Bolliger & Mabillard

Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers Inc.
Private
Industry Roller coaster design
Founded 1988
Founder
  • Walter Bolliger
  • Claude Mabillard
Headquarters Monthey, Switzerland
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
  • Walter Bolliger
  • Claude Mabillard
Products
Number of employees
 37 (2012)
Website Official website

Bolliger & Mabillard, officially Bolliger & Mabillard Consulting Engineers Inc., and often abbreviated B&M, is a roller coaster design consultancy based in Monthey, Switzerland. The company was founded in 1988 by Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard, with Bolliger as president and Mabillard as vice-president.[2] B&M has built over a hundred roller coasters around the world and pioneered several new ride technologies, most notably the inverted roller coaster.[3][4] In North America, B&M coaster designs have been manufactured by Ohio company Clermont Steel Fabricators since 1990.[5][6][7] B&M has grown significantly since its founding, originally employing four to as many as 37 in 2012, consisting primarily of engineers and draftsmen.[8] In 2016, the company completed its 100th roller coaster.

History

Walter Bolliger and Claude Mabillard started working for Giovanola, a manufacturing company who supplied rides to Intamin, in the 1970s. During their time at Giovanola, they helped design the company's first stand-up roller coaster, Shockwave at Six Flags Magic Mountain. They also worked on other projects, such as Z-Force at Six Flags Great America.[9] Bolliger & Mabillard left Giovanola, but the company continued to use their track design, so the company's roller coasters, Goliath at Six Flags Magic Mountain and Titan at Six Flags Over Texas, use a track style very similar to B&M's.[10][11]

An inverted model with the angled drop, common on inverted coasters, Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great Adventure

In 1987, Giovanola underwent a change of management; Bolliger & Mabillard decided to leave, and founded their own company.[9] At the time, B&M employed four people; two draftsmen, Bolliger, and Mabillard. When B&M was created, the pair had agreed not to make any more amusement attractions.[12][13] However, Robert Mampe, Six Flags Great America's staff engineer, who had worked with both men during the construction of Z-Force, contacted the new company and asked it to reconfigure the cars for its Giavanola-built, Intamin bobsled coaster that was to be relocated from Six Flags Great Adventure.[14] Following that project Mampe asked the new company to design and build a stand-up roller coaster for Six Flags Great America, similar to Shockwave at Six Flags Magic Mountain.[14] B&M accepted the offer and hired two more draftsmen. But B&M had a problem regarding how and where to manufacture the track pieces for the roller coaster. With the impression of the work done by Clermont Steel Fabricators on Vortex at Kings Island and Shockwave Six Flags Great America, Walter Bolliger went to the steel plant and asked if they would be interested in manufacturing the track. Clermont Steel Fabricators accepted and currently manufactures all Bolliger and Mabillard roller coaster track pieces for all of North America.[7] Now with a company to manufacture the track, B&M built its first roller coaster, a stand-up roller coaster, Iron Wolf, which opened in 1990 at Six Flags Great America.[12][13] Two years later, Bolliger & Mabillard built another project for Six Flags Great America, Batman: The Ride, the world's first inverted roller coaster, which brought them to prominence in the industry.[15][16]

Bolliger & Mabillard also invented the Floorless Coaster,[17] and the Dive Coaster. The company also built its first launched roller coaster, the Incredible Hulk, which is at Islands of Adventure. Although The Incredible Hulk uses a launch system, B&M classifies it as a "Sitting Coaster".[18] In 2010, B&M unveiled its new Wing Coaster and premiered the prototype model, named Raptor, at Gardaland in 2011.[19] It has two seats on each side on the car that hang riders over the sides of the track. There are currently only eight in operation.[19] In 2015, B&M constructed Thunderbird at Holiday World & Splashin' Safari, its first in-house launched coaster.[20]

