Broad Street railway station (England)

Broad Street
Broad Street station in 1983
Broad Street
Location of Broad Street in Central London
Location City of London
Local authority City of London
Grid reference TQ331817
Number of platforms 9
Railway companies
Original company North London Railway
Pre-grouping North London Railway
Post-grouping London, Midland and Scottish Railway
Key dates
1 November 1865 (1865-11-01) Station opened
30 June 1986 (1986-06-30) Station closed
Replaced by Liverpool Street
Other information
Lists of stations
WGS84 51°31′08″N 0°05′00″W / 51.51889°N 0.08333°W / 51.51889; -0.08333Coordinates: 51°31′08″N 0°05′00″W / 51.51889°N 0.08333°W / 51.51889; -0.08333
London transport portal
UK Railways portal

Broad Street was a major terminal station in the City of London, adjacent to Liverpool Street station. It served as the main terminus of the North London Railway (NLR) network, running from 1865 to 1986. During its lifetime, it catered for mainly local suburban services around London, and over time struggled to compete with other modes of transport, leading to its closure.

The station was built as a joint venture by the NLR and the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) in order to have a station serving freight closer to the City. It was immediately successful for both goods and passenger services and saw a significant increase in NLR traffic. Usage peaked in the early 20th century, after which it suffered from competition of London trams, buses, and particularly the London Underground network. Patronage gradually fell and services decreased, while the station building became increasingly dilapidated.

Freight services were withdrawn towards the end of the 1960s and the station closed in 1986. The station building was replaced by Broadgate, an office and retail complex, while part of the connecting line to the station was reinstated as part of the London Overground.

Location

The station was sited at the junction of Broad Street and Liverpool Street in the Broad Street ward of the City of London, with Liverpool Street station immediately to the east.[1] It was near Liverpool Street and Moorgate tube stations.[2]

History

Print of Broad Street as it appeared on opening in 1865

North London Line (City Branch)
North London line
to Willesden Junction
Highbury & Islington
to East Coast Main Line
via Finsbury Park
Canonbury Curve
Canonbury
Mildmay Park
North London line
to Stratford
Dalston Junction
Kingsland Viaduct
Haggerston
East London Line
via Whitechapel
Shoreditch
Great Eastern Main Line
via Stratford
Broad Street
Liverpool Street

The station was proposed by the North London Railway (NLR). The line originally opened as the East & West India Docks & Birmingham Junction Railway in 1850, in order to transport freight between the London and Birmingham Railway and the London Docklands. By the time it had been renamed to the NLR in 1853, passenger traffic had grown in equal importance, so it was decided to build a station with direct access to the City.[3]

Opening

The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) were also keen to have a goods depot in the City, and agreed to help the NLR fund the new extension.[3] The connecting line to Broad Street (via the Kingsland Viaduct) was authorised by the North London Railway Act of 22 July 1861.[4] The work involved a 2-mile (3 km) extension from Kingsland down towards Broad Street, and required the demolition of numerous properites in Shoreditch and Haggerston. During construction of the terminus, a large burial ground was unearthed exposing human remains. This may have been a result of the plague, or burial pits from Bethlehem Hospital. The overall cost of the station and extension was £1.2m (£105m in 2016).[1]

The station was opened on 1 November 1865 as the terminus of a network of commuter railways linking east and west London via the looping route of the NLR, originally with seven platforms and three approach tracks. The frontage was 250 feet (76 m) long and 110 feet (34 m) wide, constructed from white Suffolk brick and Peterhead granite, with a 75-foot (23 m) clock tower as a centrepiece.[5]

Plan of Broad Street and Liverpool Street stations in 1888

Initial services were to Chalk Farm, Bow and Kew via Hampstead Heath. Services to Watford began on 1 September 1866.[6] Cheap fares for the working class were available from the outset.[7] A goods station was situated next to the passenger station opening to traffic on 18 May 1868. It was built on a deck and a hydraulic lift was provided to move wagons down to warehouses below.[6] Because of this, the station only used 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) of land, which was convenient owing to the high price of land in the City.[8]

