Charles F. Brush

Charles Francis Brush
Born (1849-03-17)March 17, 1849
Euclid, Ohio
Died June 15, 1929(1929-06-15) (aged 80)
Cleveland, Ohio
Resting place Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, Ohio
41°30′37″N 81°35′21″W / 41.510306°N 81.589194°W / 41.510306; -81.589194
Alma mater
Known for Arc lamp
Awards
Scientific career
Influences Humphry Davy; Zénobe Gramme; Antonio Pacinotti
Signature

Charles Francis Brush (March 17, 1849 – June 15, 1929) was an American engineer, inventor, entrepreneur, and philanthropist.[1]

Biography

Brush was born in Euclid Township, Ohio to Isaac Elbert Brush and Delia Williams Phillips. Isaac Brush was a distant cousin of Delia on the Phillips side. Through Delia he was a descendant of the Rev. George Phillips, who settled Watertown, Massachusetts in 1630, and Samuel Appleton. [2] Delia was also a descendant of Henry Wisner, member of the First and Second Continental Congresses during the American Revolution, as well as Thomas Cornell (settler) and the Winthrop family.[3][4]

Brush was raised on a farm about 10.1 miles from downtown Cleveland. He had a great interest in science, particularly with Humphry Davy's experiments with the arc light; he tinkered with and built simple electrical devices such as a static electricity machine at age 12, experimenting in a workshop on his parents' farm. Brush attended Central High School in Cleveland where he built his first arc light, and graduated there with honors in 1867.[5] His high school commencement oration was on the "Conservation of Force".[6] He received his college undergraduate education from the University of Michigan, where he studied mining engineering, graduating in 1869 (there were no majors—as there are today—in electrical engineering). At Michigan, Brush was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Omicron chapter). Brush earned his PhD at Western Reserve (now Case Western Reserve University), graduating in 1880.[7][8]

In 1876 he secured the backing of the Wetting Supply Company in Cleveland to design his "dynamo" (an electrical generator) for powering arc lights. Brush began with the dynamo design of Zénobe Gramme but his final design was a marked divergence, retaining the ring armature idea that originated with Antonio Pacinotti. Brush remarked on his motivation for improving the generator in his U.S. Patent 189,997: "The best forms of magneto-electric apparatus at present before the public are unnecessarily bulky, heavy, and expensive, and are more or less wasteful of mechanical power." After comparing it to the Gramme dynamo and other European entrants, the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia judged Brush's dynamo superior due to its simpler design and maintainability after completing tests in 1878.[9]

Brush produced additional patents refining the design of his arc lights in the coming years and sold systems to several cities for public lighting, and even equipped Philadelphia's Wanamaker's Grand Depot with a system.[10] His lights were easier to maintain, had automatic functions and burned twice as long as Yablochkov candles. His generators were reliable and automatically increased voltage with greater load while keeping current constant.[11] By 1881, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Montreal, Buffalo, San Francisco, Cleveland, and other cities had Brush arc light systems, producing public light well into the 20th century.[9]

Arc lamp examples
New York central power plant dynamos powered arc lamps for public lighting. Beginning operation in December 1880 at 133 West Twenty-Fifth Street, it powered a two-mile long circuit.[12]

The San Francisco system was the first case of a utility selling electricity from a central plant to multiple customers via transmission lines.[11] The California Electric Light Company (now PG&E)[13][14] purchased two generators from Charles Brush's company in 1879 and soon opened a second plant with four additional generators. Service charges for light from sundown to midnight was $10 per lamp per six day week.[15] Brush's system was lighting Broadway two years before Edison's Pearl Street Station began lighting New York.[9] By 1893 there were 1500 arc lights illuminating New York streets.[16]

In 1879, the Anglo-American Brush Electric Light Corporation, using Brush's inventions, was formed in Lambeth, London, England. This company eventually moved to Loughborough England and became Brush Electrical Engineering Co. Ltd.

In 1880, Brush established the Brush Electric Company in the U.S. and, though successful, faced stiff competition from Thomson-Houston Electric Company, whose arc lights could be independently turned off, and by Edison, whose incandescent lights had a softer warm glow, didn't flicker and were less costly to maintain than arc lights. In 1882, the Brush Electric Company supplied generating equipment for a hydroelectric power plant at St. Anthony Falls in Minneapolis, among the first to generate electricity from water power in the United States. Thomson-Houston bought out Brush in 1889 and eventually merged to become part of General Electric in 1891. After selling his interests in Brush Electric, Brush never returned to the electric industry.