By 2010, B&M employed twelve engineers, twelve draftsmen and two draftswomen.[12][13] The company has made other contributions to the roller coaster industry. The company built the trains for the Psyclone, a now-demolished wooden roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain. The trains were later used on the park's Colossus wooden roller coaster (until it was refurbished by Rocky Mountain Construction), but were only used during October each year. The trains faced backward and usually raced against trains on the second track, which ran forward.[21] In 2013, B&M supplied new trains for Steel Dragon 2000, built by D. H. Morgan Manufacturing in 2000.[22][23] As of 2012, Bolliger & Mabillard has 85 operating roller coasters worldwide,[3] twenty-two of which are listed among the Amusement Today Golden Ticket Awards Top 50 Steel Coasters List for 2012, and five are in the top 10. The company has built more roller coasters than any other manufacturer on the list.[24]

Features

Raptor's cobra roll, a first for inverted roller coasters

Bolliger & Mabillard currently manufactures nine different roller coaster styles: Stand-Up Coaster, Inverted Coaster, Floorless Coaster, Flying Coaster, Hyper Coaster, Dive Coaster, Sitting Coaster, Wing Coaster and Family Coaster.[1][25] Bolliger & Mabillard has been involved in developing new technologies and concepts in roller coasters almost since its inception. It has often worked with engineer Werner Stengel, and with designers and management of client theme parks.[26][27]

Lift hills

Diagram comparing a standard lift hill and the B&M pre-drop lift hill.

Many Bolliger & Mabillard coasters feature an element known as a "pre-drop", a short drop after the top of the lift hill and before the start of the first drop, designed to reduce stress on the lift chain. The flat section between the pre-drop and the first drop serves as a shelf to support the weight of the train, reducing related stresses on the chain. On most coasters without a pre-drop, the weight of the train tends to pull on the lift chain as it begins its descent because the latter half of the train is still being lifted by the chain. Pre-drops have not been used on the company's Dive or Flying coasters, or on hyper coasters built after 1999.[28][29] OzIris at Parc Astérix was the first B&M inverted roller coaster that does not feature a pre-drop.[30] Ever since no coaster built by B&M has featured a pre-drop[31][32] because the chain accelerates on newer coasters of B&M after the train passes the crest to acquire the same speed as the train when it is being taken over by gravity.[33]

Trains

Most of Bolliger & Mabillard's roller coaster trains use four-abreast seating. Each car has one row of four seats, while the train length can vary between coasters. All of the company's coaster models, except the Dive Coaster and Wing Coaster use this configuration. The Dive Coaster uses six, eight or ten-abreast seating, with two or three rows of seats. For example, Griffon at Busch Gardens Williamsburg, uses ten seats in three rows, while Krake at Heide Park uses six-across seating in three rows.[34] On recent hyper coaster projects, B&M has used a new car design that has two rows of two seats; the two seats in the rear of the car pushed out from the centerline so that the four seats resemble a V formation. This formation has only been used on Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, Diamondback at Kings Island, Intimidator at Carowinds and Shambhala: Expedición al Himalaya at PortAventura. In 2013, B&M introduced a new car design that has two rows of two seats, however, they are not in a V formation.[22][23]

All B&M hyper coasters use a type of restraint called a "T-bar" or "Clamshell" restraint, which consists of bar with a cushioned lap bar with two handles for riders to hold on to. This type of restraint generally does not use a seat belt, however seat belts have been added to Behemoth and Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland, Diamondback at Kings Island, and Intimidator at Carowinds, all of which have the stadium style seating.[35] Bolliger & Mabillard also uses over-the-shoulder restraints, in that the restraint is placed over the riders' shoulders and sits and extends to the riders' laps. This type of restraint is used on Dive, Inverted, Sitting, Flying, Floorless, Stand-up, and Wing Coasters.[36]

Track

CAD model of B&M's signature box-spined track

A notable feature of Bolliger & Mabillard roller coasters is the box-section track. The running rails are connected to a box-section spine, instead of the circular spine used by other manufacturers. When a train travels around a box-section track, it creates a distinctive roaring sound, which is unique to this style of track. However, on some Bolliger & Mabillard roller coasters, such as Talon at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, and Gatekeeper at Cedar Point the track is filled with sand to reduce this noise.[37]

Also, depending on the model of the roller coaster, the track size can vary. Models such as the Flying, Wing, and Dive Coaster have heavier trains which require a larger track size while models with lighter trains, such as the Stand-Up and Hyper Coaster, do not and use a smaller sized track.[7]

Brakes

As of 2016, Bolliger & Mabillard uses three types of braking system; friction, magnetic, and water.

