Citizens (Spanish political party)

Citizens
Ciudadanos
Abbreviation C’s
President Albert Rivera
Secretary-General José Manuel Villegas
Spokesperson Inés Arrimadas
Spokesperson in Congress Juan Carlos Girauta
Founded 7 June 2005 (CC)
4 March 2006 (Cs) in Catalonia
Headquarters Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 751 A, 1º 2ª
08013 Barcelona, Catalonia
Youth wing Group of Young Citizens – J's
Membership (2016) Decrease 30,867[1]
Ideology Liberalism[2][3]
Radical centrism[4][5]
Secularism[6]
Big tent
Autonomism[7]
Postnationalism[8][9]
Spanish nationalism[10]
Populism[11][12][13]
Political position Centre[4][5] to
centre-right[14][15][16]
European affiliation Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
European Parliament group Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
Colours      Orange[17]
Congress of Deputies
32 / 350
Senate
4 / 265
European Parliament
2 / 54
Regional Parliaments
105 / 1,248
Local Government
1,527 / 67,611
Catalan Local Government
176 / 9,069
Website
www.ciudadanos-cs.org

Citizens (Spanish: Ciudadanos [θjuðaˈðanos]  listen ; Catalan: Ciutadans [siwtəˈðans]; Basque: Hiritarrak; Galician: Cidadáns; shortened as Cs—C's until January 2017), officially Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Ciudadanos–Partido de la Ciudadanía),[18] is a centre[4][5] to centre-right[10][19][20] political party in Spain.

Originating in Catalonia in 2006, the party received over 25% of votes and 36 deputies in the December 2017 Catalan regional election, making it the largest single party in the Parliament of Catalonia. Nevertheless, it has never taken power so their actual political stance remains a source of controversy between supporters and adversaries beyond their strong opposition to Catalan nationalism,[21][22][23] of which there is no disputation. The party used the phrase "Catalonia is my homeland, Spain is my country and Europe is our future" to outline the party's ideology, which the party self-describes as postnationalist.[24][25] In spite of that, it has deemed by a variety of sources (including a peer-reviewed article[10]) to profess a populist Spanish nationalist ideology.[26][27] Citizens used to present itself as a centre-left party that offered a mix of social-democratic and liberal-progressive positions on its platform;[28] however, the party has more recently been described by media[29][30] and CIS[31] (a Spanish public research institute) as right-oriented.

History

Ciutadans was formed in Catalonia in July 2006 in response to the call made in a manifesto by a group of well-known figures in Catalan civic society (among them Albert Boadella, Félix de Azúa, Francesc de Carreras and Arcadi Espada), in which they called for a new political force to "address the real problems faced by the general public". In this manifesto, they also warned that "the rhetoric of hatred promulgated by official Catalan government media against everything 'Spanish' is more alarming than ever" and that "the (Catalan) nation, promoted as an homogenous entity, has taken over the space where an undeniably diverse society lived".[32]

This group of personalities, almost entirely based in Barcelona, formed a political platform called Ciutadans de Catalunya, or Citizens of Catalonia, in July 2005. They organised several round tables and conferences and by 2006 they had announced the formation of a new political party, called Ciutadans, or Citizens. In their first conference of 2006, a young lawyer from Barcelona, Albert Rivera, was elected president.

In the 2006 elections for the Parliament of Catalonia, Cs won 3% of the votes and returned three MPs. Four years later, in 2010, a similar result was achieved (3.4%, 3 MPs). Mainly as a counter to the growing public support for independence in Catalonia, Cs – as one of the most outspoken opponents of this movement – has since further grown substantially in support. In the 2012 snap elections the number of votes more than doubled (7.6%, 9 MPs). All but one of these seats were in the Province of Barcelona. In the 2015 Catalan elections, Cs more than doubled its votes again (17.9%, 25 MPs), becoming the second largest fraction in the Catalan parliament.

