Birkebeineren Ski Stadium

Birkebeineren Ski Stadium
Full name Birkebeineren skistadion
Location Lillehammer, Norway
Coordinates 61°08′03″N 10°30′23″E / 61.134107°N 10.506368°E / 61.134107; 10.506368Coordinates: 61°08′03″N 10°30′23″E / 61.134107°N 10.506368°E / 61.134107; 10.506368
Owner Lillehammer Olympiapark
Capacity 31,000 (cross-country)
13,500 (biathlon)
Record attendance 100,000
Construction
Broke ground 1991
Opened 28 November 1992
Tenants
1994 Winter Olympics
1994 Winter Paralympics
FIS Cross-Country World Cup (1993, 2000, 2002, 2013-)
Biathlon World Cup (1993–97)
FIS Nordic Combined World Cup (1998, 2000, 2003, 2005–06, 2009–10, 2013-)
2016 Winter Youth Olympics

Birkebeineren Ski Stadium (Norwegian: Birkebeineren skistadion) is a cross-country skiing and biathlon venue located in Lillehammer, Norway. Situated 3 kilometers (2 mi) from the town center and at 485 meters (1,591 ft) above mean sea level, it has two stadium areas, one for cross-country and one for biathlon. The former has a capacity for 31,000 spectators, and the latter for 13,500. The venue was built for the 1994 Winter Olympics, costing 83.6 million Norwegian krone (NOK). It was subsequently used by the 1994 Winter Paralympics for Paralympic Nordic skiing and Paralympic biathlon. After the games, ownership was transferred to the municipal Lillehammer Olympiapark. The venue has since been used for one Biathlon World Cup, three FIS Cross-Country World Cup and nine FIS Nordic Combined World Cup tournaments, the latter with the ski jumping competition taking place at the nearby Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena. Birkebeineren is scheduled to host the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.

Construction

The location of the venue was decided in January 1990, following Lillehammer's successful bid to host the 1994 Winter Olympics. Construction was managed by the Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee (LOOC). Architects were 2Ø Arkitekter and the main consultant was Tonning & Lieng.[1] Construction started in early 1991, before planning was completed, and lasted until 1993. The construction work was subcontracted to several companies. Landscaping was completed in 1994. The facilities used concrete and wood as the main materials. The stadium included 3,000-square-meter (32,000 sq ft) of temporary buildings, a 1,620-square-meter (17,400 sq ft) building converted to a riding center after the Olympics, and a 3,200-square-meter (34,000 sq ft) tent. The land around the venue is a swamp, and most of the surface soil had to be removed and replaced with harder earth. The soil was used as fertilizer or fill in other parts of the arena. A creek had to be bypassed with a 220 meters (720 ft) long pipe. The arena is also so flat that a drainage system had to be installed. After the Olympics, four temporary overpasses were removed.[2] Construction of the tracks was done to minimize the impact on the forest.[3]

The venue cost NOK 83.6 million,[1] and was inaugurated on 28 November 1992 with an international biathlon competition.[4] In December 1992, the LOOC stated that they wanted to upgrade the stadium spectator capacity, but that the transport systems would not allow more people.[5] In 1993, the stadium had World Cup tournaments in biathlon and cross-country skiing as a trial before the Olympics. During several events, the computer system controlling the scoreboard and television scores collapsed. President Johan Baumann of the Norwegian Ski Federation criticized the venue and demanded that a new stadium be built. He stated that the stadium had been built to optimize television pictures, and that it had insufficient facilities for the spectators. In particular, he criticized the fact that the spectators were too far away from the skiers and the lack of a television screen and more scoreboards.[6] In May, the LOOC announced that the stadium would be expanded for another 6,000 people before the Olympics.[7] On 7 September, the ownership of the venue was transferred from the LOOC to Lillehammer Municipality via the subsidiary Lillehammer Olympiavekst, which later changed its name to Lillehammer Olympiapark.[8] In October, the forest along the tracks were partially cleared to allow spectators without tickets to watch the events.[9]