Friction brakes

When B&M was first founded, the linear magnetic eddy brake had yet to be developed, so it used friction brakes as its main braking system. On the train, pads are fitted beneath the seating areas. On the brakes, similar pads are connected to steel supports. When the pads on the train come into contact with the brakes, friction is created which slows the train.[38] Beginning with Kumba in 1993, friction brakes have also been used as trim brakes that regulate the speed of the train while it is still navigating the course.[39]

Magnetic brakes

Magnetic brakes were first used on Nitro at Six Flags Great Adventure in 2001.[40] Magnetic brakes slow down trains much faster than friction brakes; most B&M roller coasters built in or after 2001 have at least one set of magnetic brakes. Magnetic brakes do not make contact with the train. Fins that run parallel to the train are fitted beneath the seats. As the fins pass through the brakes, the magnetic field created by the brakes slows the train. Magnetic brakes have also been used as an alternate type of trim brake on B&M roller coasters such as Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland.[41]

Water brakes

Water brakes were first introduced on SheiKra at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in 2005.[42] Water brakes can only be used when a splashdown element, in which a body of water surrounds a section of track, is present within the layout of the roller coaster. When scoops on the last car of each train come in contact with the surrounding water, the train slows down and the water is sprayed several feet into the air behind it.[43]

List of roller coasters

Vortex at Carowinds, a Stand-up Coaster model
Leviathan at Canada's Wonderland, a Hyper Coaster model
Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great Adventure, an Inverted Coaster model
Dragon Khan at PortAventura, a Sitting Coaster model
Oblivion at Alton Towers, a Dive Coaster model
Hydra at Dorney Park, a Floorless Coaster model
Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, a Hyper Coaster model
Manta at SeaWorld Orlando, a Flying Coaster model
Raptor at Gardaland, first Wing Coaster model


As of 2018, Bolliger & Mabillard has built 115 roller coasters around the world.[44] The Incredible Hulk and Dragon Challenge, both at Universal's Islands of Adventure, were closed in 2015 and 2017 respectively. Hulk was scrapped so it could be rebuilt completely in 2016 and Dragon Challenge has been demolished so it can be replaced by an unknown coaster in 2019.[45][46][47] Lightning at Kuwait Entertainment City is currently Standing But Not Operating due to its park being closed for a refurbishment. Some have been relocated and renamed.