In 2013, the party started organising in the rest of Spain with a manifesto called "La conjura de Goya" (The Confederacy of Goya) that took place in the Congress Palace of Madrid. In the 2015 Spanish general elections, Cs entered parliament with 13.9% and 40 seats. As PP's Mariano Rajoy refused the mandate to form a government, Cs promised the second-largest party PSOE support in parliament in exchange for a number of political concessions. This pact, however, would have needed the support of Podemos and finally did not gain a parliamentarian majority, paving the way for a repeat election in 2016. In this elections Cs lost only 0.8%, but lost 8 seats due to Spain's electoral system. After these elections, Cs could strike a deal with the conservative PP in supporting its government in exchange for a number of political concessions. After a 10-month political deadlock, PP leader Mariano Rajoy was able to become Prime Minister thanks to Cs support and an abstention of PSOE.

In the 2014 European elections the party received 3.16% of the national vote, and elected two MEPs.[33] Both MEPs joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) group.

The party was accepted into the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party on 4 June 2016.[34]

Ideology

At first, Citizens branded itself as a centre-left party in its statement of principles (ideario). Albert Rivera refused to locate Citizens on the political spectrum for a time, though. And he has recently been placing Cs in the political centre. Although some observers agreed with the party's ideario by describing Cs as centre-left[35][36][37][38][39][40] and others agree with Albert Rivera's last definition by describing the party as centrist,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47] the vast majority of them have positioned Citizens on the centre-right.[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] In a 2014 interview, Congress spokesman Juan Carlos Girauta explicitly stated that he did not perceive any significant differences between Citizens, the centrist Union, Progress and Democracy and the far-right-wing, Spanish nationalist party Vox.[59]

Official stance

Ideologically, Cs describes itself as a progressive,[60] secular, constitutional, European federalist and postnationalist political party.[25] Ciudadanos rejects the autonomous communities' right to self-determination outside of the Spanish state. As an originally Catalan party it specifically opposes Catalan nationalism, due to viewing it as an outdated, authoritarian and socially divisive ideology which fuels hatred among both Catalans and Spaniards.[21][22][23] Rivera uses the phrase "Catalonia is my homeland, Spain is my country and Europe is our future" to describe the party's ideology.

The party opposes separatist movements such as the Catalan independence movement[61][7] and opposes federating the autonomous communities. Even though Citizens is currently a supporter of European federalism,[62] it ran in the 2009 European Parliament election in coalition with the pan-European, Eurosceptic party Libertas.[63] Although reconsidering the current head of state is not a priority for the party, Albert Rivera has said that Citizens is "a republican party which claims that Spanish citizens are who have to decide whether they prefer a once-modernized monarchy or a republic through a referendum in the context of a constitutional reform".[64][65][66] According to its declared identity signs, Cs advocates four basic lines of action:

  1. Defense of individual rights.
  2. Defense of social rights as well as the welfare state.
  3. Uphold the State of Autonomies and Europe's unity.
  4. Regeneration of democracy and of political life.

Main tenets

Albert Rivera, president of the party

Cs displays a political discourse mainly centered around opposition to Catalan nationalism,[67] to the extent that it has been frequently criticised for being a single issue party, a label rejected by its members. In the period 2006-2012, the number of Cs voters who had voted for centre-right parties in previous elections was similar to the number who had voted for centre-left parties, suggesting that the party's positions on general economic and social issues are not its main draw.[68] Cs criticise any sort of nationalism, "including the Spanish nationalism that Mr. Ynestrillas defends".[69]

One of the main issues raised by the party is the Catalan language policy, which actively promotes the use of Catalan language as the sole working language of Catalan public administration.[70][71] The party challenges this policy and defends equal treatment of the Spanish and Catalan languages.[71] It also opposes the current language policy within the Catalan educational system, in accordance with which all public schooling is delivered in Catalan. The party also supports strengthening the powers of the Spanish central institutions and curtailing the powers of regional administrations.[72]

Other topics include a thorough reform of the electoral system with the aim of creating greater proportionality that would give less weight to single constituencies. They also support some changes in the 1978 constitution, especially regarding regional organisation. Regarding the chartered autonomous communities' tax regimes, the party respects and does not want to remove the Basque Country's and Navarre's chartered regimes because it believes that "they aren't discriminatory in and of themselves"; however, it criticises what it calls the miscalculation of the quota or contribution which is negotiated between governments and has been causing significant differences that have become outrageous".[73] It proposes a review and a recalculation of the Basque and Navarrese Economic Agreements in order to stop the Basque Country and Navarre being "net beneficiaries".[74]

Among other policies, they also support a regulation of prostitution, marijuana and euthanasia.

