Comic strip syndication

A comic strip syndicate functions as an agent for cartoonists and comic strip creators, placing the cartoons and strips in as many newspapers as possible on behalf of the artist. A syndicate can annually receive thousands of submissions, from which only two or three might be selected for representation. In some cases, the work will be owned by the syndicate as opposed to the creator. The Guinness World Record for the world's most syndicated strip belongs to Jim Davis' Garfield, which at that point (2002) appeared in 2,570 newspapers, with 263 million readers worldwide.[1]

Syndication peaked in the mid-1930s with 130 syndicates offering 1,600 features to more than 13,700 newspapers.[2] As of 2017, the leading strip syndicates are King Features Syndicate, Universal Uclick, and Creators Syndicate, with NI Syndication, Tribune Content Agency, and The Washington Post Writers Group also in the running. Universal Uclick syndicates more than 150 comic strips and news features. Universal Uclick also owns and operates GoComics, a website featuring comic strips currently syndicated by Universal Uclick, as well as discontinued titles such as Calvin and Hobbes, The Boondocks, and Bloom County; webcomics such as Pibgorn and Kliban; plus a selection of syndicated comic strips from Creators Syndicate and Tribune Content Agency. King Features syndicates 150 comic strips, newspaper columns, editorial cartoons, puzzles and games to nearly 5,000 newspapers worldwide. Creators syndicates close to 60 strips and 20 editorial cartoonists.

Strip submissions

In Syd Hoff's The Art of Cartooning (Stravon, 1973) King Features Syndicate comics editor Sylvan Byck (who served in that position for more than 25 years), observed that King Features received more than 1,000 strip proposals annually, but chose only one each year. Byck offered some tips regarding strip submissions, including the creation of central characters with warmth and charm and the avoidance of "themes that are too confining," as he explained:

Contracts and creator ownership

Historically, syndicates owned the creators' work — the name, characters, and likenesses — enabling them to continue publishing the strip after the original creator retired, left the strip, or died. An early example of this practice was Rudolph Dirks' hugely successful comic strip, The Katzenjammer Kids, which first appeared in print in 1897. In 1912, Dirks challenged publisher William Randolph Hearst for ownership rights to his comic strip, and ultimately Hearst prevailed.[4] This practice led to "legacy strips" (or more pejoratively "zombie strips") — strips taken over by other creator — which are often criticized as lacking the "spark" that originally made the strip successful. Most syndicates signed creators to ten- or even twenty-year contracts. (There have been exceptions, however, such as Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff being an early — if not the earliest — case in which the creator retained ownership of his work from the outset.)

Milton Caniff was another of several important cartoonists who had tried unsuccessfully to secure rights to their creations. In 1946, he walked away from the enormously popular Terry and the Pirates comic strip because his syndicate insisted that they own his creation. In 1947 Caniff created Steve Canyon because Marshall Field III, who owned Field Newspaper Syndicate, allowed him to own the rights to his comic strip.[5]

Issues of ownership and contracts began to change with the 1970 debut of Universal Press Syndicate, as the company gave cartoonists a 50-percent ownership share of their work. Creators Syndicate, founded in 1987, granted artists full rights to the strips.[6] Following Creators' lead, in 1990 Universal Press gave their creators creative ownership, followed by King Features in 1995. By 1999 both Tribune Media Services and United Feature had begun granting ownership rights to creators (limited to new and/or hugely popular strips).

Changing syndicates

Most strips stay with the same syndicate over the course of their run (not counting instances where syndicates merge with each other, are acquired, or change names). Over the years, however, for various reasons, a few notable strips changed syndicates. AP Newsfeatures closed down in 1961 and McNaught Syndicate closed down in 1989, prompting a number of strips to end their runs or move to other syndicates. Sometimes — as in the case of strips like The World's Greatest Superheroes or Poor Arnold's Almanac — a strip took a long hiatus and when it returned to syndication it was with a new company.

