BMW 7 Series (E38)

BMW 7 Series (E38)
Overview
Manufacturer BMW
Production April 1994–July 27, 2001
340,242 built[1][2][3]
Assembly Dingolfing, Germany
Designer Boyke Boyer (exterior: 1990, 1991)
Claus Luthe (design director: 1988-90)
Wolfgang Reitzle(design director: 1990-91)
Body and chassis
Class Full-size luxury car (F)
Body style 4-door sedan/saloon
Layout FR layout
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission 5-speed manual
6-speed manual
5-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase SWB: 2,930 mm (115.4 in)
LWB: 3,070 mm (121 in)
Length SWB: 4,984 mm (196.2 in)
LWB: 5,124 mm (201.7 in)
Width 1,862 mm (73.3 in)
Height SWB: 1,425 mm (56.1 in)
LWB: 1,435 mm (56.5 in)
Curb weight 1,710–2,085 kg (3,770–4,597 lb)
Chronology
Predecessor BMW 7 Series (E32)
Successor BMW 7 Series (E65)

The BMW E38 is the third generation of the BMW 7 Series, which was produced from April 1994 to 2001. It replaced the E32 and was available with straight-six, V8 and V12 petrol and straight-six and V8 diesel engines. In 2001, the E38 was replaced by the E65 7 Series.

The E38 was the first car available with curtain airbags. It was also the first European car to offer satellite navigation[4] and the first BMW to offer an in-built television. The E38 was the first 7 Series to be available with a diesel engine.

Development

In early 1988, development began on the third generation 7 Series.[5] From 1988 to 1990 styling work was done initially under design director Claus Luthe[6] (through April 1990, taken over by Dr. Wolfgang Reitzle), when Boyke Boyer's concept design was chosen and further refined into production form.[7]

In February 1991, the final production design for the new 7 Series was approved by the board 36 months ahead of scheduled start of production for February 17, 1994.[5] On April 27, 1993 German design patents were filed featuring a pre-production prototype as a design representation.[8] Patents were later filed on October 27, 1993 in the United States.[9]

Production

Production started on July 23, 1993 on pilot production models and US specification variants on January 13, 1994, with series production commencing in April 1994 for June 1994 domestic German launch with the 730i and 740i.[10] US-specification cars entered production in September 1994, for November 1994 launch. On February 18, 1994, the 1995 model year E38 BMW 7 Series was unveiled via a BMW press release. 750i production began in November 1994, in advance of January 1995 launch.[11][12]

The last E38 (a silver 740i with black leather interior) rolled off BMW's assembly line on July 27, 2001[13] to make way for the replacement E65 7 Series.

Equipment

Safety features include ASC+T traction control, headlight washers, auto-leveling low beam xenon HID headlamps. Side tubular airbags (called "Head Protection System") were fitted as standard equipment.[14][15] "Active Comfort Seats" were introduced in 1998, to improve comfort and reduce fatigue for the driver and front passenger.[16] This system uses two fluid-filled bladders which alternate in height.[17]

Other equipment includes Electronic Damper Control (called EDC III), power moonroof, rain-sensing wipers, dual zone climate control, electric drivers seat adjustment and electric steering wheel adjustment.

Double glazed windows were available (called "dual pane glass").[18] Break resistant laminated "security glass" was also available, which is known to delaminate. The delamination occurred with the Protection S357A option only, not with normal S352A dual pane windows.[19][20][21] Bullet-resistant glass was used for the Protection model, with even thicker glass used for the Security model.[20]

The Sport Package included a sport steering wheel, sports seats, sports suspension, "shadowline" exterior trim and unique wood trim for the interior.[22] Some sports models also included a shorter differential ratio and higher stall speed for the torque converter.[23]

In-car electronics

Navigation monitor

The E38 was the first European car to be available with satellite navigation,[24] a system called CARIN developed by BMW and Philips.[25]

The in-car entertainment (radio, audio system, satellite navigation, television and communications systems) are part of an automotive communication system called I-bus.[26]

A "multi-function" steering wheel, with controls for the audio, phone, cruise control and air recirculation,[27] was standard equipment.[28]

Transmissions

A 5-speed ZF 5HP automatic transmission was available on all models.[29]

In some markets, a 5-speed manual transmission was available for the 728i,[30] 730i,[31] 735i[32] and a 6-speed for the 740i.[33]