Facilities

The arena covers an area of 200 hectares (490 acres),[2] and is 3 kilometers (2 mi) from the town center.[1] For the Olympics, 27 kilometers (17 mi) of cross-country tracks and 9 kilometers (5.6 mi) of biathlon tracks were built. There are two stadiums, one for cross-country skiing and one for biathlon. The former has a spectator capacity for 31,000, while the latter has a capacity for 13,500.[2] In addition, up to 75,000 people watched the events the trackside during the Olympics.[10] Permanent buildings include a 214-square-meter (2,300 sq ft) finishing house for biathlon, a 155-square-meter (1,670 sq ft) finishing house for cross-country, a 355-square-meter (3,820 sq ft) plant room. The cross-country stadium is 200 square meters (2,200 sq ft) long, while the biathlon stadium is 150 square meters (1,600 sq ft) long.[2] The biathlon stadium has 30 shooting stations.[11] The facility has a 1,250 kVA transformer, with an additional transformer used during the Olympics. Critical systems, such as computers and time-keeping equipment, have an uninterruptible power supply.[2]

As a recreational venue, Birkebeineren connects to 450 kilometers (280 mi) of skiing tracks, including a 5 kilometers (3 mi) lighted track which is lit until 22:00 every day during winter, and is open to the public. During the summer, the tracks are available for jogging, running, roller skiing and similar activities. There is a café between the two stadiums, which also have dressing rooms and showers. The biathlon venue can be rented to hold private biathlon competition, with or without skis.[11]

The dominant means of transport during the Olympics was by railway. Spectators heading to Birkebeineren were transported by train to Hovemoen Station on the Dovre Line, and would then be transported by shuttle bus to the stadium. In addition, spectators from certain areas were transported by bus directly to the stadium.[12]

Events

Kazakh stamp depicting Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics

During the 1994 Winter Olympics, the venue hosted ten cross-country skiing events, six biathlon events and two Nordic combined events. Over 203,000 people applied for the 31,000 seats for the relay.[13] During the 1994 Winter Paralympics, the venue hosted the Paralympic Nordic skiing events and Paralympic biathlon.[11]

The FIS Cross-Country World Cup has been hosted three times, in 1993, 2000 and 2002, all in February or March.[14] The FIS Nordic Combined World Cup has been hosted seven times at the stadium, in 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009 and 2010. All tournaments have been held in December, and have seen the ski jumping competition hosted at Lysgårdsbakken, the Olympic ski jumping hill in Lillehammer.[15] Birkebeineren hosted Biathlon World Cup events from 1993 to 1997.[16] The stadium has also since 1992 been used as the goal area for Birkebeinerrennet, an annual ski marathon with thousands of participants.[17] It has also hosted the Norwegian Nordic Ski Championships in 1993.[18] Lillehammer is scheduled to host the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.[19] Birkebeineren will host cross-country, Nordic combined and biathlon events.[20]

Results

The following is a list of all Winter Olympics and World Cup events to be held at the stadium. It includes date, sport (cross-country skiing, Nordic combined or biathlon), tournament, distance, and top three athletes (gold, silver and bronze).

