHC 491 at para. 18, [2011] 4 IR 698 (29 December 2011).
  45. ↑ Butler, Graham (November 2015). "Not a "real" Common Travel Area: Pachero v Minister for Justice and Equality". Irish Jurist Volume 54. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  46. ↑ "Immigration in Ireland 2011 – a year-end snapshot – major changes and more to follow". Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  47. ↑ "Immigration in the Isle of Man: Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Isle of Man Government Website. Chief Secretary's Office. October 2006. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  48. ↑ "Flight destinations and timetables". Isle of Man Airport Website. Isle of Man Government. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  49. 1 2 "Entering the UK".
  50. ↑ "Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1974".
  51. ↑ "Brexit and the history of policing the Irish border". History & Policy.
  52. ↑ "Terrorism Act 2000".
  53. ↑ "Legal basis for in-country passenger checks - a Freedom of Information request to Home Office". 25 July 2016.
  54. ↑ "Visas and immigration operational guidance - GOV.UK".
  55. ↑ "Refworld - Baljinder Singh v. Hammond". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
  56. ↑ "Flybe ID Requirements". Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  57. ↑ "easyJet ID Requirements". Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  58. ↑ "Minister Fitzgerald and UK Home Secretary launch landmark British-Irish Visa Scheme" (Press release). Dublin: Department of Justice and Equality. 6 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  59. ↑ "Visa Waiver Programme – The Short-stay Visa Waiver Programme". Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service. 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  60. ↑ Per the provisions of the S.I. No. 97/1999 — Aliens (Exemption) Order, 1999 and Immigration Act 1999.
  61. 1 2 3 "Residence rights of UK citizens".
  62. ↑ The only exception being that between 1962 and 1999 those British citizens born outside the United Kingdom were not exempt. See the 1952 agreement
  63. ↑ "All the people in Ireland are British subjects, and Ireland under the Constitution is under Dominion Home Rule, and has precisely the same powers as the Dominion of Canada, and can legislate, I understand, on matters affecting rights and treaties." Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, William Ormsby-Gore, House of Common Debates volume 167 column 24 (23 July 1923)
  64. ↑ Hachey, Thomas E.; Hernon, Joseph M.; McCaffrey, Lawrence John (1996). The Irish experience: a concise history (2nd ed.). p. 217. The effect of the [British Nationality Act 1948] was that citizens of Éire, though no longer British subjects, would, when in Britain, be treated as if they were British subjects.
  65. ↑ See Evans.
  66. ↑ Minister of State for Immigration, Citizenship and Nationality, Liam Byrne, House of Lords Debates volume 689 Column WS54 (19 February 2007) . (Hansard)
  67. ↑ "Irish exempt from prisoner plans". British Broadcasting Corporation. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
  68. ↑ Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Justice, Jeremy Wright, House of Commons Debates Column 293W (5 February 2014) (Hansard).
  69. ↑ Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Home Office, Mike O'Brien, House of Commons Debates volume 332 column 434–435 (11 June 1999) ; D. Wallace, Seanad Debates volume 154 columns 106 (4 February 1998) .
  70. ↑ Foreign Secretary, Malcolm Rifkind, House of Commons Debates volume 287 columns 433–434 (12 December 1996) .
  71. ↑ Minister for Justice, Nora Owen, Dáil Debates volume 450 column 1171 (14 March 1995) ; Minister for Justice, John O'Donoghue, Dáil Debates volume 501 column 1506 (9 March 1999); "Declaration by Ireland on Article 3 of the Protocol on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland" attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam.
  72. ↑ "Houses of the Oireachtas - Freedom of Movement (Common Travel Area) (Travel Documentation) Bill 2014". oireachtas.ie. 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  73. ↑ "Ireland unveils credit card-style passports for EU travel". Yahoo News. 26 January 2015.

Further reading

  • Bernard Ryan (2001). "The Common Travel Area between Britain and Ireland". Modern Law Review. 64 (6): 855. doi:10.1111/1468-2230.00356.
  • J. M. Evans (1972). "Immigration Act 1971". The Modern Law Review. 35 (5): 508. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1972.tb02363.x. JSTOR 1094478.
  • Evan Smith (2016). 'Brexit and the history of policing the Irish border', History & Policy. http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/brexit-and-the-history-of-policing-the-irish-border
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