Model range

Petrol engines

ModelEnginePowerTorqueYearsProduction[34]
728iM52B28
I6		142 kW (190 hp)280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft)1995–199826171
M52TUB28
I6		142 kW (190 hp)280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft)1998–200112776
728iLM52B28
I6		142 kW (190 hp)280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft)1995–19981915
M52TUB28
I6		142 kW (190 hp)280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft)1998–20014901
730iM60B30
V8		160 kW (215 hp)290 N⋅m (214 lb⋅ft)1994–199620876
730iLM60B30
V8		160 kW (215 hp)290 N⋅m (214 lb⋅ft)1994–19962137
735iM62B35
V8		173 kW (232 hp)320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft)1996–199812971
M62TUB35
V8		174 kW (233 hp)345 N⋅m (254 lb⋅ft)1998–20018510
735iLM62B35
V8		173 kW (232 hp)320 N⋅m (236 lb⋅ft)1996–19983863
M62TUB35
V8		174 kW (233 hp)345 N⋅m (254 lb⋅ft)1998–20013100
740iM60B40
V8		210 kW (282 hp)400 N⋅m (295 lb⋅ft)1994–199633322
M62B44
V8		210 kW (282 hp)420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft)1996–199828272
M62TUB44
V8		210 kW (282 hp)440 N⋅m (325 lb⋅ft)1998–200127259
740iLM60B40
V8		210 kW (282 hp)400 N⋅m (295 lb⋅ft)1994–199612402
M62B44
V8		210 kW (282 hp)420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft)1996–199840655
M62TUB44
V8		210 kW (282 hp)440 N⋅m (325 lb⋅ft)1998–200138223
740iL PM62TUB44
V8		210 kW (282 hp)440 N⋅m (325 lb⋅ft)1998–2001151
750iM73B54
V12		240 kW (322 hp)490 N⋅m (361 lb⋅ft)1995–19976888
M73TUB54
V12		240 kW (322 hp)490 N⋅m (361 lb⋅ft)1998–20011671
750iLM73B54
V12		240 kW (322 hp)490 N⋅m (361 lb⋅ft)1995–199711038
M73TUB54
V12		240 kW (322 hp)490 N⋅m (361 lb⋅ft)1998–20014039
750iL PM73TUB54
V12		240 kW (322 hp)490 N⋅m (361 lb⋅ft)1998–200185
750iL SM73B54
V12		240 kW (322 hp)490 N⋅m (361 lb⋅ft)1995–1997253
M73TUB54
V12		240 kW (322 hp)490 N⋅m (361 lb⋅ft)1998–2001344
L7M73B54
V12		240 kW (322 hp)490 N⋅m (361 lb⋅ft)1996–1998462
M73TUB54
V12		240 kW (322 hp)490 N⋅m (361 lb⋅ft)1998–2001437

Diesel engines

ModelEnginePowerTorqueYearsProduction[34]
725tdsM51D25
I6 turbo		105 kW (141 hp)280 N⋅m (207 lb⋅ft)1995–20019053
730dM57D30
I6 turbo		142 kW (190 hp)410 N⋅m (302 lb⋅ft)1998–200112336
740dM67D40
V8 turbo		180 kW (241 hp)560 N⋅m (413 lb⋅ft)1998–20013450

Special models

L7

From 1997 to 2001, BMW sold an extended wheelbase limousine model called the L7.[35][36] The wheelbase was extended by 25 cm (10 in) over the "iL" models, resulting in an overall length of 5.37 m (211 in).[37] Features included electrically adjustable rear seats, rear footrests, fold down rear trays, a fridge, rear television screen, video player, fax machine.[37][38]

Based on the 750iL with a 12-cylinder engine, the L7 has a top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph).[39] The L7 was only available in the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Europe, and 899 examples were built.[34] The 2000-2001 models had an optional "privacy window" glass partition to separate the driver from the rear passengers.[40]

Protection line

The armoured "Protection Line" vehicles were built from 2000–2001, based on the 740iL and 750iL models.[41] Security features include body armor, bullet-resistant glass and run-flat tires.[42][43] An intercom system is provided to communicate with people outside the vehicle while the windows and doors are shut.[44]