Prominent meetings of the party have been reportedly picketed by Catalan separatist groups on several occasions.[75] Its leader Albert Rivera has received anonymous death threats urging him to quit politics. Two members of the ERC Youth were sentenced to prison for it.[76][77][78][79][80]

Policies

Citizens Headquarters in Barcelona, Spain.

The Cs have outlined some policies for the 2015 general election:

  • Lower corporation tax to 25%[81]
  • Lower and harmonise VAT to a rate between 16% and 19%
  • Cap the top-rate of income tax at 40%
  • Increase R&D spending to 3% of GDP
  • Abolish or merge municipalities with a population of less than 5,000
  • Reduce bureaucracy and red tape
  • More transparent party funding
  • Crack down on corruption
  • Reform or abolish the Senate.[82]
  • Instate an earned income tax credit to fight in-work poverty
  • "Austrian Backpack"[82] transferable unemployment compensation where a worker accumulates funds throughout their career which are accessible upon job loss or retirement
  • Devolve training to the citizens from employers associations and trade unions
  • Ease immigration policies to attract talent and investors
  • Legalize marijuana

Spanish nationalism

Although the party defines itself as postnationalist, it has been deemed by a variety of sources (including peer-reviewed expert texts)[10] to profess a populist Spanish nationalist ideology.[26][27] In a party conference held on May 20, 2018 to present its platform España Ciudadana, Albert Rivera said in a hall filled with flags of Spain:

I do not see reds and blues, I see Spaniards. I do not see, as they say, urban people and rural people, I see Spaniards. I do not see young or old, I see Spaniards. I do not see workers and entrepreneurs, I see Spaniards. I do not see believers or agnostics, I see Spaniards. [...] So, compatriots, with Citizens, let's go for that Spain, let's feel proud of being Spaniards again.[83][84]

Controversy

Alternative views and past membership

In 2006, the newspaper El Periódico de Catalunya revealed that Rivera was a card-carrying member of the conservative People's Party (PP) between 2002 and 2006, and that he had left the PP only three months before running for election for the Citizen's Party; this was corroborated by El Mundo and El País.[85][86] Despite these revelations, Rivera denied having been a full member of PP and implied that he had voted for the PSOE until recently.[87] Past PP membership is common among Cs members. Former PSC activist Juan Carlos Girauta had joined the PP[88] and became a prolific contributor to conservative journalism from his Libertad Digital column,[89] before becoming a Citizens member and candidate in the 2014 European Election.[90] During his long tenure as Libertad Digital columnist and COPE debater, Girauta expressed strong sympathies for right-wing Zionism (to the point of calling then-president Zapatero an anti-Semite)[91] and lent credibility [92][93] to the now discredited book by Victor Farías[94] dismissing Socialist politician Salvador Allende as a racist and a Social Darwinist, without clarifying that the quotations about genetic determinism in Allende's doctoral dissertation were themselves quotations from other authors (mostly Cesare Lombroso) or the fact that Allende was highly critical of these conclusions in his thesis, which was later published [95] as a rebuttal to Farías' position. Farías was later sued for this[96] but Girauta never retracted his statements.

In 2015, a member of the Citizens electoral list for Gijón to the city council and regional elections posted pro-falangist, pro-Blue Division and pro-Hitler Youth messages on Facebook.[97] Those same elections carried news of at least five other former card-carrying Falange and/or España 2000 members.[98]

An altercation took place in Canet de Mar on May 21, 2018 between pro-independence local residents, who had planted yellow crosses on the beach to honor imprisoned and fugitive politicians, and anti-independence individuals who decided to remove said crosses. The altercation left at least three people wounded, including an 82-year-old man and a local CUP councilor who explicitly accused Citizens and Falange militants from across the whole region to be among the provocateurs. Citizens Member of Parliament Carlos Carrizosa dismissed the claim that either "councillors or party activists" from the party were involved in the incidents.[99][100][101] Four days later, and despite admonishments and warnings by President of the Parliament Roger Torrent, Carrizosa himself removed a yellow ribbon from the seats reserved for absent Cabinet ministers, forcing the President to suspend the entire session.[102]

