Benefit cap

The benefit cap is a British Coalition government policy that caps the amount in state benefits that an individual household can claim per year.[1] The benefit cap was introduced at £26,000 per year (£500 per week) which was the average income of a family in the UK.[2] For single people with no children it was set at £18,200 per year (£350 per week). The level of the benefit cap was subsequently lowered following an announcement in the July 2015 United Kingdom budget. From Autumn 2016 it was reduced to £20,000, except in London where it was reduced to £23,000.

The benefit cap was announced in the October 2010 Spending Review by the Coalition Government and was contained in the Welfare Reform Act 2012 and the Benefit Cap (Housing Benefit) Regulations 2012. It started being introduced in April 2013 and was fully implemented by September 2013. By 2014 a total of 36,471 households were having their payments reduced by the benefit cap, of which 17,102 were in London.[1]

The policy was a facet of the Coalition government's wide-reaching welfare reform agenda which included the introduction of Universal Credit and reforms of housing benefit and disability benefits.

Policy

Cap on household benefits

Affected benefits:

Amounts

The following are the total benefits that individual households are limited to.[3][4]

From April 2013

AnnualWeekly
Main rate£26,000£500
Single person rate£18,200£350

From November 2016

LondonAnnualWeekly
Main rate£23,000£442.31
Single person rate£15,410£296.35
Outside LondonAnnualWeekly
Main rate£20,000£384.62
Single person rate£13,400£257.69

Concern was expressed that the 2016 reduction in the cap would seriously increase poverty and homelessness among affected families and would affect over 300,000 children. Research by the Chartered Institute of Housing (CIH) indicated that the number of families affected would be higher than the government expected and warned that continuing the policy would make Theresa May’s promise of a “society fairer for families” harder to achieve. Terrie Alafat of the CIH feared that many families could face poverty following a redundancy or ill health. She said: “This could have a severe impact on these families, make housing in large sections of the country unaffordable and risk worsening what is already a growing homelessness problem”. Imran Hussain of the Child Poverty Action Group said: “A lower benefit cap is crueller and more damaging for children".[5] Once the reduction had come into force, fears were expressed that children's life chances would be affected.[6]

Positions of political parties

Conservatives

The Conservative Party supported the benefit cap which was announced by George Osborne at the 2010 Conservative Party conference.[7]

Labour

Labour Party leader Harriet Harman ordered Labour MPs to abstain during the House of Commons vote on the Welfare Reform and Work Act 2016 which reduced the benefit cap. Forty-eight of them rebelled and voted against the bill, including the future Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell.[8] Previously the Labour Party had expressed support for a regional cap on benefits rather than a national one without expressing a view on where the cap should be set and without stating whether the cap should be higher in London where rents are highest.[9]

Liberal Democrats

The Liberal Democrats supported the introduction of the benefit cap but a notable rebel was Sarah Teather MP, a former Minister for Children and Families in the coalition government, who described the policy as "immoral and divisive" and voted against it in the House of Commons.[10]

Public opinion

Opinion polling showed strong support for the benefit cap.[2] A poll carried out in July 2013 showed that 73% supported the policy and only 12% opposed the policy.

Exemptions

The initial regulations provided an exemption from the benefit cap for those who received Disability Living Allowance.[11]

Those who work enough hours to claim working tax credits are not subject to the benefit cap.[1]

Impact

When the benefit cap was introduced in 2013 the Coalition Government predicted that it would reduce public expenditure by £225 million by April 2015.[1] Half of those affected by the benefit cap between 2013 and 2016 lived in London where rents are 61% higher than the national average.[12] Research by the housing charity Shelter in 2015 indicated that the reduction of the benefit cap in 2016 could affect at least 100,000 households, primarily in Southern England, and the charity expressed concerns that those affected might be subjected to homelessness and poverty.[13] Benefit cuts and sanctions “are having a toxic impact on mental health” according to the UK Council for Psychotherapy. Rates of severe anxiety and depression among unemployed people increased from 10.1% in June 2013 to 15.2% in March 2017. In the general population the increase was from 3.4% to 4.1%.[14]

The benefit cap has been the subject of a number of legal challenges.