Security line

A High-Security version with protection up to B6/7[45] was also available in Europe,[46] known internally as the 750iL S. The additional security measures brought an additional weight of 950 kg (2,090 lb) compared to the normal 750iL[47][48] Features include explosive cord around the windshield allowing removal of the windshield facilitating escape through it,[48] Hydraulically actuated windows,[48] A gas sensor that can detect irritants like CS gas and respond by turning the blower motor off closing the fresh air flaps and all windows,[48] a fire suppression system triggered by either a button or the detection of extreme temperatures in the engine bay or the vicinity of the fuel tank,[49][48] a breathing air system is also available which delivers air from a cylinder in the trunk,[48] up to three firearms cases designed to fit a Heckler & Koch MP5K were also optionally available,[48] and spherical gunports in the doors.[48]

Hydrogen 750hL

Hydrogen BMW 750hL

On May 11, 2000, BMW presented a fleet of fifteen 750hL's in Berlin.[50]

It's twelve-cylinder hydrogen combustion engine can be operated on both hydrogen and petrol. In operation on hydrogen, it delivers 150 kW (204 hp), accelerating from 0 to 100 km/h in 9.6 seconds and reaches a top speed of 226 km/h (140 mph).[51]

The production of the hydrogen engine was integrated into the regular engine production at the Dingolfing plant. It differs from the conventional petrol engine essentially only in regards to the intake tract with additional injection valves for the hydrogen.[52] The hydrogen is stored cryogenically at a temperature of minus 253 degrees Celsius in a double-walled steel tank behind the rear seat back. The hydrogen tank holds 140 liters and allows an additional range of 350 kilometers.[51] In addition, the 750hL has a fuel cell with a power of 5 kilowatts at 42 volts. This is not used as a drive unit, but as an auxiliary power unit (APU) for power supply to the electrical system.[53]

During the Expo 2000 in Hanover the vehicles were used as shuttles. From February to November 2001 the vehicles were part of the "CleanEnergy WorldTour 2001" in the cities of Dubai, Brussels, Milan, Tokyo, Los Angeles and Berlin. By November 2001 the 750hL had achieved a mileage of over 150,000 km.[54] On the Nürburgring the 750hL reached a time of 9 minutes and 53 seconds while powered by hydrogen.[55]

Alpina B12

B12 6.0

Based on the BMW 750i and 750iL, Alpina released the B12 5.7 in 1995 and the B12 6.0 in 1999. In contrast to the cars they are based on, these models are not electronically limited to a top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph), but reach top speeds of more than 280 km/h (174 mph) and 291 km/h (181 mph), respectively.[56] According to Alpina the B12 5.7 was the world's first vehicle with an electrically heated metal catalyst as standard.[57] The B12 5.7 has a 5.7 litre V12 and the B12 6.0 has a 6.0 litre V12.

ModelEnginePower[56]TorqueYears[58] Production[59]
B12 5.7V12285 kW (382 hp)560 N⋅m (413 lb⋅ft)12/1995–08/1998 202
B12 6.0V12316 kW (424 hp)600 N⋅m (443 lb⋅ft)07/1999–07/2001 94

North American model range

The models for sale in the North America were the 740i, 740iL and 750iL, and production began in the second half of 1994. The base prices in 2001 were US$62,900 for the 740i, US$66,900 for the 740iL and US$92,100 for the 750iL.[60]

The 750iL was BMW's flagship vehicle, with a 5.4 L (330 cu in) V12 engine producing 322 bhp (240 kW; 326 PS) engine. A long-wheelbase variant was available for all petrol models.[61][62][63][64][65]

Model year changes

Pre-facelift 740iL sedan (US)
Interior

1995

  • E38 Production begins in 1994, for the 1995 model year. Initial models were the 725tds, 730i/730iL, 740i/740iL and 750i/750iL.
  • V8 models use a Nikasil bore coating, which experiences failures in countries with high sulfur petrol (see M60 article).[66][67]
  • DSC III (Dynamic Stability Control) becomes optional on the 740i/740iL and 750i/750iL.
  • 740i/740iL models use differential ratio of 3.15,[68] compared with 2.92 for following years.
  • Standard equipment includes dual-zone climate control, electric front seats with a three-position memory for the driver’s seat, front-seat side tubular airbags, a six-disc CD changer, and satellite navigation.[5]

1996

  • 728i and 735i models introduced
  • M62 engine replaces M60 for V8 models. The capacity on 740i and 740iL engines increases from 4.0 L to 4.4 L.
  • An Alpina sports suspension, onboard TV and satellite navigation system were offered as options.