Expansion and development

Broad Street was an immediate success and caused NLR traffic to double in a short space of time. A fourth approach line was added in 1874, a further (eighth) platform in 1891,[8] and a final (ninth) platform in 1913.[9] At its peak at the turn of the 20th century, Broad Street was the third-busiest station in London (after Liverpool Street and Victoria).[3] At this time, more than one train per minute arrived or departed Broad Street during rush hour, with over 27 million passengers in 1902. The Great Northern Railway also used Broad Street as a supplement to its King's Cross terminal to the west.[9] On 1 February 1910, the LNWR introduced a "City to City" service from Broad Street to Coventry, Birmingham New Street and Wolverhampton. The service only lasted for a few years, before being withdrawn on 22 February 1915 as a result of World War I.[10] Nevertheless, the majority of Broad Street's traffic was local suburban services.[9]

Decline

Broad Street railway station in 1961

In the early years of the 20th century, the North London Line suffered a reduction in passengers and, especially, revenue, owing to the expansion of the bus, tram and Underground networks.[10] In 1909, the NLR passed general handing of trains to the LNWR.[11] By 1913, numbers had dropped to 44.6 per cent compared to 1900, and by 1921 to only 23.3 percent[12] and the patronage of Broad Street station declined accordingly. On 8 September 1915, the station was damaged by a Zeppelin attack.[13]

Class 125 DMU departs Broad Street with a service to Hitchin in 1969

In the face of the competition, the governing board finally decided to electrify the NLR, on the two-conductor-rail at 600 V DC system, and electrified services started on 1 October 1916, using Oerlikon stock, though the Watford service was not electrified until 10 July 1922. At the terminus, only the western five lines were ever electrified.[14] Electrification appeared to stem the tide of passenger losses. Electric services to Richmond and Kew began on 1 October 1916, followed by peak services to Watford on 16 April 1917. The latter were increased to all-day services on 10 July 1922. By this time, there were four trains per hour to Richmond and two per hour to Watford. Steam services continued to Poplar, with a peak service to Tring. These latter trains continued to use old livery, without modern conveniences such as heating and electric light, and were unpopular.[10]

The station came under the ownership of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway as part of the Big Four grouping in 1923.[11] The former GNR services from Broad Street were stopped completely in 1939 in order to accommodate essential World War II traffic. Broad Street was badly damaged during the war. The lines leading to the station were taken out of action after an overnight raid on 3–4 October 1940, closing the station for a number of days. Similar disruption occurred on 13 October and 11 November. The service to Shoreditch closed in 1940, while the service to Poplar was withdrawn on 14 May 1944 and was never reinstated. A number of peak-season mainline trains to Cambridge used Broad Street to take pressure off King's Cross in the early 1950s, but otherwise only a small number of local services remained.[13] The main station building was closed in 1956, with passengers being directed to a new concourse-level building at the platform entrance to buy tickets.[15]

Looking into the station in 1983

Curving around the north of London before turning south into the City, the North London Line was, for most passengers, a slower route into the financial district than alternative options like taking the Underground or changing at Euston or King's Cross. By 1960, only 41 trains carrying 6,400 passengers arrived at Broad Street in the three morning peak hours.[16]

The line and station came in for criticism in the Beeching Report of 1963, whose recommendations resulted in the closing of many branch lines and stations across the country. Though Broad Street itself was not specifically listed for closure, it was earmarked as "stopping passenger services to be modified".[17] The station was gradually run down and the level of service was steadily reduced. In 1967, the major part of the train shed roof was removed, having become unsafe,[15] whilst goods services were withdrawn on 27 January 1969. Four of the nine platforms were taken out of use in the same year.[18] On 6 November 1976, peak hour services to the Eastern Region via the Canonbury Spur were withdrawn with the opening of the Northern City Line, and an additional platform was disconnected.[19] The station was by then very dilapidated, with vegetation growing between disused platforms, and most of the old goods area was used as a car park.[19]

Closure

A Class 416 unit stands at Broad Street in March 1985, just prior to the start of demolition