Relations with the media

During the 2006 Catalan election campaign, the party's president Albert Rivera appeared completely naked in a poster in order to attract publicity to the party.[103][104] In the beginning, the party frequently complained about an alleged boycott on the part of Catalan media: in their opinion, the party was given too little airtime to present its views on the Catalan public television.[105]

2009 European election internal dispute

In 2009 it was announced that Cs would run for the European Election allied with the Libertas coalition. The party's association with Declan Ganley's Libertas platform raised some concern on account of the coalition formed by the latter with nationalist and ultra-nationalist parties in each of its local European chapters, seemingly at odds with the professed ideology of Cs.[106][107][108]

Several intellectuals that had participated in the formation of Ciutadans later withdrew their support. Albert Boadella, for example, became one of the co-founders of the Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) party led by former Basque Socialist politician Rosa Díez.

According to some members of Cs, the negotiations prior to this electoral pact were led personally and secretly by the party leader, Albert Rivera. This alienated the other two MPs (besides Rivera himself) and a significant part of the party from his leadership.[109] In turn, the official stance of Cs is that the critics are using the dispute as a pretext to canvass support for the ideologically similar UPyD.[110]

Funding

A credit was requested for party funding in 2015 to Banco Popular Español, up to 2017 an IBEX 35 member.[111]

In 2017 the Court of Audit found irregularities in the accounting books of several political groups, Citizens among them. In respect of Citizens the irregularities included illegal expenses for advertising on local television in 2015.[112][113]

Cs member Jorge Soler appeared in December 2017 on the TV3 debate Preguntes freqüents, during which journalist Beatriz Talegón addressed him about the 2.1 million euros spent by Cs in the 21-D Catalan election campaign—higher than the budget spent by any other party on that election. Talegón inquired about the sources of this funding. Soler replied that this ample budget could be ascribed to the "austerity" of their party, and explicitly stated "During the year we do not spend on coffees or foods".[114][115]

Electoral performance

Cortes Generales

Congress of Deputies
Election Seats Vote % Status Leader
2008
0 / 350
 46,313 (#13) 0.18 N/A Albert Rivera
2015
40 / 350
 3,514,528 (#4) 13.94 Opposition Albert Rivera
2016
32 / 350
 3,141,570 (#4) 13.06 Opposition Albert Rivera

Senate

Senate
Election Seats Leader
2008
0 / 208
 Albert Rivera
2015
0 / 208
 Albert Rivera
2016
0 / 208
 Albert Rivera

European Parliament

European Parliament
Election Seats Vote %
2009
0 / 54
 with Libertas –
2014
2 / 54
 497,146 (#8) 3.16