1997

  • Front passenger head airbags. In late 1997, E38 7 Series and E39 5 Series became the world's first cars available with side impact head airbags.[69] These are known as "Inflatable Tubular Structure"[70] or "Head Protection System", and were available as optional equipment.[71] These airbags are designed to offer head protection in side impact collisions and also maintained inflation for up to seven seconds for rollover protection.
  • The 750iL (actually a re-badged 740iL)[72][73] is extensively featured in the high James Bond series film Tomorrow Never Dies.

1998 mid-life facelift

Facelift BMW 728i
Facelift BMW 728i

The E38 facelift (also known as LCI) models were introduced in the 1999 model year (produced from September 1998). The major changes are:

  • Revised styling for headlights and tail-lights.[74]
  • 740d model introduced, powered by the 3.9L M67 V8 twin-turbocharged diesel engine.[75]
  • 735i and 740i engines upgraded to the "technical update" (TU) version of the M62, featuring variable valve timing on the intake camshaft (single-VANOS).[74]
  • 728i engines upgraded to the "technical update" (TU) version of the M52, featuring variable valve timing on both camshafts (dual-VANOS)
  • Sport Package (ZSP option code) released, including Alpina suspension, multi-spoke alloys, sports seats and shadowline exterior trim.
  • DSCIII electronic stability control becomes standard on all 7 Series models.
  • Head airbags become standard on all 7 Series models.

1999

  • The 750 now includes Electric Catalytic Converter, or "E-CAT", assemblies. Heating coils inside the catalytic converter assemblies are electrified just after engine start, bringing the catalyst up to operating temperature very quickly to qualify the vehicle for Low emission vehicle (LEV) designation.[76] This system required the use of a two-battery system. This electric catalytic converter had been fitted since 1995 by Alpina to their B12 5,7 E-KAT saloon based on the BMW 750i, as it had been developed jointly by Emitec, Alpina and BMW.[77]
  • From March, features such as Xenon headlamps, rain-sensitive windshield wipers, headlight washers, GPS navigation, and upgraded audio became standard for US models.

2000

  • Display for satellite navigation upgraded in September to 6.5 inch 16:9 screen.[78][79]
  • Navigation upgraded to MKIII in September, therefore maps for satellite navigation switch to CD format.[80][81]
  • A radar-based adaptive cruise control (called Active Cruise Control) became available as an option.[82][83][84]

2001

2001 BMW 7 Series (US)
  • Cosmetic changes including body-colored side skirts and bumper facias (previously black), clear turn signal lenses (previously amber).
  • Sport package becomes available on 750iL.
  • Additional standard equipment, including a Motorola StarTAC or TimePort mobile phone, with BMW Assist telemetry system.

Film

BMW 7 Series car from Tomorrow Never Dies, seen at an exhibition at Museum Industriekultur, Nuremberg.

Contributing to the E38's continued popularity was its appearance in several films such as Tomorrow Never Dies (750iL), Bumer "Бумер" (750iL), Enemy of the State (740iL), Invictus (740iL), Bad Santa (740iL), Fun with Dick and Jane (740iL), Valley of the Wolves (TV series) (L7), Showtime (740i), The Transporter (735i) which was a one off manual 750i badged as a 735i,[85] Live Free or Die Hard (740i),Transformers (740iL), The Game (740iL) and The Sum Of All Fears. Even though it was the only featured car in the series to be replaced the following year, the E38 featured in the BMW Film Ambush which was released in fall 2001.