In 1979, British Rail were granted planning permission to completely redevelop Broad Street and Liverpool Street stations, with the latter taking over any of the former's services still remaining. This put Broad Street into a terminal decline.[18] By 1985, 6,000 passengers per week were using Broad Street station and 300 arrived daily in the morning peak.[17] From 13 May 1985, the service to Richmond was diverted away from Broad Street, leaving the peak hour Watford Junction services.[19]

It was agreed that Broad Street would be closed, with trains diverted to Liverpool Street once a new connecting chord was built from the North London Line. Until this was done, it was possible to accommodate this last service from the outer end of one platform, and, in November that year, demolition of the station began. The remaining single platform was used until 27 June 1986.[17] The station was formally closed on 30 June,[4] along with Dalston Junction, the other station operating on the North London Line's City branch. Demolition of the station was completed by the end of 1986. The service from Watford to Liverpool Street was withdrawn on 28 September 1992, with Primrose Hill station, the only station exclusively served by the route from Watford to the City, being closed at the same time.[20]

Redevelopment

The Broadgate, built on the site of Broad Street, in 1989

Current reuse of
Broad Street locale
North London line
to Richmond
North London line
to Stratford
 Dalston Kingsland
Dalston Junction (NLL)
Dalston Junction
(ELL)
Haggerston
Kingsland Viaduct
Hoxton
Shoreditch (NLR)
Shoreditch
High Street
Great Eastern Main Line
to Norwich
Shoreditch
(ELL)
East London Line
via Whitechapel
Broad Street
Liverpool Street
Crossrail
via Paddington
Crossrail
via Whitechapel

Broad Street station was completely demolished and replaced by the Broadgate office and shopping complex. Most of the Kingsland Viaduct leading to the North London Line remains largely intact, and has been restored to carry the London Overground along the old trackbed as far as Highbury & Islington.[21] The former line over the Great Eastern Street viaduct to Broad Street has been used as a location for artists' studios, housed in converted Jubilee line Underground trains.[22]

The Crossrail project, to construct a new underground railway line through central London, will have one of its new stations at Liverpool Street. A new ticket hall serving the Crossrail station will be built within the old Underground ticket hall with its entrance at 100 Liverpool Street, the old entrance to the Underground that served Broad Street, with the platforms themselves under the Broadgate complex.[23]

A feature of the concourse was the 10-foot-tall (3.0 m) North London Railway war memorial. Made of white marble, it was installed on 10 February 1921, containing inscriptions of 64 names. The memorial commemorated the workers of the North London Railway company who lost their lives in 'The Great War'. Upon closure, the memorial was put in store at Richmond station in 1989. On 7 June 2011, it was rededicated outside Hoxton station by Rev James Westcott of St. Chad's Church and London's transport commissioner Peter Hendy.[24][25]

Accidents and incidents

  • On 3 April 1891, 11 people were injured when a train from Willesden Junction hit the hydraulic buffer stops at Broad Street.[26]
  • On 20 September 1898, 15 people were injured when a service from Richmond approaching Broad Street at slightly excessive speed ran into the buffers at the end of platform six. A Board of Trade report on the incident stated: "Fifteen passengers are reported to have complained of bruises or shock, and a few others have claimed compensation for damage to their hats." The train's driver testified: "I committed an error of judgment in not applying the brake quite soon enough."[27]
  • On 18 August 1904, a train arriving into a Broad Street platform from Poplar collided with a service waiting to depart for Chalk Farm. Both trains were full and 56 passengers were injured. The Board of Trade investigation reported that "three of the injured had to be taken to hospital, but they were all able to proceed to their homes the same day." Six train crew members also complained of injury. An error on the part of the signaller was determined to be the primary cause of the collision.[28]
  • On 20 March 1923, two people were injured when a train was rear-ended at Broad Street.[29]

