Bootherium bombifrons

Bootherium bombifrons
Temporal range: middle Pleistocene - Holocene, 0.781–0.011 Ma
↓
Bootherium bombifrons
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Artiodactyla
Family:Bovidae
Subfamily:Caprinae
Genus:†Bootherium
Leidy, 1852
Species: †B. bombifrons
Binomial name
Bootherium bombifrons
(Harlan, 1825)

Bootherium is an extinct bovid genus from the middle to late Pleistocene of North America which contains a single species, Bootherium bombifrons.[1] Vernacular names for Bootherium include Harlan's muskox, woodox, woodland muskox,[2] helmeted muskox[3] or, bonnet-headed muskox[4] Bootherium was one of the most widely distributed muskox species in North America during the Pleistocene era.

Taxonomy

Fossils have been documented from Alaska to California and Texas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Virginia, North Carolina and New Jersey. The species became extinct approximately 11,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.[2]

Skull

The closest relative of Bootherium is the extant muskox Ovibos moschatus. However, unlike the tundra muskox, Bootherium was physically adapted to a range of less frigid climates and appears to have been the only ox to have evolved in and remain restricted to the North American continent.[2] Bootherium was significantly taller and leaner than muskoxen found today in Arctic regions. Bootherium were estimated to weigh around 423.5 kg (934 lb).[5] Other differences were a thicker skull and considerably longer snout. The horns of Bootherium were situated high on the skull, with a downward curve and were fused along the midline of the skull, unlike tundra muskoxen whose horns are separated by a medial groove. An almost complete mummified specimen was found in 1940.[6]

Three other species of musk oxen co-inhabited North America during the Pleistocene era. Besides the surviving tundra muskox, the extinct shrub-ox (Euceratherium collinum) and Soergel's ox (Soergelia mayfieldi) were also present.

Notes

  1. ↑ McKenna & Bell, 1997, p. 442.
  2. 1 2 3 The Academy of Natural Sciences Archived April 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ↑ Helmeted Muskox (Bootherium bombifrons) from Near Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta: Dating Evidence for Redeposition in Late Pleistocene Alluvium
  4. ↑ Martin, Paul S. (1999). "War Zones and Game Sinks in Lewis and Clark's West". Conservation Biology. 13: 36–45. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97417.x.
  5. ↑ Paleobiology Database: Bootherium bombifrons
  6. ↑ Guthrie, R. Dale (1990). Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe The Story of Blue Babe. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31123-4.

References

  • McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6.


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