In the 18th James Bond feature film Tomorrow Never Dies, the sixteen E38 cars used during production were modified so they could be driven from the backseat. The car type is actually a BMW 740iL but they were re-badged as the 750iL. One survives today and can be seen at exhibition “TOP SECRET” at Museum Industriekultur, Nuremberg. Besides the 7 Series saloons, BMW also supplied a $14,000 R1200C motorcycle. BMW received the rights to use movie clips from the film in its multimillion-dollar campaign, and during the 1997 holiday season they offered a special promotion that included the R1200C with the purchase of the 750iL.[86]

References

  1. ↑ https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3843495
  2. ↑ Kittler, Eberhard (2001). Deutsche Autos seit 1990, Band 5 (1. ed.). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-613-02128-5.
  3. ↑ Auto Katalog, 2003 edition, p. 312. Note: Figures include early E65 production.
  4. ↑ "20 JAHRE NAVIGATION Was ist aus ihnen geworden?". auto-motor-und-sport.de/. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 "BMW 7 Series - A Look Back". www.topspeed.com. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
  6. ↑ "BMW car designers". www.bmwism.com. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
  7. ↑ "BMW-Flaggschiff mit V8 für kleines Geld". Auto, Motor und Sport. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  8. ↑ "Registerauskunft zum Design Designnummer: M9303460-0001". Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  9. ↑ US D0372687, "Automobile Exterior Body", assigned to Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft
  10. ↑ https://bmw-grouparchiv.de/research/detail/index.xhtml?id=3843495
  11. ↑ Pisano, Gary (1992). BMW: The 7-Series Project (A). Harvard Business School. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  12. ↑ http://www.e38registry.org/e38-production-numbers/
  13. ↑ Lewin, Tony (2004). The Complete Book of BMW. Motorbooks. p. 209. ISBN 0760319510. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  14. ↑ "Standard and Optional Equipment". BMW NA. Archived from the original on 2001-06-14. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  15. ↑ "BMW Head Protection System Sets New Standard in Side-Impact Protection in Latest IIHS Crash Test". www.theautochannel.com. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  16. ↑ "Active Comfort Seat feature was an option in addition of the regular seats". www.bimmerboard.com. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  17. ↑ "Active Comfort Seat retrofit to the Contour Seat". www.bimmerboard.com. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  18. ↑ "Security Glass Question". www.bimmerforums.com. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  19. ↑ "750il with bullet proof glass". www.bimmerfest.com. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  20. 1 2 "Security Glass Question". www.bimmerforums.com. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  21. ↑ "Break resistant glass". Bimmerfest.com. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
  22. ↑ "01 740iL - Sport package question". www.bimmerfest.com. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  23. ↑ "2000 BMW 740i Sport – Quick Test". www.motortrend.com. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  24. ↑ The New BMW 7 Series. BMW AG. April 1994. p. 52. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
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  26. ↑ "BMW Bus System" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-11-06.
  27. ↑ Larimer, Fred. BMW Buyer's Guide. MotorBooks International. p. 194. ISBN 9781610608268.
  28. ↑ "7' E38 728i Diagram Selection". www.realoem.com. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  29. ↑ "ZF North America Application Chart (automatic)" (PDF). www.zf-group.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2003.
  30. ↑ The BMW 7 Series. BMW AG. May 1999. p. 46. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  31. ↑ "BMW 730i (E38)". BMW Group Archive. BMW AG. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  32. ↑ "BMW 735i (E38)". BMW Group Archive. BMW AG. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  33. ↑ "BMW 740i (E38)". BMW Group Archive. BMW AG. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
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  35. ↑ "BMW L7 (E38)". BMW Group Archiv. BMW AG. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  36. ↑ BMW L7 Brochure. BMW AG. 2000. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  37. 1 2 "BMW L7 (E38)". www.autoevolution.com. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  38. ↑ "1997 BMW L7". www.germancarsforsaleblog.com. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  39. ↑ "1998 BMW L7 E38". www.automobile-catalog.com. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  40. ↑ "Category Archives - L7". www.e38registry.org. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  41. ↑ "For Sale: Bullet-Proof 2000 BMW 750iL". www.thetruthaboutcars.com. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  42. ↑ "BMW 740iL Protection". www.caranddriver.com. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  43. ↑ "For the curious, 750iL vs. 750iL Protection". www.bimmerboard.com. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  44. ↑ "BMW Protection Line- Supplementary Owner's Handbook" (PDF). www.e38.org. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  45. ↑ "BMW 750iL High Security". bmw-ids.com. Archived from the original on 2001-01-23. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