Cultural references

Paul McCartney's 1984 feature film and album of the same name, Give My Regards to Broad Street, was inspired by the station. In one of the last scenes of the film, McCartney walks into the station and sits alone on one of its benches.[30]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Jackson 1984, p. 96.
  2. ↑ 1:25,000 First / Provisional Edition Sheet TQ38 (Map). Ordnance Survey. 1960. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 Jackson 1984, p. 95.
  4. 1 2 Catford, Nick. "Broad Street railway station". Subterranea Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014.
  5. ↑ Jackson 1984, pp. 96–7.
  6. 1 2 Jackson 1984, p. 97.
  7. ↑ Ball & Sunderland 2002, p. 249.
  8. 1 2 Jackson 1984, p. 98.
  9. 1 2 3 Jackson 1984, p. 99.
  10. 1 2 3 Jackson 1984, p. 101.
  11. 1 2 Pike 2017, p. 112.
  12. ↑ White 1987, p. 237.
  13. 1 2 Jackson 1984, p. 102.
  14. ↑ Mitchell & Smith 1997, p. 96.
  15. 1 2 Jackson 1984, p. 105.
  16. ↑ Ball & Sunderland 2002, p. 243.
  17. 1 2 3 Holland 2013, p. 61.
  18. 1 2 Jackson 1984, p. 350.
  19. 1 2 3 Jackson 1984, p. 351.
  20. ↑ Butt 1995, p. 191.
  21. ↑ Berk & Kolsky 2016, p. 139.
  22. ↑ "Any old iron? Disused tube carriages being turned into studio space". Tube Lines. 3 August 2006. Archived from the original on 27 November 2006.
  23. ↑ "Crossrail update". British Land. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009.
  24. ↑ "War Memorial : North London railway". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  25. ↑ "Blood and Custard". Modern Railways. Ian Allan. 68 (754): 33. July 2011.
  26. ↑ "Accident Returns: Extract for the Accident at Broad Street on 3rd April 1891 :: The Railways Archive". www.railwaysarchive.co.uk.
  27. ↑ "Accident at Broad Street on 20th September 1898 :: The Railways Archive". www.railwaysarchive.co.uk.
  28. ↑ "Accident Returns: Extract for the Accident at Broad Street on 18th August 1904 :: The Railways Archive". www.railwaysarchive.co.uk.
  29. ↑ "Accident at Broad Street on 20th March 1923 :: The Railways Archive". www.railwaysarchive.co.uk.
  30. ↑ James 2007, p. 200.

Sources

  • Ball, Michael; Sunderland, David T (2002). An Economic History of London 1800–1914. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54030-3.
  • Berk, Lois; Kolsky, Rachel (2016). Whitechapel in 50 Buildings. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-445-66191-9.
  • Butt, R. V. J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199.
  • Jackson, Alan (1984) [1969]. London's Termini (New Revised ed.). London: David & Charles. ISBN 0-330-02747-6.
  • James, Simon (2007). London Film Location Guide. Anova Books. ISBN 978-0-713-49062-6.
  • Pike, S. N. (2017). Mile by Mile: An Illustrated Journey On Britain's Railways as they were in 1947. Aurum Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-781-31672-6.
  • Holland, Julian (2013). Dr Beeching's Axe: 50 Years on : Illustrated Memories of Britain's Lost Railways. David & Charles. ISBN 978-1-446-30267-5.
  • Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (1997). North London line : Broad Street to Willesden Jn. via Hampstead Heath. Midhurst: Middleton Press.
  • White, Henry Patrick (1987). Volume 3 – Greater London. A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain. Newton Abbott: David St John Thomas.

Further reading

  • Wayne Asher. 2015. A very Political Railway – the rescue of the North London Line. ISBN 978-1-85414-378-5
  • HP White. 1971. A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain, Volume 3 – Greater London. ISBN 0-7153-5337-3
  • "Broad St. goes". Rail Enthusiast. EMAP National Publications. April 1983. p. 46. ISSN 0262-561X. OCLC 49957965.
  • "Tribute to the demolished station". London Destruction. Archived from the original on 6 April 2010.
  • "Broad Street railway station". Subterranea Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014.
Preceding station Disused railways Following station
Shoreditch
Line and station closed		   London and North Western Railway
North London Railway		   Terminus
Dalston Junction
Line closed, station open		   British Rail
London Midland Region
North London Line (City Branch)		   Terminus
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