NameModelParkCountryOpenedStatusRef
Batman: The RideInverted CoasterSix Flags Great AmericaUnited States United States1992Operating[48]
VortexStand-Up CoasterCarowindsUnited States United States1992Operating[49]
Batman: The RideInverted CoasterSix Flags Great AdventureUnited States United States1993Operating[50]
Flight Deck
Formerly Top Gun		Inverted CoasterCalifornia's Great AmericaUnited States United States1993Operating[51]
KumbaSitting CoasterBusch Gardens TampaUnited States United States1993Operating[52]
Batman: The RideInverted CoasterSix Flags Magic MountainUnited States United States1994Operating[53]
DiavloInverted CoasterHimeji Central ParkJapan Japan1994Operating[54]
NemesisInverted CoasterAlton TowersUnited Kingdom United Kingdom1994Operating[55]
RaptorInverted CoasterCedar PointUnited States United States1994Operating[56]
Batman: The RideInverted CoasterSix Flags St. LouisUnited States United States1995Operating[57]
Dragon KhanSitting CoasterPortAventuraSpain Spain1995Operating[58]
MontuInverted CoasterBusch Gardens TampaUnited States United States1996Operating[59]
AlpengeistInverted CoasterBusch Gardens WilliamsburgUnited States United States1997Operating[60]
Batman: The RideInverted CoasterSix Flags Over GeorgiaUnited States United States1997Operating[61]
PyreneesInverted CoasterParque Espana-Shima Spain VillageJapan Japan1997Operating[62]
Great WhiteInverted CoasterSeaWorld San AntonioUnited States United States1997Operating[63]
OblivionDive CoasterAlton TowersUnited Kingdom United Kingdom1998Operating[64]
Great BearInverted CoasterHersheyparkUnited States United States1998Operating[65]
The Riddler's RevengeStand-Up CoasterSix Flags Magic MountainUnited States United States1998Operating[66]
Afterburn
Formerly Top Gun - The Jet Coaster		Inverted CoasterCarowindsUnited States United States1999Operating[67]
Bizarro
Formerly Medusa		Floorless CoasterSix Flags Great AdventureUnited States United States1999Operating[68]
Incredible HulkSitting CoasterUniversal Studios Islands of AdventureUnited States United States1999Operating[69]
Dragon Challenge
Formerly Dueling Dragons		Inverted CoasterUniversal Studios Islands of AdventureUnited States United States1999Removed[70]
Batman: The RideInverted CoasterSix Flags Over TexasUnited States United States1999Operating[71]
Raging BullHyper CoasterSix Flags Great AmericaUnited States United States1999Operating[72]
Georgia ScorcherStand-Up CoasterSix Flags Over GeorgiaUnited States United States1999Operating[73]
Apollo's ChariotHyper CoasterBusch Gardens WilliamsburgUnited States United States1999Operating[74]
KrakenFloorless CoasterSeaWorld OrlandoUnited States United States2000Operating[75]
MedusaFloorless CoasterSix Flags Discovery KingdomUnited States United States2000Operating[76]
KatunInverted CoasterMirabilandiaItaly Italy2000Operating[77]
Superman: Krypton CoasterFloorless CoasterSix Flags Fiesta TexasUnited States United States2000Operating[78]
Diving Machine G5Dive CoasterJanfusun FancyworldTaiwan Taiwan2000Operating[79]
Insane SpeedFloorless CoasterJanfusun FancyworldTaiwan Taiwan2001Operating[80]
NitroHyper CoasterSix Flags Great AdventureUnited States United States2001Operating[81]
TalonInverted CoasterDorney ParkUnited States United States2001Operating[82]
WildfireSitting CoasterSilver Dollar CityUnited States United States2001Operating[83]
Galactica
Formerly Air		Flying CoasterAlton TowersUnited Kingdom United Kingdom2002Operating[84]
Batman: The Dark KnightFloorless CoasterSix Flags New EnglandUnited States United States2002Operating[85]