  46. ↑ The BMW 7 Series. BMW AG. May 1999. p. 13. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  47. ↑ The BMW 7 Series. BMW AG. May 1999. p. 48. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Security Line. Supplementary Owner's Manual. BMW AG. February 2001. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  49. ↑ "E38 750iLS Fire extinguishing system tubing". RealOEM.com. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  50. ↑ "CleanEnergy WorldTour 2001: Finale in Berlin". 2001-11-08. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  51. 1 2 "BMW 750hL: Nah am Wasser gebaut". spiegel.de. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  52. ↑ "BMW Introduces World's First Production-Based Hydrogen Powered Car". press.bmwgroup.com. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  53. ↑ Opening Up a New Era of Mobility. BMW Hydrogen 7 (PDF). BMW AG. p. 72. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
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  55. ↑ "Emission Impossible". press.bmwgroup.com. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  56. 1 2 "ALPINA Automobile auf Basis der BMW 7er – E38 -" (in German). ALPINA Burkard Bovensiepen GmbH + Co. KG. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  57. ↑ "ALPINA Meilensteine" (in German). ALPINA Burkard Bovensiepen GmbH + Co. KG. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  58. ↑ "BMW 7er E38: ALPINA Automobiles". www.alpina-automobiles.com. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
  59. ↑ "Alpina-Archive | The Unofficial BMW Alpina homepage – since 1998". www.alpina-archive.com. Retrieved 2017-04-22.
  60. ↑ "East Bay BMW 7 Series". Archived from the original on 16 June 2001.
  61. ↑ The New BMW 7 Series. BMW AG. p. 100. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
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  63. ↑ "BMW 740iL (E38)". BMW Group Archive. BMW AG. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  64. ↑ The New BMW 7 Series. BMW AG. p. 103. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  65. ↑ "BMW 728iL (E38)". BMW Group Archive. BMW AG. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
  66. ↑ "Koala Motorsport - tech-home". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
  67. ↑ "Case Overview, Standards for Low-sulfur Gasoline". Penn State University. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  68. ↑ "Final Drive Ratio E38". BMW Workshop Manuals. BMW AG. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  69. ↑ AUTOLIV INC. ANNUAL REPORT 1999 (PDF). p. 14. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  70. ↑ "Inflatable Tubular Structure (ITS)". Archived from the original on 2015-01-09. Retrieved 2015-01-01.
  71. ↑ BMW of North America (30 October 1997). "BMW Head Protection System Sets New Standard in Side-Impact Protection in Latest IIHS Crash Test" (Press release). Theautochannel.com. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  72. ↑ "Six Fascinating Facts about BMW 740i". www.carparts.com. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
  73. ↑ "James Bond's 1997 BMW 750iL". www.bimmerforums.com. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
  74. 1 2 "Timm's BMW E38 buying guide". www.meeknet.co.uk. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  75. ↑ BMW Group Press Club of South Africa (17 July 2013). "30 years BMW diesel engines, BMW 740d, V8 diesel engine (1998)" (Press release). BMW Group Press Club of South Africa. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  76. ↑ Edgar, Julian (5 October 1999). "Goodbye 12 volts... hello 42 volts!". Autospeed. Retrieved 2 January 2012. The current model BMW 750iL has a maximum electrical load of a staggering 428 amps (5.9 kW)! In this car, over half of the maximum power load is from the short-term electrical heating of the catalytic converters, with the heating used so that they come up to operating temp quickly
  77. ↑ "Milestones". Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  78. ↑ "Wide screen on-board monitor" (PDF). www.e38.org. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  79. ↑ "7' E38 750i On-board monitor, wide screen". www.realoem.com. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  80. ↑ "Information on the History of Older BMW Navigation Systems". www.bimmernav.com. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  81. ↑ "7' E38 750i CD navigation street map". www.realoem.com. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  82. ↑ Fahrwerkhandbuch. Springer-Verlag. p. 639. ISBN 9783658019921. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  83. ↑ "E38 option costs" (PDF). www.meeknet.co.uk. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  84. ↑ "Year 2000 E38 4.0iL pdc sensors and cruise control". www.bimmerforums.co.uk. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  85. ↑ "The Car". thetransportermovie.net. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  86. ↑ "BOND OF GOLD | Tomorrow Never Dies | Movie News | Movies | Entertainment Weekly | 2". Ew.com. 1997-11-28. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
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5 Series <<E12 E28 E34 E39 E60>>
6 Series <<E24 E63>>
7 Series <<E23 E32 E38 E65 F01>>
8 Series E31
Z Series Z1 Z3 Z4 (E85) Z4 (E89>>
Z8
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