A watershed moment came in early 1987, when Creators Syndicate was born in response to King Features' acquisition of News America Syndicate and the resulting consolidation of strip syndication. After Creators was founded, Milton Caniff sent Creators founder Richard S. Newcombe a postcard saying, "To put it on the record: Hooray!!!"[7] Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Mike Peters told Editor & Publisher magazine, "It's long overdue that syndicates realize a new day is here. Indentured servitude went out in the 1500s." Johnny Hart, creator of B.C. and The Wizard of Id, called Creators “a history-making venture in syndication.” Bil Keane, creator of The Family Circus, described Creators Syndicate as “the first breath of fresh air the syndicates have had in 100 years of existence.”[8] A number of prominent strips moved from King Features (and News America) to the independent company Creators.

The following is a list of notable comic strips that, for various reasons, changed syndicates:

  • Andy Capp — News America, King Features, Creators Syndicate (?–present)
  • B.C. — New York Herald Tribune Syndicate (1958–1966),[9] Publishers Syndicate[10] / Publishers-Hall Syndicate / Field Newspaper Syndicate / News America Syndicate / North America Syndicate[11] (1967–1987), Creators Syndicate (1987[12]–present)
  • The Bungle Family — McClure Newspaper Syndicate (1919–1924), McNaught Syndicate (1924–1942), Self-syndicated (1943–1945)
  • For Better or For Worse — Universal Press Syndicate (1979–1997,[13] 2004–present), United Feature Syndicate (1997–2004)
  • Garfield — United Feature Syndicate (1978–1993), Universal Press Syndicate (1994–present)
  • Grin and Bear It — United Feature Syndicate (1932–1940), Field Enterprises (1940–1984) / News America Syndicate (1984–1986) / King Features Syndicate (1986–2015)
  • Heathcliff — McNaught Syndicate (1973–1988), Creators Syndicate (1988–present)
  • Miss Peach — New York Herald Tribune (1957–1966), Publisher Syndicate / Field Newspaper Syndicate / News America Syndicate (1966–1986), Creators Syndicate (1987–2002)
  • Momma — Publishers-Hall (1970–1987), Creators Syndicate (1987–2016)
  • Mother Goose and Grimm — Tribune Media Services (1984–2002), King Features (2003–present)[14]
  • Mutt and Jeff — King Features Syndicate (1907–1915), Wheeler Syndicate (1915-1916), Bell Syndicate (1916–c. 1944), Field Newspaper Syndicate (c. 1944–1983)
  • Napoleon and Uncle Elby — LaFave Newspaper Features (1932–1952), Mirror Enterprises Syndicate (1952–1961)
  • Sherman's Lagoon — Creators Syndicate (1991–1997), King Features Syndicate (1997–present)
  • Shoe — Tribune Media Services (1977–2008), King Features Syndicate (2008–present)[15]
  • Wee Pals — Lew Little Enterprises (1965), Register and Tribune Syndicate (1965-1970s), United Feature Syndicate (1970s-1980s), Creators Syndicate (1980s–present)
  • The Wizard of Id — Publishers Newspaper Syndicate / North America Syndicate (1964–1989), Creators Syndicate (1989–present)

History

Origins (1900s-1910s)

Comic strip syndication services began operating in the opening years of the 20th century. The first syndicate to distribute comic strips was the McClure Newspaper Syndicate (founded in 1884), which began syndicating comic strips c. 1903. (McClure's more notable strips included Billy Bounce, by W. W. Denslow and later by C. W. Kahles, (1901–1906);[16] Superman, which it syndicated beginning in 1939; and Batman and Robin, debuting in 1943.) The Newspaper Enterprise Association, (NEA), founded by E. W. Scripps in 1902, began syndicating comic strips by 1909.

The Associated Newspapers syndicate was launched in 1912, a cooperative of four newspapers: The New York Globe, the Chicago Daily News, The Boston Globe, and the Philadelphia Bulletin.