Batman: Arkham Asylum
Formerly Batman: La Fuga		Inverted CoasterParque Warner MadridSpain Spain2002Operating[86]
Silver StarHyper CoasterEuropa ParkGermany Germany2002Operating[87]
Superman: La Atracción de AceroFloorless CoasterParque Warner MadridSpain Spain2002Operating[88]
Superman: Ultimate FlightFlying CoasterSix Flags Over GeorgiaUnited States United States2002Operating[89]
VampireInverted CoasterLa RondeCanada Canada2002Operating[90]
Nemesis InfernoInverted CoasterThorpe ParkUnited Kingdom United Kingdom2003Operating[91]
Scream!Floorless CoasterSix Flags Magic MountainUnited States United States2003Operating[92]
Superman: Ultimate FlightFlying CoasterSix Flags Great AmericaUnited States United States2003Operating[93]
Superman: Ultimate FlightFlying CoasterSix Flags Great AdventureUnited States United States2003Operating[94]
DæmonenFloorless CoasterTivoli GardensDenmark Denmark2004Operating[95]
LightningInverted CoasterKuwait Entertainment CityKuwait Kuwait2004Closed[96]
Silver BulletInverted CoasterKnott's Berry FarmUnited States United States2004Operating[97]
Hydra the RevengeFloorless CoasterDorney ParkUnited States United States2005Operating[98]
SheiKraDive CoasterBusch Gardens TampaUnited States United States2005Operating[99]
Black MambaInverted CoasterPhantasialandGermany Germany2006Operating[100]
Crystal WingFlying CoasterHappy Valley BeijingChina China2006Operating[101]
GoliathHyper CoasterLa RondeCanada Canada2006Operating[102]
GoliathHyper CoasterSix Flags Over GeorgiaUnited States United States2006Operating[103]
PatriotInverted CoasterWorlds of FunUnited States United States2006Operating[104]
TatsuFlying CoasterSix Flags Magic MountainUnited States United States2006Operating[105]
GriffonDive CoasterBusch Gardens WilliamsburgUnited States United States2007Operating[106]
Hollywood Dream: The RideHyper CoasterUniversal Studios JapanJapan Japan2007Operating[107]
PhaethonInverted CoasterGyeongju WorldSouth Korea South Korea2007Operating[108]
BehemothHyper CoasterCanada's WonderlandCanada Canada2008Operating[109]
Dive CoasterDive CoasterChimelong ParadiseChina China2008Operating[110]
Dominator
Formerly Batman: Knight Flight		Floorless CoasterKings Dominion
Geauga Lake		United States United States2008
2000 to 2007		Operating[111]
[112]
Goliath
Formerly Batman: The Ride
Formerly Gambit		Inverted CoasterSix Flags Fiesta Texas
Six Flags New Orleans
Thrill Valley		United States United States2008
2003 to 2005
1995 to 2002		Operating[113]
[114]
[115]
DiamondbackHyper CoasterKings IslandUnited States United States2009Operating[116]
Diving CoasterDive CoasterHappy Valley ShanghaiChina China2009Operating[117]
MantaFlying CoasterSeaWorld OrlandoUnited States United States2009Operating[118]
Monster
Formerly Orochi		Inverted CoasterWalygator Parc
Expoland		France France2010
1996 to 2007		Operating[119]
[120]
IntimidatorHyper CoasterCarowindsUnited States United States2010Operating[121]
Green Lantern
Formerly Chang		Stand-Up CoasterSix Flags Great Adventure
Kentucky Kingdom		United States United States2011
1997 to 2009		Operating[122]
[123]
Hair RaiserFloorless CoasterOcean Park Hong KongChina China
Hong Kong Hong Kong		2011Operating[124]
KrakeDive CoasterHeide ParkGermany Germany2011Operating[125]
RaptorWing CoasterGardalandItaly Italy2011Operating[126]
Starry Sky Ripper
Formerly Sky Scrapper		Flying CoasterJoylandChina China2011Operating[127]
LeviathanHyper CoasterCanada's WonderlandCanada Canada2012Operating[128]