2013

The first attempt at a test case of the benefit cap was made in 2013 during the policy's pilot in four London boroughs. Permission was given for a judicial review of the policy on behalf of a number of families, two of the claims involving victims of domestic abuse. Papers submitted to the court suggested that these two families would have to choose between "risking losing their homes, or returning to their abusers in order to escape the imposition of the cap."[15] In November 2013 the High Court dismissed the claim for the judicial review.[16]

2015

In 2015 the Supreme Court issued judgement on a court case, R (on the application of SG and others) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, concerning an argument made on behalf of two lone mothers that the benefit cap was discriminatory and unfair. The court ruled by a 3-2 majority verdict that the benefit cap was lawful but three of the five judges concluded that the benefit cap breached the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, to which the UK is a signatory. Supreme Court judge Lord Carnwath recommended that the government review the policy. Deputy president of the court, Lady Hale, said that: "claimants affected by the cap will, by definition, not receive the sums of money which the state deems necessary for them adequately to house, feed, clothe and warm themselves and their children." In reaction to the judgment the work and pensions secretary, Iain Duncan Smith, said: "I am delighted that the country’s highest court has agreed with this government and overwhelming public opinion that the benefit cap is right and fair".[17]

Also in 2015, the benefit cap was the subject of a successful legal challenge on the grounds that it unlawfully discriminated against disabled people and their carers.[11] In 2016 Lord Freud announced the government's intention to exempt those in receipt of Carer's Allowance from the benefit cap, in response to the High Court ruling.[18]

Reaction

Critical

Writing about the benefit cap in 2013, George Eaton argued in the New Statesman magazine that "the cap is less a serious act of policy than a political weapon designed to trap Labour on the wrong side of the argument". Eaton cited a YouGov poll published earlier that year, which found that 79% of people, including 71% of Labour voters, supported the benefit cap, while 12% opposed it.[19] In the same year The Guardian newspaper argued that, because the benefit cap applied regardless of family size, larger families were likely to be disproportionately affected.[15] And also in 2013, The Children's Society estimated that 140,000 children (1.04% of children in the UK) and 60,000 adults would be affected by the measure.[20]

Positive

Some right-wing critics argued that the initial level at which the benefit cap was set was too high. In 2014 The Daily Mail newspaper said that an individual would require a salary of £35,000 before deductions to receive a take-home income of £26,000. At that time Conservative MPs David Ruffley and Brooks Newmark argued for the benefit cap to be set at £20,000.[21]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "'Thousands' hit by government benefit cap now in work". BBC News. 2014-02-06.
  2. 1 2 "Benefit cap's polling success paves way for tough 2015 promises | Coffee House". blogs.spectator.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
  3. ↑ House of Commons Library (14 March 2016). The Benefit Cap.
  4. ↑ Gov.uk (last updated 7 October 2016). Benefit cap. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
  5. ↑ Rob Merrick (1 November 2016). "More than 300,000 children dragged into benefit cuts, research reveals". The Independent.
  6. ↑ "Lower benefits cap comes into force". BBC News. 7 November 2016.
  7. ↑ Porter, Andrew (2010-10-04). "Conservative Party Conference: George Osborne announces benefit cap". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  8. ↑ Alexander Sehmer (21 July 2015). "John McDonnell speech: MP says he would 'swim through vomit' to oppose 'sickening' welfare bill". The Independent.
  9. ↑ "BBC News - Liam Byrne: Labour supports regional benefit cap". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
  10. ↑ Rafael Behr (22 November 2012). "A very modest Lib Dem rebellion on the benefits cap". New Statesman.
  11. 1 2 "Hurley and others v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions 2015". Disability Rights UK. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  12. ↑ George Eaton (19 April 2013). "The questions Labour needs to answer about its regional benefit cap". New Statesman.
  13. ↑ Patrick Butler; George Arnett (20 July 2015). "Lower benefit caps 'will exclude poor families from large parts of England'". The Guardian. London.
  14. ↑ "Government welfare cuts blamed for 50% surge in mental health issues among unemployed". Independent. 17 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  15. 1 2 Owen Bowcott; Amelia Gentleman (23 May 2013). "Benefits cap will have catastrophic effect on families, court will hear". The Guardian. theguardian.com.
  16. ↑ Patrick Butler (5 November 2013). "Single mothers lose benefits cap legal battle". The Guardian.
  17. ↑ Patrick Butler (18 March 2015). "UK benefits cap is lawful but breaches UN children's rights obligations". The Guardian.
  18. ↑ "Carers Allowance recipients to be exempt from benefit cap". Disability Rights UK. 26 January 2016.
  19. ↑ George Eaton (23 October 2013). "The benefit cap isn't working for the poor, but that was never the aim". New Statesman.
  20. ↑ "The benefit cap is 'a blunt instrument'" (Press release). The Children's Society. 15 Apr 2013.
  21. ↑ Jason Groves (9 January 2014). "33,000 Families Have Benefits Capped". Daily Mail. London.
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