DateSportTournamentDistanceGenderGoldSilverBronzeRef
4 March 1993BiathlonWorld Cup15 kmFRussia Anfisa ReztsovaItaly Nathalie SanterCanada Myriam Bédard[21]
4 March 1993BiathlonWorld Cup20 kmMItaly Wilfried PallhuberGermany Ricco GroßItaly Andreas Zingerle[22]
6 March 1993BiathlonWorld Cup7.5 kmFRussia Anfisa ReztsovaBelarus Svetlana ParamyginaGermany Antje Harvey[23]
6 March 1993BiathlonWorld Cup10 kmMGermany Frank LuckGermany Sven FischerAustria Ludwig Gredler[24]
9 March 1993Cross-countryWorld Cup5 km CFNorway Trude Dybendal HartzRussia Lyubov YegorovaItaly Manuela Di Centa[25]
9 March 1993Cross-countryWorld Cup5 km CFRussia Lyubov YegorovaItaly Manuela Di CentaRussia Elena Välbe[26]
8 February 1994CombinedOlympics15 kmMNorway Fred Børre LundbergJapan Takanori KonoNorway Bjarte Engen Vik[27]
9 February 1994CombinedOlympics3 × 10 km teamMJapan JapanNorway NorwaySwitzerland Switzerland[28]
13 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics15 km FFItaly Manuela Di CentaRussia Lyubov YegorovaRussia Nina Gavrilyuk[29]
14 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics30 km FMNorway Thomas AlsgaardNorway Bjørn DæhlieFinland Mika Myllylä[30]
15 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics5 km CFRussia Lyubov YegorovaItaly Manuela Di CentaFinland Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi[31]
17 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics15 km M pursuitFRussia Lyubov YegorovaItaly Manuela Di CentaItaly Stefania Belmondo[32]
17 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics10 km CMNorway Bjørn DæhlieKazakhstan Vladimir SmirnovItaly Marco Albarello[33]
18 February 1994BiathlonOlympics15 kmFCanada Myriam BédardFrance Anne BriandGermany Uschi Disl[34]
19 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics25 km M pursuitMNorway Bjørn DæhlieKazakhstan Vladimir SmirnovItaly Silvio Fauner[35]
20 February 1994BiathlonOlympics20 kmMRussia Sergei TarasovGermany Frank LuckGermany Sven Fischer[36]
22 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics4 × 10 km relayMItaly ItalyNorway NorwayFinland Finland[37]
22 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics4 × 5 km relayFRussia RussiaNorway NorwayItaly Italy[38]
23 February 1994BiathlonOlympics15 kmFCanada Myriam BédardBelarus Svetlana ParamyginaUkraine Valentina Tserbe-Nessina[39]
23 February 1994BiathlonOlympics20 kmMRussia Sergei TchepikovGermany Ricco GroßRussia Sergei Tarasov[40]
24 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics30 km CFItaly Manuela Di CentaNorway Marit MikkelsplassFinland Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi[41]
25 February 1994BiathlonOlympics4 × 7.5 km relayFRussia RussiaGermany GermanyFrance France[42]
26 February 1994BiathlonOlympics4 × 7.5 km relayMGermany GermanyRussia RussiaFrance France[43]
27 February 1994Cross-countryOlympics50 km CMKazakhstan Vladimir SmirnovFinland Mika MyllyläNorway Sture Sivertsen[44]
16 March 1995BiathlonWorld Cup15 kmFRussia Svetlana ParamyginaRussia Nadezhda TalanovaRussia Galina Koukleva[45]