John Neville Wheeler's Wheeler Syndicate debuted in 1913, contracting with pioneering comic strip artist Bud Fisher and cartoonist Fontaine Fox to begin distributing their work. Fisher is reported to have received an annual guarantee of $52,000, an unprecedented amount at that time. The Wheeler Syndicate was purchased by the McClure Syndicate in 1916; Wheeler immediately founded another, the Bell Syndicate, and re-acquired cartoonists Fisher and Fox.

In 1914, William Randolph Hearst founded King Features, the oldest comics syndicate still in operation. Popular, long-running King strips launched during this period included The Katzenjammer Kids (1897-2006) and Thimble Theatre/Popeye (1919–present).

Also launched c. 1914 was the New York Herald Syndicate, known for most of its operation as the New York Herald Tribune Syndicate.[17] The Syndicate's first comic strip of note was Clare Briggs' Mr. and Mrs., which debuted in 1919.

The Public Ledger Syndicate was launched in 1915 by Philadelphia Public Ledger publisher Cyrus H. K. Curtis.[18] The Ledger Syndicates' most notable strips during its 30 years in operation were A. E. Hayward's Somebody's Stenog; Hairbreadth Harry (by C. W. Kahles and later by F. O. Alexander); Frank Godwin's Connie and Babe Bunting; Joe Bowers' Dizzy Dramas; Clare Victor Dwiggins ("Dwig")'s Footprints on the Sands of Time and Nipper; and Roy Powers, Eagle Scout ("the official strip of the Boy Scouts of America").

United Feature Syndicate was formed in c. 1915,[19] becoming a dominant player in the 1930s.

The George Matthew Adams Service debuted in 1916, which syndicated such strips as Billy DeBeck's Finn an' Haddie, Robert Baldwin's Freddy, Edwina Dumm's Cap Stubbs and Tippie and Ed Wheelan's Minute Movies. Adams' syndicate peaked in the 1920s and 1930s.

Cartoonist Sidney Smith's popular strip The Gumps, which debuted in the Chicago Tribune in 1917, played a key role in the rise of syndication. Joseph Medill Patterson founded the Chicago Tribune Syndicate in 1918, managed by Arthur Crawford.[20] In 1919, Patterson and Robert R. McCormick, who had been co-publishing the Chicago Tribune since 1914, planned to launch a tabloid in New York. As comics historian Coulton Waugh explained:

So originated on June 16, 1919, the Illustrated Daily News, a title which, as too English, was almost at once clipped to Daily News. It was a picture paper, and it was a perfect setting for the newly developed art of the comic strip. The first issue shows but a single strip, The Gumps. It was the almost instant popularity of this famous strip that directly brought national syndication into being. Midwestern and other papers began writing to the Chicago Tribune, which also published The Gumps, requesting to be allowed to use the new comic, and the result was that the heads of the two papers collaborated and founded the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate, which soon was distributing Tribune-News features to every nook and cranny of the country.[21]

Now known as Tribune Content Agency, the syndicate continues to provide content to newspapers.

Continued growth (1920s–1930s)

Notable strips launched by the New York Herald Tribune Syndicate in the 1920s included Harrison Cady's Peter Rabbit, Charles A. Voight's Betty (which had originated with the McClure Syndicate),[22] Crawford Young's Clarence,[23] and H. T. Webster's The Timid Soul (later known as Caspar Milquetoast). All of those strips had long syndication runs of at least 25 years.

The McNaught Syndicate was founded in 1922, with one of its first notable syndicated strips being those of Rube Goldberg. McNaught's line-up of comic strips included Dixie Dugan and Mickey Finn. Ham Fisher's Joe Palooka was one of the McNaught Syndicate's big successes.[24]

The Des Moines Register launched the long-running Register and Tribune Syndicate in 1922 as well; their most notable cartoons and comic strips included The Family Circus (debuting in 1960), which was eventually distributed to more than 1,000 newspapers. They also syndicated The Amazing Spider-Man, which debuted in 1977 and is still running.