OzIrisInverted CoasterParc AstérixFrance France2012Operating[129]
ShambhalaHyper CoasterPortAventuraSpain Spain2012Operating[130]
SwarmWing CoasterThorpe ParkUnited Kingdom United Kingdom2012Operating[131]
Wild EagleWing CoasterDollywoodUnited States United States2012Operating[132]
X-FlightWing CoasterSix Flags Great AmericaUnited States United States2012Operating[133]
GateKeeperWing CoasterCedar PointUnited States United States2013Operating[134]
NitroFloorless CoasterAdlabs ImagicaIndia India2013Operating[135]
BansheeInverted CoasterKings IslandUnited States United States2014Operating[136]
Parrot Coaster
Formerly Flying over the Rainforest		Wing CoasterChimelong Ocean KingdomChina China2014Operating[137]
Flug der DämonenWing CoasterHeide ParkGermany Germany2014Operating[138]
Family Inverted CoasterFamily Inverted CoasterHappy Valley ShanghaiChina China2014Operating[139]
HarpyFlying CoasterXishuangbanna Theme ParkChina China2015Operating[140]
Rougarou
Formerly Mantis
Floorless Coaster
Formerly Stand-Up Coaster
Cedar PointUnited States United States2015
1996 to 2014
Operating[141]
AcrobatFlying CoasterNagashima Spa LandJapan Japan2015Operating[142]
ThunderbirdWing CoasterHoliday WorldUnited States United States2015Operating[143]
Oblivion: The Black HoleDive CoasterGardalandItaly Italy2015Operating[144]
Baron 1898Dive CoasterEftelingNetherlands Netherlands2015Operating[145]
Fury 325Hyper CoasterCarowindsUnited States United States2015Operating[146]
MakoHyper CoasterSeaWorld OrlandoUnited States United States2016Operating[147]
The Flying DinosaurFlying CoasterUniversal Studios JapanJapan Japan2016Operating[148]
ValravnDive CoasterCedar PointUnited States United States2016Operating[149]
Dragon's Run
Formerly Time Machine
Formerly Led Zeppelin - The Ride		Sitting CoasterDragon Park Ha Long
Freestyle Music Park
Hard Rock Park		Vietnam Vietnam2017
2009
2008		Operating[150]
[151]
Patriot
Formerly Vortex
Floorless Coaster
Formerly Stand-Up Coaster		California's Great AmericaUnited States United States2017
1991 to 2016
Operating[152]
Flying Wing CoasterWing CoasterHappy Valley ChongqingChina China2017Operating[153]
DrakenDive CoasterGyeongju WorldSouth Korea South Korea2018Operating[154]
Western Regions HeavenDive CoasterHappy Valley ChengduChina China2018Operating[155]
ValkyriaDive CoasterLisebergSweden Sweden2018Operating[156]
Family Inverted CoasterFamily Inverted CoasterHappy Valley BeijingChina China2018Operating[157]
Wing CoasterWing CoasterColourful Yunnan Happy WorldChina China2018Operating[158]
FēnixWing CoasterToverlandNetherlands Netherlands2018Operating[159]
Heaven's WingWing CoasterHuayi Brothers Movie WorldChina China2018Under construction[160]
Yukon StrikerDive CoasterCanada's WonderlandCanada Canada2019Under construction[161]
Firebird
Formerly Apocalypse
Formerly Iron Wolf
Floorless Coaster
Stand-Up Coaster		Six Flags America
Six Flags Great America		United States United States2019
2012 to 2018
1990 to 2011
Under Construction[162]
[163]
UnknownWing CoasterHot Go DreamworldChina China2019Under construction[164]
UnknownHyper CoasterHot Go DreamworldChina China2019Under construction[165]
Music Roller CoasterHyper CoasterHappy Valley BeijingChina China2019Under construction[166]
UnknownWing CoasterWanda City WuxiChina China2019Under construction[167]
UnknownWing CoasterHappy Valley NanjingChina China2019Under construction[168]
UnknownHyper CoasterHersheyparkUnited States United States2020Under construction[169]
UnknownInverted CoasterGröna LundSweden Sweden2021Under construction[170]