16 March 1995BiathlonWorld Cup20 kmMFinland Vesa HietalahtiAustria Ludwig GredlerGermany Peter Sendel[46]
18 March 1995BiathlonWorld Cup7.5 kmFRussia Galina KouklevaFrance Anne BriandFrance Emmanuelle Claret[47]
18 March 1995BiathlonWorld Cup10 kmMRussia Viktor MaigourovItaly Johann PasslerNorway Ole Einar Bjørndalen[48]
30 November 1996BiathlonWorld Cup15 kmFGermany Petra BehleGermany Simone Greiner-Petter-MemmRussia Olga Melnik[49]
30 November 1996BiathlonWorld Cup20 kmMGermany Sven FischerRussia Sergei TarasovRussia Pavel Rostovtsev[50]
1 December 1996BiathlonWorld Cup7.5 kmFGermany Simone Greiner-Petter-MemmRussia Galina KouklevaSweden Magdalena Forsberg[51]
1 December 1996BiathlonWorld Cup10 kmMGermany Sven FischerRussia Pavel RostovtsevItaly René Cattarinussi[52]
6 December 1997BiathlonWorld Cup10 kmMNorway Frank LuckNorway Ole Einar BjørndalenFrance Raphael Poiree[53]
6 December 1997BiathlonWorld Cup7.5 kmFRussia Galina KouklevaRussia Olga MelnikSweden Magdalena Forsberg[54]
7 December 1997BiathlonWorld Cup20 kmMBelarus Alexei AidarovNorway Halvard HanevoldRussia Pavel Mouslimov[55]
7 December 1997BiathlonWorld Cup15 kmFRussia Galina KouklevaSweden Magdalena ForsbergGermany Uschi Disl[56]
27 November 1998CombinedWorld Cup15 kmMNorway Bjarte Engen VikCzech Republic Ladislav RyglFinland Hannu Manninen[57]
29 November 1998CombinedWorld Cup7.5 kmMFinland Hannu ManninenAustria Felix GottwaldNorway Bjarte Engen Vik[58]
5 February 2000Cross-countryWorld Cup5+5 kmFRussia Larissa LazutinaRussia Olga DanilovaRussia Svetlana Nageykina[59]
5 February 2000Cross-countryWorld Cup10+10 kmMFinland Jari IsometsäSpain Johann MühleggAustria Michail Botvinov[60]
29 December 2000CombinedWorld Cup15 kmMNorway Kristian HammerNorway Bjarte Engen VikFinland Samppa Lajunen[61]
30 December 2000CombinedWorld Cup7.5 kmMNorway Bjarte Engen VikFinland Samppa LajunenCzech Republic Ladislav Rygl[62]
23 March 2002Cross-countryWorld Cup58 km C MSFNorway Anita MoenNorway Vibeke SkofterudGermany Manuela Henkel[63]
23 March 2002Cross-countryWorld Cup58 km C MSMNorway Thomas AlsgaardNorway Anders AuklandNorway Frode Estil[64]
3 December 2005CombinedWorld Cup15 kmMFinland Hannu ManninenAustria Felix GottwaldGermany Ronny Ackermann[65]
3 December 2005CombinedWorld Cup7.5 kmMFinland Hannu ManninenUnited States Todd LodwickGermany Ronny Ackermann[66]
2 December 2006CombinedWorld Cup15 kmMNorway Magnus MoanGermany Sebastian HaseneyFinland Hannu Manninen[67]
3 December 2006CombinedWorld Cup7.5 kmMAustria Christoph BielerFinland Anssi KoivurantaFrance Maxime Laheurte[68]
5 December 2009CombinedWorld Cup10 kmMFrance Jason Lamy-ChappuisNorway Petter TandeGermany Eric Frenzel[69]
6 December 2009CombinedWorld Cup10 kmMGermany Tino EdelmannFinland Anssi KoivurantaFrance Jason Lamy-Chappuis[70]
4 December 2010CombinedWorld Cup10 kmMNorway Mikko KokslienFrance Jason Lamy-ChappuisAustria Felix Gottwald[71]
5 December 2010CombinedWorld Cup10 kmMFrance Jason Lamy-ChappuisNorway Mikko KokslienAustria Mario Stecher[72]