References

  1. ↑ "Ciudadanos ingresó más de 20 millones en 2016, pero un tercio de los militantes no paga sus cuotas" (in Spanish). infoLibre. 2017-02-04.
  2. ↑ Wolfram Nordsieck. "SPAIN". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 10 January 2016. Ciudadanos - Partido de la Ciudadanía (C's): Liberalism
  3. ↑ Barcelona (March 12, 2015). "Spaniens Liberale ziehen in den Kampf gegen die Regierung" – via www.welt.de.
  4. 1 2 3 "Albert Rivera, Spain's 'radical centrist'". Politico. June 8, 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 "Girauta reivindica la "radicalidad centrista" de Ciudadanos". elespanol.com. June 10, 2016.
  6. ↑ Flesher Fominaya & Garvía Soto 2008, p. 233: «El núcleo duro C's es el no-nacionalismo y el laicismo identitario»
  7. 1 2 Auzias & Labourdette 2014, p. 31: «Enfin, Ciutadans (C's), avec 9 députés au parlement, s'oppose aux nationalistes et défend le modèle de l'Etat des autonomies».
  8. ↑ López Basaguren & Escajedo San Epifanio 2013, p. 871: «This paper has presented a multistage model of voting for nationalist parties, as well as for the nonnationalist Ciutadans-Partit de la Ciutadania»
  9. ↑ "Sabino Méndez hablara de la inmortalidad del rock'n'roll en el ciclo La Música Contada" (in Spanish). Asociación de Compositores y Autores de Música. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2016. Su proyecto literario está centrado en "contar hechos susceptibles de verificación", y se mueve entre la revisión autobiográfica, o la narración de hechos como la reciente formación en Cataluña del Partido de los Ciudadanos (colectivo de carácter postnacionalista que centra su nuevo libro)
  10. 1 2 3 4 Eva Anduiza; Marc Guinjoan; Guillem Rico (2018). "Economic Crisis, Populist Attitudes, and the Birth of Podemos in Spain". In Marco Giugni; Maria T. Grasso. Citizens and the Crisis: Experiences, Perceptions, and Responses to the Great Recession in Europe. Springer. p. 67. ISBN 978-3-319-68960-9.
  11. ↑ Omar G. Encarnación. "Why Spain's Top Populist Is a Centrist". Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  12. ↑ "EL POPULISMO QUE VIENE (49): EL OASIS CATALÁN YA ES EL OASIS POPULISTA". Blog de Xavier Casals. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Bloc de la qualitat democràtica » Catalunya, el laboratori populista d'Espanya, per Xavier Casals". gencat.cat. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Catalonia election: full results". The Guardian.
  15. ↑ "Carles Puigdemont demands Madrid reinstates Catalonia regional government". The Daily Telegraph.
  16. ↑ Georgia Mavrodi; Michalis Moutselos (2017). "Is Spain Becoming a Country of Emigration Again? Data Evidence and Public Responses". In Jean-Michel Lafleur; Mikolaj Stanek. South-North Migration of EU Citizens in Times of Crisis. Springer. p. 93. ISBN 978-3-319-39763-4.
  17. ↑ "Manual de Identidad Corporativa" (PDF).
  18. ↑ Wolfram Nordsieck. "SPAIN". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 10 January 2016. Citizens - Party of the Citizenry
  19. ↑ José M. Magone (2017). Contemporary Spanish Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-351-95904-9.
  20. ↑ Stephen Burgen. "Spanish government approves exhumation of Francisco Franco".
  21. 1 2 día, Salamanca RTVE al. "Albert Rivera: "El nacionalismo es una ideología obsoleta"".
  22. 1 2 "Albert Rivera, a los que le llaman facha: "En Cataluña, lo más progresista es facha"".
  23. 1 2 "Catalexit?". The Economist. January 7th-13th: 19. 2017.
  24. ↑ Ciudadanos – Partido de la Ciudadanía. "Citizens' Ideario" (pdf). ciudadanos-cs.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 September 2016. Tercera, por el vacío de representación que existía en el espacio electoral de ultra-derecha no nacionalista
  25. 1 2 Diari de Terrassa (9 April 2009). "Javier González: 'Nuestro objetivo es impulsar una tercera vía política en España". ciudadanos-cs.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 September 2016. Somos postnacionalistas y no queremos luchar contra un nacionalismo con otro. Vamos sin banderas, casi desnudos, abriendo camino sin fronteras desde la Constitución
  26. 1 2 "Nacionalismo y cinismo". Ara.cat. 2017-11-21. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  27. 1 2 "¿Adónde va el nacionalismo español?". Eldiario.es. 2018-02-20. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  28. ↑ "Albert Rivera, la cara visible de Ciutadans". laSexta. 1 December 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2015. Somos un partido de tradición socialdemócrata y liberal-progresista
  29. ↑ https://www.huffingtonpost.es/2018/04/21/un-periodico-frances-define-a-ciudadanos-como-partido-de-extrema-derecha_a_23416826/