In 1925, Chicago-area businessmen businessmen Harold H. Anderson[25] and Eugene Conley[26] launched the Publishers Newspaper Syndicate, later to be known for such popular, long-running strips as Big Chief Wahoo / Steve Roper, Mary Worth, Kerry Drake, Rex Morgan, M.D., Judge Parker, and Apartment 3-G.

The Associated Press launched their syndicate (later known as AP Newsfeatures) in 1930 with nine comic strips, including John Terry's Scorchy Smith. They added Sunday strips a decade later, in 1940.

King Features had a series of hits during the 1930s with the launch of Blondie (1930–present), Flash Gordon (1934–present), Mandrake the Magician (1934–2013), and The Phantom (1936–present).

United Feature Syndicate became a dominant player in the syndication market in the fall of 1931 thanks to Scripps' acquisition of the New York World, which controlled the syndication arms of the Pulitzer company: Press Publishing Corporation and Metropolitan Newspaper Service (established in the 1920s).[19] United Feature and the Newspaper Enterprise Association both became successful distributors of newspaper comics in the 1930s.[27] An April 1933 article in Fortune described the "Big Four" American syndicates as United Feature Syndicate, King Features Syndicate, the Chicago Tribune Syndicate, and the Bell Syndicate.[28] Later that year, the Chicago Tribune Syndicate changed its name to the Tribune-New York (Daily) News Syndicate[29][30] (eventually becoming Tribune Content Agency).

The boom years (1940s–1950s)

Marshall Field III launched the Chicago Sun Syndicate (later known as the Field Newspaper Syndicate) in 1941, whose most popular offering was the comic strip Steve Canyon.

In the 1940s, the Register and Tribune Syndicate's The Spirit (by Will Eisner) was part of a 16-page Sunday supplement known colloquially as "The Spirit Section". This was a tabloid-sized newsprint comic book sold as part of eventually 20 Sunday newspapers with a combined circulation of as many as five million copies.

During the final months of World War II, Robert M. Hall (who had worked at United Feature Syndicate in the 1930s) began his own syndicate. Soon Hall developed his own features, including a variety of comic strips: Debbie Dean, Mark Trail and Bruce Gentry, along with Herblock's editorial cartoons. Beginning in April 1959, Feiffer was distributed nationally by the Hall Syndicate.

The Times Mirror Company launched Mirror Enterprises Syndicate in the late 1940s; it eventually became known as the Los Angeles Times Syndicate and was known for syndicating the Star Wars newspaper strip from 1979–1984.

In September 1952, the Bell Syndicate acquired the historic McClure Newspaper Syndicate, with Louis Ruppel installed as president and editor,[31] renaming itself the Bell-McClure Syndicate.

Consolidation and changing times (1960s and 1970s)

In 1963, Chicago-based Field Enterprises and New York Herald Tribune publisher John Hay Whitney acquired Publishers Syndicate,[32] merging Publishers' existing syndication operations with the New York Herald Tribune Syndicate, Field's Chicago Sun-Times Syndicate, and the syndicate of the Chicago Daily News[33] (a newspaper that had been acquired by Field Enterprises in 1959). When the New York Herald Tribune folded in 1966,[32] Publishers inherited their strips, including B.C., Miss Peach, and Penny. In 1967, Field Enterprises acquired the Hall Syndicate, merging it with the previously acquired Publishers Syndicate to form the Publishers-Hall Syndicate.

John McMeel was assistant general manager and national sales director for the Publishers-Hall Syndicate when he began Universal Press Syndicate in 1970.[34] When Gary Trudeau's Doonesbury debuted as a daily strip in two dozen newspapers on October 26, 1970, it was the first strip from Universal Press Syndicate, and a Sunday strip was launched March 21, 1971. Circulation of Doonesbury eventually expanded to more than 1,400 newspapers internationally.[35] At first, ownership of the strips was in the hands of both the artist and the syndicate.