References

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  2. ↑ "Bolliger & Mabillard". RCDB. Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
  3. 1 2 "Bolliger & Mabillard". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  4. ↑ "Bolliger & Mabillard – Inverted Coaster". Archived from the original on May 18, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
  5. ↑ "Typical Clermont Steel Fabrications". Clermont Steel Fabrications. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  6. ↑ "Diamondback built in Clermont". Loveland Magazine. March 23, 2009. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  7. 1 2 3 "Scott & Carol Present: Getting On Track With B&M". NewsPlusNotes. December 11, 2008. Archived from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
  8. ↑ Mayné, François (February 6, 2013). "How Bolliger & Mabillard established its strongreputation : interview with director Walter Bolliger". NewsParcs. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
  9. 1 2 "The Significance of Bolliger & Mabillard". Coaster-net.com. February 12, 2011. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
  10. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Titan  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  11. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  12. 1 2 3 PointBuzz (June 7, 2010). "Cedar Point Video – Walter Bolliger at CoasterMania! 2010 (Part 1 / 2)". YouTube. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
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  14. 1 2 Davidson, Mark (2005). "A Revolution on Rails: The Bolliger & Mabillard Story (Part I)". RollerCoaster!. Vol. 27 no. 1. Minneapolis, Minnesota: American Coaster Enthusiasts. pp. 31–46. ISSN 0896-7261.
  15. ↑ US patent 5272984, Bolliger, Walter & Mabillard, Claude, "Amusement ride of the roller coaster type", issued December 28, 1993, assigned to Le, Mark T.
  16. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  17. ↑ US patent 6352034, Bolliger, Walter & Mabillard, Claude, "Installation for amusement park, installation referred to as roller coaster", issued March 5, 2002, assigned to Morano, Joseph
  18. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Incredible Hulk  (Universal Studios Islands of Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  19. 1 2 MacDonald, Brady (11 April 2012). "X-Flight wing coaster premieres at Six Flags Great America in May". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  20. ↑ McCleery, Bill (July 24, 2014). "Holiday World takes flight with $22M Thunderbird wing coaster". Indianapolis Star. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  21. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Psyclone  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  22. 1 2 ""Steel Dragon 2000 new" is finally here! Debut on March 15, 2013 (Friday)!". Nagashima Spa Land. March 13, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  23. 1 2 "Steel Dragon 2000 Adds B&M Trains". VHCoasters.com. March 17, 2013. Archived from the original on March 20, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
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  25. ↑ 2012 B&M product catalog.
  26. ↑ "Ing.-Büro Stengel GmbH". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  27. ↑ Alvey, Robb (November 16, 2011). "IAAPA 2011 Trade Show Part 4 Theme Park Review Fishpipe Water Ride B&M Zamperla". Theme Park Review. YouTube. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
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  29. ↑ "Flying Coaster". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  30. ↑ "OzIris". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  31. ↑ "Nitro - Adlabs Imagica". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
  32. ↑ "Banshee - Kings Island". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
  33. ↑ "Why no pre-drops on B&M's anymore?". Themeparkreview Forum. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
  34. ↑ "Bolliger & Mabillard 2011". Parkthoughts.com. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
  35. ↑ US patent 6287211, Bolliger, Walter & Mabillard, Claude, "Installation for amusement park", issued September 11, 2001, assigned to Nguyen, Kien T.
  36. ↑ "Bolliger & Mabillard Products". Bolliger & Mabillard. Archived from the original on June 21, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012.
  37. ↑ "Talon review". AmericaCoasters.com. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  38. ↑ "Batman – The Dark Knight". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  39. ↑ "Behemoth". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  40. ↑ "Nitro at Six Flags Great Adventure". Great Adventure History. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  41. ↑ "Leviathan Construction Tour 2012-01-23 (Part 2)". cwcoasterboy (YouTube). January 23, 2012. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  42. ↑ "Splashdown". Roller Coaster Database. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
  43. ↑ US patent 7430966, Mabillard, Claude & Bolliger, Walter, "Brake, vehicle and roller coaster circuit", issued October 7, 2008, assigned to Morano, Joseph
  44. ↑ Bolliger & Mabillard - rcdb.com
  45. ↑ Bevil, Dewayne (July 24, 2017). "Universal: Dragon Challenge to be replaced with new Harry Potter ride". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  46. ↑ Kubersky, Seth (July 24, 2017). "Universal Orlando announces new Harry Potter coaster replacing Dragon Challenge". Attractions Magazine. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  47. ↑ James, Kristin (July 24, 2017). "Universal will replace Dragon Challenge with new Harry Potter coaster". Orlando Weekly. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
  48. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  49. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Vortex  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  50. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  51. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flight Deck  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  52. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Kumba  (Bush Gardens Tampa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  53. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  54. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Diavlo  (Himeji Central Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  55. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Nemesis  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  56. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Raptor  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
  57. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags St. Louis)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  58. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dragon Khan  (PortAventura)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  59. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Montu  (Bush Gardens Tampa Bay)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  60. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Alpengeist  (Bush Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  61. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  62. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Pyrenees  (Parque Espana)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  63. ↑ Marden, Duane. "The Great White  (SeaWorld San Antonio)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  64. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Oblivion  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  65. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Great Bear  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  66. ↑ Marden, Duane. "The Riddler's Revenge  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  67. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Afterburn  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  68. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Bizarro  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  69. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Incredible Hulk  (Universal Studios Islands of Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  70. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dragon Challenge  (Universal Studios Islands of Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  71. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  72. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Raging Bull  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  73. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Georgia Scorcher  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  74. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Apollo's Chariot  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  75. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Kraken  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  76. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Medusa  (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  77. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Katun  (Mirabilandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  78. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman: Krypton Coaster  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  79. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Diving Machine G5  (Janfusun Fancyworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  80. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Insane Speed  (Janfusun Fancyworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  81. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Nitro  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  82. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Talon  (Dorney Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  83. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Wildfire  (Silver Dollar City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  84. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Air  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