  30. ↑ https://www.lasemaineduroussillon.com/2018/04/20/catalogne-le-parti-dextreme-droite-ciudadanos-propose-a-manuel-valls-detre-candidat-a-barcelone/
  31. ↑ "Ciudadanos: del centro a la derecha según el CIS".
  32. ↑ Manifesto signed by some intellectuals which preceded the formation of the party Archived February 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  33. ↑ http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2014/06/12/pdfs/BOE-A-2014-6233.pdf
  34. ↑ https://www.aldeparty.eu/en/news/ciudadanos-nowoczesna-nasa-stranka-and-civic-position-join-alde-party
  35. ↑ Delgado Ramos, David (2011). "Elecciones al Parlament 2010: fin de ciclo en Cataluña" (pdf). Revista de Derecho Político (in Spanish). UNED. 80. Retrieved 28 May 2015. El incremento se produjo a costa del PSC, donde en algunos de sus tradicionales «feudos» su electorado optó por votar a Ciutadans como opción «españolista» y de centro-izquierda más adecuada para no votar a su otra opción, el Partido Popular, más alejada ideológicamente de sus postulados.
  36. ↑ Gutiérrez Díez, José Manuel (January 2014). "A case of misreckoning: the Catalan election of 2012" (pdf). BORDA: Working Papers (University of Salamanca). Retrieved 8 August 2015. Cs (Ciudadanos). Catalan party (in practice), without reference in Spain. Centre-left
  37. ↑ Catalan vote sends mixed messages - Economist Intelligence Unit
  38. ↑ Díez, Anabel (9 February 2015). "Latest poll shows support for new party Podemos leveling out". El País. Retrieved 5 May 2015. new left-wing party Podemos and the center-left non-nationalist Catalan formation Ciudadanos are faring well in the polls
  39. ↑ (in Spanish) «Cs Ciudadanos Centro-izquierda», Ayuntamiento de Barcelona
  40. ↑ Ciutadans ja es veu amb grup parlamentari propi al nou Parlament - Directe!cat
  41. ↑ "Spanish politics: Socialists attempt to end political impasse by forming coalition with centrist Ciudadanos party". The Independent. Spain’s Socialists have taken a first step towards ending weeks of political paralysis by joining by the centrist Ciudadanos party in a bid to form a new coalition government.
  42. ↑ "Spain's centrist pro-unity party gains from Catalan chaos". Financial Times.
  43. ↑ "Spain's centrist Ciudadanos are on the march". The Economist. His party was formed by disillusioned Catalan Socialists who disliked temporising with nationalists. Last year Mr Rivera repositioned it as a centrist, progressive liberal party.
  44. ↑ Castillo, Jésus (18 March 2015). "Spain: Podemos, or how to square a circle". Flash Economics, Economic Research. Natixis (243): 2. ISSN 2117-9387. Retrieved January 30, 2016. C's - Ciudadanos - Partido de la Ciudadanía (Citizens - Party of the Citizenry). Creation: 2006. Positioning: Republican centre
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  46. ↑ RAPHAEL MINDER (2 December 2015). "Citizens made his way from the center and shakes to the political establishment in Spain". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  47. ↑ Ashifa Kassam (10 December 2015). "Centre party Ciudadanos throws Spanish election results into question". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  48. ↑ Medda-Windischer & Carlà 2015, p. 178: «It should be said that not all political parties and social entities signed the Agreement: the People's Party (center-right) and Ciutadans (center-right, recently-created pro-Spanish party in the Catalan Parliament) rejected the Agreement on the basis that it had been conceived in a clearly nationalist fashion, whereas the NGO SOS-Racisme and the Trade Union Commissions Obreres considered the document not progressive enough».
  49. ↑ Ancelovici, Dufour & Nez 2016, p. 86: «The voters have been turning to either Podemos, a new radical left-wing party that grew out of the Indignados movement, or to Ciudadanos, a new center-right party that originated in Catalonia but has mobilized more broadly in recent years».
  50. ↑ Ferrán & Hilbink 2016, p. 144: «Ciudadanos is a center-right political party launched in Catalonia in 2006 by a group of self-styled intellectuals (who had published a “manifesto” in 2005) that extended across Spain after the Catalan elections of 2012».
  51. ↑ Butler 2016, p. 24: «On the centre-right of the political continuum, the Ciudadanos ('Citizens') party had less impact in the Basque Country or Navarre».
  52. ↑ Cohen & Muñoz 2016, p. 6: «A center-right party in Spain also emerged, which is called Ciudadanos (“Citizens”), whose base is primarily young and urban and whose focus for addressing income disparity and unemployment is by concentrating on growing the innovation economy in cities throughout the country».