The McNaught Syndicate's last success came with the comic strip Heathcliff, which they syndicated from the start in 1973 until the late 1980s. Heathcliff appeared in some 1,000 newspapers, and the McNaught Syndicate became the production company for a few Heathcliff movies, including Heathcliff: The Movie from 1986.[36]

In 1972, United Features Syndicate acquired the combined operations of the North American Newspaper Alliance and the Bell-McClure Syndicate and absorbed them into United Features' operations.[37]

In 1975, Field Enterprises absorbed Publishers-Hall into its Field Newspaper Syndicate, consolidating control of such popular, long-running strips as Mary Worth, Steve Roper, Penny, Kerry Drake, Rex Morgan, M.D., Judge Parker, Miss Peach, B.C., The Wizard of Id, Dennis the Menace, Funky Winkerbean, Mark Trail, and Momma.

In May 1978 Scripps merged United Feature Syndicate and the Newspaper Enterprise Association[38] to form United Media Enterprises.[39] Although the Washington Post Writers Group was formed in 1973, it didn't begin syndicating comic strips until 1980 with Berkeley Breathed's popular strip Bloom County.

Further consolidation and upheaval (1980s–1990s)

The 1980s was a period of consolidation and upheaval in the syndicated comics strip business. In 1983, Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation purchased the Field Newspaper Syndicate,[40] renaming it News America Syndicate (NAS) in 1984.

In 1986, the Register and Tribune Syndicate was sold to Hearst and King Features for $4.3 million.[41] Late in that year, the Chicago Tribune estimated that the country's top three comic strip syndicates were Hearst's King Features, Scripps' United Media, and News Corp's NAS.[11] In late December of that same year, Hearst bought NAS (which the company renamed North America Syndicate).[11][42] The pending sale of NAS (which was first reported in October 1986),[43] prompted NAS president Richard S. Newcombe to leave the company in January 1987 and, using financial backing from London-based publisher Robert Maxwell, form Creators Syndicate before the close of the NAS sale.[6][44]

Creators Syndicate originated on February 13, 1987.[45][46] Within a month, Creators Syndicate acquired the syndication rights to the worldwide comic strip B.C.,[47] and a few months after that acquired the syndication rights to the cartoon works of Herblock.[6] Creators became one of the few successful independent syndicates founded since the 1930s; it was also the first syndicate to allow cartoonists ownership rights to their work.[6]

By this point (mid-1987), the top syndicates, by number of features, ranked as follows:

  1. King Features Syndicate (Hearst Corporation) 194
  2. North America Syndicate (Hearst Corporation) 122
  3. Tribune Media Services (Tribune Company) 120
  4. United Feature Syndicate (United Media) 85
  5. Los Angeles Times Syndicate (Times Mirror Company) 85
  6. Newspaper Enterprise Association (United Media) 76
  7. Universal Press Syndicate 74
  8. New York Times Syndication Sales (New York Times Company) 51
  9. The Washington Post Writers Group (The Washington Post Company) 37
  10. McNaught Syndicate (independent) 24[6]

Hearst (King Features and NAS) led the way with 316 features, United Media (United Feature Syndicate and NEA) ranked second with 161, and the Tribune Company (Tribune Media Services) was third with 120 features.

The McNaught Syndicate eventually folded in September 1989.[48]

Beginning in 1990, following the lead of Creators, Universal Press Syndicate gave strip creators full rights to their respective works. The company also instituted a policy that any cartoonist who was with them for five years or more received four weeks a year of vacation.[49]

In 1996, Universal Press Syndicate formed Universal New Media, later known as Uclick, to distribute "digital entertainment content."