  85. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman – The Dark Knight  (Six Flags New England)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  86. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: Arkham Asylum  (Parque Warner Madrid)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  87. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Silver Star  (Europa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  88. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman: La Atracción de Acero  (Parque Warner Madrid)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  89. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman: Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  90. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Vampire  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  91. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Nemesis Inferno  (Thorpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  92. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Scream!  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  93. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman: Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  94. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Superman:Ultimate Flight  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  95. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dæmonen  (Tivoli Gardens)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  96. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Lightning  (Kuwait Entertainment City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  97. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Silver Bullet  (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  98. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Hydra the Revenge  (Dorney Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  99. ↑ Marden, Duane. "SheiKra  (Bush Gardens Tampa Bay)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  100. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Black Mamba  (Phantasialand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  101. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Crystal Wing  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  102. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (La Ronde)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  103. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  104. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Patriot  (Worlds of Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  105. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Tatsu  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  106. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Griffon  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  107. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Hollywood Dream: The Ride  (Universal Studios Japan)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  108. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Phaethon  (Gyeongju World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  109. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Behemoth  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  110. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dive Coaster  (Chimelong Paradise)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  111. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dominator  (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  112. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dominator  (Geauga Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  113. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Goliath  (Six Flags Fiesta Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  114. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Batman: The Ride  (Six Flags New Orleans)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  115. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Gambit  (Thrill Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  116. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Diamondback  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  117. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Diving Coaster  (Happy Valley Shanghai)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  118. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Manta  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  119. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Monster  (Walygator Parc)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  120. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Orochi  (Expoland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  121. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Intimidator  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  122. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Green Lantern  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  123. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Chang  (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  124. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Hair Raiser  (Ocean Park Hong Kong)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  125. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Krake  (Heide Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  126. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Raptor  (Gardaland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  127. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Starry Sky Ripper  (Joyland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  128. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Leviathan  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  129. ↑ Marden, Duane. "OzIris  (Parc Astérix)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  130. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Shambhala  (PortAdventura)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  131. ↑ Marden, Duane. "The Swarm  (Thorpe Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  132. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Wild Eagle  (Dollywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  133. ↑ Marden, Duane. "X-Flight  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  134. ↑ Marden, Duane. "GateKeeper  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  135. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Nitro  (Adlabs Imagica)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
  136. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Banshee  (Kings Island)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  137. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Parrot Coaster  (Ocean Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  138. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flug der Dämonen  (Heide Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  139. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Family Inverted Coaster  (Happy Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  140. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Harpy  (Xishuangbanna Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved February 21, 2014.
  141. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Rougarou  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  142. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Acrobat  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  143. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Thunderbird  (Holiday World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  144. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Oblivion The Black Hole  (Gardaland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
  145. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Baron 1898  (Efteling)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  146. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Fury 325  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
  147. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Mako  (SeaWorld Orlando)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  148. ↑ Marden, Duane. "The Flying Dinosaur  (Universal Studios Japan)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  149. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Valravn  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  150. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Dragon's Run  (Dragon Park Ha Long)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  151. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Time Machine  (Freestyle Music Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  152. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Patriot  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  153. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Flying Wing Coaster  (Happy Valley Chongqing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  154. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Draken  (Gyeongju World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  155. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Western Regions Heaven  (Happy Valley Chengdu)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  156. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Valkyria  (Liseberg)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  157. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Family Inverted Coaster  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  158. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Wing Coaster  (Colourful Yunnan Happy World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  159. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Fēnix  (Toverland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  160. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Heaven's Wing  (Huayi Brothers Movie World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  161. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Yukon Striker  (Canada's Wonderland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  162. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Firebird  (Six Flags America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  163. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Iron Wolf  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  164. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Hot Go Dreamworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  165. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Hot Go Dreamworld)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  166. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Music Roller Coaster  (Happy Valley Beijing)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  167. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Wanda City Wuxi)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  168. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Happy Valley Nanjing)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  169. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase.
  170. ↑ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Gröna Lund)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
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