The world's first automatically operated wind turbine was built in 1888 by Charles F. Brush. It had a 12kW dynamo.[17][18]

In 1884, Brush built a mansion on Euclid Avenue in Cleveland that showcased many of his inventions. There he raised his family and lived the remainder of his life. The basement housed Brush's private laboratory.[19] In 1888, he powered the mansion with the world's first automatically operated wind turbine generator which charged the home's 12 batteries. It was the first home in Cleveland to have electricity.[19] Over its 20-year life, the turbine never failed to keep the home continuously powered.[17] In 1926, Brush pioneered the first piezo-electric featherweight stylus.[20]

In 1898, Brush claimed to have discovered a new gas, which he named "etherion". This gas had remarkable properties, being 10,000 times lighter than hydrogen and conducting heat 20 times faster than it.[21] In 1900, Marian Smoluchowski identified the gas as water vapor.[22]

Between 1910 and 1929 he wrote several papers on his version of a kinetic theory of gravitation, based on some sort of electromagnetic waves.

He died on June 15, 1929 in Cleveland, Ohio.[1]

Legacy

Medallion of Charles F. Brush that hangs outside the Cleveland Arcade on Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio

Honors

Patents

References

  1. 1 2 "Charles F. Brush, Scientist, Dead. Inventor of Arc Light, 80 Years Old, Succumbs at Home in Cleveland. He Established Foundation for the Betterment of Man, Was Active in Philosophical Society". The New York Times. 16 June 1929. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  2. ↑ Who's Who in the Central States. Mayflower Publishing, 1929, page 135.
  3. ↑ The Successful American, Volume 3, Part 1 - Volume 4, Part 1, 1900, page 382, Press Biographical, 1900.
  4. ↑ A Brief Genealogy of Isaac Elbert Brush and Delia Williams Phillips and Their Descendants. The Brush Family, 1925.
  5. ↑ La Favre, Jeffrey (1998). "Charles Brush and the Arc Light". Retrieved 2015-10-26.
  6. ↑ Freeberg, Ernest (2013). The Age of Edision. The Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-426-5.
  7. ↑ "Charles F. Brush". Engineering and Technology History Wiki. 5 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  8. ↑ "The Book of Clevelanders: A Biographical Dictionary of Living Men of the City of Cleveland". Burrows Bros. 1914. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 "Charles Francis Brush". Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 11 April 2003. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  10. ↑ Calhoun, Charles William (2006). The Gilded Age. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 40. ISBN 9780742550384. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  11. 1 2 Kirby, Richard Shelton; Davis, Frances A. (1990). Engineering in History. Courier Dover Publications. p. 358. ISBN 0-486-26412-2. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  12. ↑ Gorman, Mel. "Charles F. Brush and the First Public Electric Street Lighting System in America". Ohio History. 70: 142. Retrieved 2011-09-10.
  13. ↑ Supreme Court of California (1905), "California Electric Light Company v. California Safe Deposit & Trust Co. et al.", The Pacific reporter, 78, West Publishing, pp. 372–376
    Note legal title. Roe, born circa 1852, died December 10, 1894.
  14. ↑ Roth, Charles B. (19 December 2009). "Extrait de "PG&E of California, The centenial [sic] story of pacific gas and electric company 1852-1952"". electrifications.net. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2018. In June 1879 [young Canadian broker] Roe [and other investors] incorporated the California Electric Light Co., he serving as secretary and manager. J. R. Hardenbergh was the first president.... In July 1880 Pierre B. Cornwall was elected vice president and treasurer. Next year he became president...
  15. ↑ Walker, Dag W. (18 November 2007). "Povertarian Romance Fascism's Hatred of Cleanliness and Plenty". No Dhimmitude. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  16. ↑ Dennis, Richard (2008). Cities in Modernity: Representations and Productions of Metropolitan Space, 1840-1930. Cambridge University Press. p. 132. ISBN 9780521464703. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  17. 1 2 "A Wind Energy Pioneer: Charles F. Brush". Danish Wind Industry Association. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  18. ↑ Righter, Robert W. (1996). Wind Energy in America: A History. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780806128122. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  19. 1 2 La Favre, Jeffrey (1998), Brush mansion and family life, retrieved 18 March 2018
  20. ↑ Schoenherr, Steven (6 July 2005). "Recording Technology History". Archived from the original on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  21. ↑ "New Gas a Wonder". Mariposa Gazette. Mariposa, CA. 17 December 1898. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  22. ↑ Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. p. 424. ISBN 9780199383344.
  23. ↑ "DANFS entry on USS Brush". History.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
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