Further consolidation (2000s)

Upon the acquisition of Times Mirror Company in 2000, the Los Angeles Times Syndicate was merged into Tribune Media Services, which still operates today under the name Tribune Content Agency, and syndicates close to 20 comic strips.

In 2009, Universal Press Syndicate merged with Uclick to form Universal Uclick.[50] In 2011, Universal Uclick acquired United Feature Syndicate to become the largest American press syndicate.[51][52] As a result, Universal Uclick has become one of the largest print syndicators in the United States, as United Media was the company's main competitor in the industry (it is not quite a monopoly, since King Features Syndicate and Creators Syndicate still have extensive operations).

Visual timeline

A visual timeline of notable comic strip syndicates from 1900–present:

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Garfield Named World's Most Syndicated Comic Strip". Business Wire. January 22, 2002. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
  2. ↑ Harvey, Robert C. The Art of the Funnies: An Aesthetic History. University Press of Mississippi, 1994.
  3. ↑ Hoff, Syd. The Art of Cartooning. Stravon, 1973.
  4. ↑ Dirks profile, Lambiek's Comiclopedia. Accessed Jan. 3, 2018.
  5. ↑ Holtz, Allan. "Obscurity of the Day: Hit or Miss", April 13, 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Katina Alexander (June 14, 1987). "A Superhero For Cartoonists?". The New York Times. p. 34. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
  7. ↑ "Strong opinions about a new syndicate". Editor & Publisher. 7 March 1987.
  8. ↑ "'B.C.' comic joining Ann Landers at CS". Editor & Publisher. 21 March 1987.
  9. ↑ Harvey, R.C. "Hare Tonic: Johnny Hart to Appear B.C.," The Comics Journal (March 22, 2012).
  10. ↑ "Herald Tribune Is Closing Its News Service; But Meyer Says Columns That Appeared in Paper Will Be in Merged Publication". The New York Times. 1966-06-24. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
  11. 1 2 3 Storch, Charles. "Hearst To Buy Murdoch Syndicate," Chicago Tribune (December 25, 1986).
  12. ↑ Thomas Collins (April 26, 1987). "A boss who lets artists own the comics competitors call him a raider, 'but that implies that the talent is a caravan of slaves,' says the head of a new syndicate" (PDF). Newsday. p. 16. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
  13. ↑ "News Watch: For Better Or For Worse, Johnston Changes Syndicates," The Comics Journal #199 (Oct. 1997), p. 36.
  14. ↑ Astor, Dave. "Mike Peters Moves To King," Editor & Publisher (November 27, 2002).
  15. ↑ Press release. "King Features to Syndicate Shoe Comic Strip: Distribution of Popular Feature Begins September 1, 2008," Business Wire (August 2008).
  16. ↑ Billy Bounce at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on June 11, 2015.
  17. ↑ "Briggs Succumbs: Clare Briggs, Cartoon Genius, Dies at 54," Editor & Publisher (Jan. 11, 1930). Archived at "News of Yore 1930," Stripper's Guide. Accessed Dec. 1, 2017.
  18. ↑ Frederic Hudson, Alfred McClung Lee, Frank L. Mott, editors. "The Daily Newspaper in America," American Journalism 1690-1940 (Psychology Press, 2000), p. 594.
  19. 1 2 "United Feature Syndicate Buys Metropolitan Service From Elser: Both Firms Will Retain Separate Identities, With Elser Remaining as Vice-President — Monte Bourjaily to Direct Both Organizations," Editor & Publisher (March 15, 1930). Archived at "News of Yore 1930: Another Syndicate Gobbled," Stripper's Guide (May 4, 2010).
  20. ↑ Watson, Elmo Scott. "The Era of Consolidation, 1890-1920" (Chapter VII), in A History Of Newspaper Syndicates In The United States, 1865-1935 (Western Newspaper Union, 1936), archived at Stripper's Guide
