Blyth's hornbill

Blyth's hornbill
Adult male at Lincoln Park Zoo
Female
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Bucerotiformes
Family: Bucerotidae
Genus: Rhyticeros
Species: R. plicatus
Binomial name
Rhyticeros plicatus
(J.R.Forst., 1781)
Diversity
6 subspecies
Synonyms

Aceros plicatus (Forster, 1781)

Detail of the hornbill

Blyth's hornbill (Rhyticeros plicatus), also known as the Papuan hornbill, is a large hornbill inhabiting the forest canopy in Wallacea and Melanesia. Its local name in Tok Pisin is kokomo.[2]

Previously, this hornbill was placed in the genus Aceros. It has often been lumped with the plain-pouched hornbill (R. subruficollis), and sometimes considered to include the Narcondam hornbill (R. narcondami) and the wreathed hornbill (R. undulatus) as subspecies.[3]

The common name commemorates Edward Blyth (1810–1873), English zoologist and Curator of the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Description

Up to 91 cm (36 in) in length, the adult male has mainly black plumage with a golden or orange-buff head, white throat and a white tail. Its irises are reddish brown, and the eye is surrounded by naked pale blue skin. The female is a smaller, mainly black bird with a white throat and tail. Both sexes have a very large horn-coloured bill and casque. Young birds of both sexes resemble the male. Adults have up to eight folds on the pale casque, depending on age, while young birds have none.[4]

In flight the sound of its wings is loud and distinctive, a rushing noise that has been compared to the sound of steam escaping from a steam locomotive. It has a range of far-reaching, guttural grunting and laughing calls.[4]

Subspecies

Various subspecies have been described across its range:[5]

Distribution and ecology

The Papuan hornbill occurs throughout lowland forests, from sea level up to 1,200–1,500 m ASL, in the Moluccas, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and as far east as the Solomon Islands. It is the only hornbill species native to New Guinea, and one of the largest flying birds of the region.[6]

Its diet consists mainly of fruits, especially figs, occasionally supplemented with insects and other small animals.[4]

The Papuan hornbill nests in a large tree hollow in the rainforest, from at least 18 m (59 ft) up to 30 m (98 ft) above the ground. The female is restricted to the nest cavity throughout the incubation and nestling period, being largely sealed inside by plastering up the entrance with a mixture of fruit pulp and rotten wood, leaving only a narrow aperture through which the male feeds her. The clutch size is about two eggs.[7]

Status and relationship with humans

Still widespread throughout its large range, the Papuan hornbill is assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[8] However, it is subject to hunting pressure by some tribal groups, who use its feathers in headdresses, its bill as a personal adornment, and the lower mandible as a spear point. As a consequence, it is becoming rarer in some areas of New Guinea. On the other hand, this species has withstood tens of millennia of human hunting pressure. So as long as sufficient habitat is preserved, it is unlikely that hunting alone will prove a significant threat unless population increases include concomitant increases in hunting pressures.[9]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Rhyticeros plicatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Majnep & Bulmer (1977): p.129, Coates (1985), Coates & Bishop (1997)
  3. ↑ Rasmussen (2000)
  4. 1 2 3 Coates (1985): p.442
  5. ↑ Coates (1985): p.444, Coates & Bishop (1997): p.148, Steadman (2006): pp.123,153,366-367
  6. ↑ Coates (1985), Coates & Bishop (1997)
  7. ↑ Coates (1985): p.444
  8. ↑ BLI (2008)
  9. ↑ Majnep & Bulmer (1977): p.129, Coates (1985): pp.442,444, Steadman (2006): pp.366-367
  • Coates, Brian J. (1985): The Birds of Papua New Guinea (Vol.1: Non-Passerines). Dove Publications, Alderley, Queensland, Australia. ISBN 0-9590257-0-7
  • Coates, Brian J. & Bishop, K. David (1997): A Guide to the Birds of Wallacea, Sulawesi, the Moluccas and Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia. Dove Publications, Alderley, Queensland, Australia. ISBN 0-9590257-3-1
  • Majnep, Ian Saem & Bulmer, Ralph (1977): Birds of my Kalam Country. Auckland University Press, Auckland, New Zealand.
  • Rasmussen, Pamela C. (August 2000). "A review of the taxonomy and status of the Plain-pouched Hornbill Aceros subruficollis" (PDF). Forktail. 16: 83–86. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  • Steadman, David William (2006): Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-77142-3
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