References

  1. 1 2 3 LOOC (III): 31
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 LOOC (III): 33
  3. ↑ LOOC (III): 36
  4. ↑ "Birkebeineren skistadion innviet" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 28 November 1992.
  5. ↑ Eriksen, Arvid; Sjem, Sturla (18 December 1992). "Tør ikke utvide OL-stadion". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). p. 31.
  6. ↑ Stenberg, Morten; Gimnes, Lasse; Nakkim, Frode (12 March 1993). "Nådeløs dom over prøve-O: Skandale". Verdens Gang (in Norwegian). p. 1.
  7. ↑ Gravdal, Gunn (26 May 1993). "LOOC må justere for 30 millioner: Dyrt å forbedre OL". Aftenposten Aften (in Norwegian). p. 12.
  8. ↑ "Nå eier OL-kommunene alt" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 7 September 1993.
  9. ↑ "OL med plass til publikum uten billett" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 3 October 1993.
  10. ↑ LOOC (II): 241–242
  11. 1 2 3 Lillehammer Olympiapark. "Birkebeineren skistadion" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  12. ↑ LOOC (III): 43
  13. ↑ Wallenchiensky & Loucky 2008, p. 239
  14. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Cross-country skiing World Cup Lillehammer 23 March 2002 men's 58 km classical mass start results". Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  15. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Nordic combined World Cup Lillehammer medalist history: 1993-2010". Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  16. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "IBU World Cup Lillehammer 7 December 1997 women's 10 km pursuit results". Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  17. ↑ "NM-programmet". Bergens Tidende (in Norwegian). 20 January 1993. p. 25.
  18. ↑ Stenberg, Nils Petter (10 March 1992). "Birkebeiner'n går som alltid!". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). p. 15.
  19. ↑ "Lillehammer awarded 2016 Winter Youth Olympic Games". Inside the Games. 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on 7 December 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  20. ↑ Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports. "Candidate city for the Winter Youth Olympic Games: Lillehammer 2016" (PDF). pp. 10–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
  21. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 4 – Lillehammer (NOR) Women 15 km Individual". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  22. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 4 – Lillehammer (NOR) Men 20 km Individual". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  23. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 4 – Lillehammer (NOR) Women 7.5 km Sprint". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  24. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 4 – Lillehammer (NOR) Men 10 km Sprint". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  25. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  26. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  27. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  28. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  29. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  30. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  31. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  32. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  33. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  34. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "Olympic Winter Games – Lillehammer (NOR) Women 15 km Individual". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  35. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  36. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "Olympic Winter Games – Lillehammer (NOR) Men 20 km Individual". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  37. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  38. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  39. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "Olympic Winter Games – Lillehammer (NOR) Women 7.5 km Sprint". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  40. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "Olympic Winter Games – Lillehammer (NOR) Men 20 km Individual". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  41. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  42. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "Olympic Winter Games – Lillehammer (NOR) Women 4 x 7.5 km Relay". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  43. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "Olympic Winter Games – Lillehammer (NOR) Men 4 x 7.5 km Relay". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  44. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  45. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 6 – Lillehammer (NOR) Women 15 km Individual". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  46. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 6 – Lillehammer (NOR) Men 20 km Individual". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  47. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 6 – Lillehammer (NOR) Women 7.5 km Sprint". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  48. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 6 – Lillehammer (NOR) Men 10 km Sprint". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  49. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 6 – Lillehammer (NOR) Women 7.5 km Sprint". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  50. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 6 – Lillehammer (NOR) Men 10 km Sprint". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  51. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 6 – Lillehammer (NOR) Women 10 km Pursuit". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  52. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 6 – Lillehammer (NOR) Men 10 km Sprint". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  53. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 6 – Lillehammer (NOR) Men 10 km Sprint". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  54. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 6 – Lillehammer (NOR) Women 10 km Pursuit". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  55. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 6 – Lillehammer (NOR) Men 10 km Sprint". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  56. ↑ International Biathlon Union. "World Cup 6 – Lillehammer (NOR) Women 7.5 km Sprint". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  57. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  58. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  59. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  60. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  61. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  62. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  63. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  64. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  65. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  66. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  67. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  68. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  69. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  70. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  71. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  72. ↑ International Ski Federation. "Results". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
Bibliography
  • Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee. "1994 Winter Olympics Report, volume II" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  • Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee. "1994 Winter Olympics Report, volume III" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
  • Wallenchinsky, David; Loucky, Jaime (2009). The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-84513-491-4.
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