  21. ↑ Waugh, Coulton. The Comics, 1947.
  22. ↑ Markstein, Don. "Betty," Toonopedia. Accessed Dec. 6, 2017.
  23. ↑ Crawford Young bio, Lambiek's Comiclopedia. Accessed Dec. 23, 2017.
  24. ↑ Caplin, Elliot (1995). Al Capp Remembered. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-313-29192-0.
  25. ↑ "Who's Who Among Leading U.S. Syndicate Executives," Editor & Publisher (September 7, 1946). Archived at "News of Yore 1946: Syndicate Executives Profiled," Stripper's Guide (July 21, 2010).
  26. ↑ Heise, Kenan. "News Syndicate Chief Harold Anderson," Chicago Tribune (January 26, 1988).
  27. ↑ Ron Goulart, The Adventurous Decade. Arlington House, New Rochelle, N.Y. 1975. ISBN 9780870002526 (p. 26-7,93-5).
  28. ↑ Jeet Heer, "Crane's Great Gamble", in Roy Crane, Buz Sawyer: 1, The War in the Pacific. Seattle, Wash.: Fantagraphics Books, 2011. ISBN 9781606993620
  29. ↑ "Tribune Company History". Funding Universe. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  30. ↑ "International Directory of Company Histories". 63. St. James Press. 2004.
  31. ↑ Knoll, Erwin. "McClure Syndicate Sold to Bell-NANA". Editor & Publisher (September 6, 1952).
  32. 1 2 Stetson, Damon. "Herald Tribune Is Closing Its News Service: But Meyer Says Columns That Appeared in Paper Will Be in Merged Publication," The New York Times (June 24, 1966).
  33. ↑ Toni Mendez Collection
  34. ↑ Andrews McMeel Universal history.
  35. ↑ "Doonesbury: Drawing and Quartering for Fun and Profit". Time, February 9, 1976.
  36. ↑ "McNaught Syndicate". IMDb. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  37. ↑ Astor, Dave. "Goldberg To Retire From United Media," Editor & Publisher (December 17, 2001): "The executive joined United in 1972 when it bought Bell McClure Syndicate and North American Newspaper Alliance, where Goldberg was president."
  38. ↑ Cavna, Michael (July 1, 2011). "RIP, UNITED MEDIA: A century-old syndicate closes its historic doors". The Washington Post.
  39. ↑ "News Features Services Merge As United Media". United Press International. May 19, 1978. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  40. ↑ Friendly, Jonathan. "Murdoch Buys Chicago Sun-Times," The New York Times, 2 November 1983, page D1.
  41. ↑ Strentz, Herb. "John Cowles," Cowles Family Publishing Legacy: Drake University, Cowles Library. Accessed Jan. 3, 2018.
  42. ↑ King Features Syndicate profile. via Hearst Corporation
  43. ↑ United Press International (October 21, 1986). "2 New York Papers Deny Merger Rumor". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. p. 2D. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
  44. ↑ David Astor (January 17, 1987). "Richard S. Newcombe leaves top exec post at NAS". Editor & Publisher. 120: 46.
  45. ↑ Jeff Rowe (October 16, 1986). "Murdoch News America Group Is Up for Sale". Los Angeles Times. p. 4F. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
  46. ↑ Thomas Collins (April 26, 1987). "A boss who lets artists own the comics competitors call him a raider, 'but that implies that the talent is a caravan of slaves,' says the head of a new syndicate" (PDF). Newsday. p. 16. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
  47. ↑ "Family offers plenty of fodder to journalist's quick wit". Ohio University Today. 1998. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  48. ↑ The Lee Salem Interview, Hogan's Alley #7
  49. ↑ "Universal Press Syndicate and Uclick Merge". Gardner, Alan. The Daily Cartoonist, July 8, 2009.
  50. ↑ Universal Uclick to Provide Syndicate Services for United Media, PR Newswire, February 24, 2011.
  51. ↑ United Media Outsources Content to Universal Uclick , Editor & Publisher, April 29, 2011.
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