  53. ↑ After Syriza: What's next for Spain?, Eastminster
  54. ↑ Protesters march against austerity measures in Madrid, The Guardian
  55. ↑ Buck, Tobias (24 February 2015). "Rajoy promises jobs and growth as fringe parties gain ground". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 April 2015. On the center-right, Ciudadanos is winning backing from former supporters of the PP, suggesting the ruling party's stranglehold on the conservative camp is drawing to an end
  56. ↑ Triviño Salazar, Juan Carlos (2014). "Immigrant Organizations and the Politicization of Cultural Diversity in the City" (pdf). European University Institute-Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Retrieved January 2, 2016. Party: Ciutadans (Cs) (Citizens). Left/right cleavage: Centre-right
  57. ↑ Gómez Fortes, Braulio; Urquizu, Ignacio (September 23, 2015). "Political Corruption and the End of two-party system after the May 2015 Spanish Regional Elections". Regional and Federal Studies. Routledge. 25 (4): 379–389. doi:10.1080/13597566.2015.1083013. ISSN 1743-9434. Retrieved January 2, 2016. Yet the real change that makes these elections so groundbreaking has been the emergence of two change that makes these elections so groundbreaking has been the emergence of two new political forces in all the regional parliaments—one leftist party, Podemos, and one centre-right party, Ciudadanos—which have accounted for 20% of the regional vote and proved decisive in forming regional governments in the 17 autonomous communities, whether via coalition pacts, investiture agreements or legislative pacts
  58. ↑ "Spanish voters head back to polls in bid to break deadlock". bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 26 June 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016. The centre-right, pro-business party Ciudadanos (Citizens) is forecast to take fourth place.
  59. ↑ Marcos Lema (16 February 2014). "Juan Carlos Girauta: "Entre UPyD, Ciutadans y VOX no encuentro las diferencias"".
  60. ↑ (in Spanish) «Cs es un partido progresista y constitucionalista», El País
  61. ↑ Rivera: "Hemos visto documentos que demuestran que CiU se ha estado llevando una parte de las comisiones de obras en Cataluña", Crónica Global
  62. ↑ Citizens – Party of the Citizenship (Cs) Archived July 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine., The Democratic Society
  63. ↑ (in Spanish) Ciutadans se divide tras aprobar acudir a las europeas con la coalición derechista Libertas, RTVE
  64. ↑ Albert Rivera: "Si un día la Monarquía no sirve, nosotros decidiremos", El Periódico
  65. ↑ Albert Rivera, president de Ciutadans, proposa un debat sobre monarquia o república, CCMA
  66. ↑ Albert Rivera: 'Sigo soltero', El Mundo
  67. ↑ "Pro-Spain Ciutadans group demands Mas step down as regional premier". El País. 26 November 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  68. ↑ Lluís Orriols (13 August 2013). "Ciutadans, ¿un partido de izquierdas o de derechas?" (in Spanish). El País. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  69. ↑ (in Spanish) , Diario Crítico
  70. ↑ "City Council of Barcelona: "Catalan will continue to be the Council's working language"". City Council of Barcelona. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  71. 1 2 "Albert Rivera, Ciutadans candidate: "An independent Catalonia would fail"" (in Spanish). 20 minutos. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  72. ↑ "Ciudadanos - Modelo de estado". Ciudadanos-cs.org. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  73. ↑ (in Spanish) Futuro incierto en País Vasco y Navarra para Podemos, UPyD y Ciudadanos: ¿quitarán los fueros? - Vozpópuli
  74. ↑ (in Spanish) Ciutadans propone revisar el cupo vasco y navarro reformando la Constitución - Lainformación.com
  75. ↑ "Agreden al periodista Arcadi Espada en un acto de Ciutadans de Catalunya en Girona contra el Estatut". elmundo.es. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  76. ↑ 20Minutos. "El presidente de Ciutadans, amenazado de muerte por "luchar contra el nacionalismo"". 20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  77. ↑ "Orbyt - El Mundo". elmundo.es. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  78. ↑ Ediciones El País. "El presidente de Ciutadans denuncia haber recibido amenazas de muerte". EL PAÍS. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  79. ↑ "Albert Rivera denuncia amenazas de muerte para que deje su política "contra el nacionalismo"- Lavanguardia.es – Noticias, actualidad, última hora en Cataluña y España".
  80. ↑ Europa Press (June 16, 2009). "Los acusados de amenazar a Rivera aceptan un año y diez meses de cárcel". europapress.es. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  81. ↑ "Ciudadanos". ciudadanos-cs.org. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  82. 1 2 "Ciudadanos". ciudadanos-cs.org. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  83. ↑ @Albert_Rivera (20 May 2018). "Recorriendo España yo no veo 'rojos' y 'azules', veo españoles; no veo jóvenes y mayores, veo españoles; no veo creyentes y agnósticos, veo españoles. Vamos a unirnos para recuperar el orgullo de pertenecer a esta gran nación. #EspañaCiudadana" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  84. ↑ "Susto de las redes con Albert Rivera: "Ha hecho un discurso peligrosísimo que sentó las bases de cosas espantosas el siglo pasado"". Publico.es. 2018-05-20. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  85. ↑ Mundinteractivos. "Albert Rivera estuvo afiliado en el PP hasta tres meses antes de presidir Ciutadans". elmundo.es. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  86. ↑ ""El presidente de Ciutadans militó en el PP hasta abril de 2006" (The president of Ciutadans was a PP member until April 2006)". elpais.es. Retrieved 2006-11-23.
  87. ↑ "Ciutadans - Partido de la Ciudadanía - Comunicats". ciutadans-ciudadanos.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  88. ↑ "Untitled Document". elmundo.es. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  89. ↑ "liberalismo.org: La Hora de Todos: Juan Carlos Girauta se explica". www.liberalismo.org.
  90. ↑ abc. "Nart, Girauta y Punset, candidatos de Ciudadanos a las elecciones europeas". ABC.es. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
  91. ↑ "Juan Carlos Girauta - El presidente y el gobierno, antisemitas". July 21, 2006.
  92. ↑ "Juan Carlos Girauta - ¿Quién era realmente Salvador Allende? (I)".
  93. ↑ "Juan Carlos Girauta - ¿Quiénn era realmente Salvador Allende? (y II)".
  94. ↑ "Victor Farías and his phobia against Salvador Allende". /www.lanacion.cl.
  95. ↑ Salvador Allende: Mental Hygiene and Delinquency (Doctoral Thesis)
  96. ↑ (in Spanish) Extracts from the suit filed by the Fundación Salvador Allende.
  97. ↑ Guzmán, Cecilia (May 14, 2015). "Admirador de Hitler, falangista y candidato de Ciudadanos en Gijón".
  98. ↑ "Elecciones Municipales y Autonómicas - Otros dos simpatizantes de Falange Española de las JONS se cuelan en las listas de Ciudadanos".
  99. ↑ "Hooded unionists remove yellow crosses at Barcelona beach, injuring five".
  100. ↑ "Un enfrontament entre independentistes i unionistes a Canet de Mar acaba amb una trentena d'identificats i cinc ferits".
  101. ↑
  102. ↑ "Roger Torrent suspende el pleno del Parlament después de que Carrizosa retire un lazo amarillo".
  103. ↑ "Desnudo para presidir la Generalitat | Actualidad | EL PAÍS". Elpais.com. 2006-09-16. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  104. ↑ "El partido Ciutadans de Catalunya presenta desnudo a su candidato a las autonómicas". elmundo.es. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  105. ↑ "El CAC pide que se regule la publicidad institucional | Edición impresa | EL PAÍS". Elpais.com. 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  106. ↑ "Albert Rivera acusa a Robles y Domingo de buscar el fracaso de Ciutadans | Barcelona". elmundo.es. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  107. ↑ "Dos de los tres diputados de Ciutadans se unen para destronar a Rivera | Actualidad | EL PAÍS". Elpais.com. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  108. ↑ "Miguel Durán, cabeza de lista de la coalición Ciudadanos-Libertas". Libertad Digital. 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  109. ↑ "Dos de los tres diputados de Ciutadans se unen para destronar a Rivera | Actualidad | EL PAÍS". Elpais.com. 2009-05-15. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  110. ↑ "Ciutadans acusa a Rosa Díez de azuzar la revuelta contra Rivera | Edición impresa | EL PAÍS". Elpais.com. 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  111. ↑ "¿Quién financia a Ciudadanos? El partido de Rivera gastó 250.000 euros en Andalucía". 29 March 2015.
  112. ↑ http://www.publico.es/politica/financiacion-tribunal-cuentas-ciudadanos.html
  113. ↑ "El Tribunal de Cuentas rechaza la contabilidad de Ciudadanos". 30 December 2017.
  114. ↑ "Cs, sobre sobre el seu finançament: "No gastem en cafès"". 24 December 2017.
  115. ↑ "Cs trata de justificar su gasto desproporcionado: "No gastamos en cafés"". 24 December 2017.

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