Atractus

Atractus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Reptilia
Order:Squamata
Suborder:Serpentes
Family:Colubridae
Subfamily:Dipsadinae
Genus:Atractus
Wagler, 1828
Synonyms

Adelphicos, Brachyorrhos, Calamaria, Isoscelis, Rabdosoma, Rhegnops[1]

Atractus is a genus of colubrid ground snakes in the subfamily Dipsadinae (or family Dipsadidae). The genus includes more than 140 distinct species.[2]

Geographic range

Snakes of the genus Atractus are endemic to Central and South America.

Description

This snake's maxilla is short, with 8–12 teeth; the maxillary and mandibular teeth decrease in size posteriorly. The head is not distinct from the neck; the eyes are small, with round or subelliptic pupils, and the nostril is between two nasal scales; the preocular is usually absent, and the loreal and prefrontal scales enter the orbit. Its body is cylindrical; the dorsal scales are smooth, without pits, in 15 or 17 rows; the ventral scales are rounded. The tail can be either short or rather long; its subcaudals are paired.[1]

Species

The following species are recognized as being valid.[3]

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Atractus.

  • Atractus acheronius Passos, Rivas & Barrio-Amorós, 2009
  • Atractus albuquerquei Cunha & Nascimento, 1983 – Albuquerque ground snake[4]
  • Atractus alphonsehogei Cunha & Nascimento, 1983
  • Atractus altagratiae Passos & Fernandes, 2008
  • Atractus alytogrammus G. Köhler & Kieckbusch, 2014
  • Atractus andinus Prado, 1944
  • Atractus apophis Passos & J.D. Lynch, 2010
  • Atractus arangoi Prado, 1939
  • Atractus atlas Passos, Scanferla, Melo-Sampaio, Brito, & Almendariz, 2018
  • Atractus atratus Passos & J.D. Lynch, 2010
  • Atractus attenuates Myers & Schargel, 2006
  • Atractus avernus Passos et al., 2009
  • Atractus ayeush Esqueda, 2011
  • Atractus badius (F. Boie, 1827)
  • Atractus balzani Boulenger, 1898
  • Atractus biseriatus Prado, 1941 – two-lined ground snake[5]
  • Atractus bocki F. Werner, 1909
  • Atractus bocourti Boulenger, 1894 – Bocourt's ground snake[6][7]
  • Atractus boettgeri Boulenger, 1896
  • Atractus boimirim Passos, Prudente, & Lynch, 2016
  • Atractus boulengerii Peracca, 1896
  • Atractus caete Passos et al., 2010
  • Atractus careolepis G. Köhler & Kieckbusch, 2014
  • Atractus carrioni Parker, 1930
  • Atractus caxiuana da Costa Prudente & Santos-Costa, 2006
  • Atractus cerberus Arteaga et al., 2017 – brown-and-yellow ground snake[8]
  • Atractus charitoae Silva Haad, 2004
  • Atractus chthonius Passos & J.D. Lynch, 2010
  • Atractus clarki Dunn & Bailey, 1939
  • Atractus collaris Peracca, 1896
  • Atractus crassicaudatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – thickhead ground snake
  • Atractus dariensis Myers, 2003
  • Atractus depressiocellus Myers, 2003
  • Atracus duboisi (Boulenger, 1880)
  • Atractus duidensis Roze, 1961 – Venezuela ground snake
  • Atractus dunni Savage, 1955
  • Atractus echidna Passos et al., 2009
  • Atractus ecuadorensis Savage, 1955
  • Atractus edioi da Silva et al., 2005
  • Atractus elaps (Günther, 1858)
  • Atractus emigdioi Gonzalez-Sponga, 1971
  • Atractus emmeli (Boettger, 1888)
  • Atractus eriki Esqueda, La Marca & Bazó, 2007
  • Atractus erythromelas Boulenger, 1903
  • Atractus esepe Arteaga et al., 2017 – indistinct ground snake[8]
  • Atractus favae (de Filippi, 1840)
  • Atractus flammigerus (F. Boie, 1827)
  • Atractus franciscopaivai Silva Haad, 2004
  • Atractus francoi Passos et al., 2010
  • Atractus fuliginosus (Hallowell, 1845)
  • Atractus gaigeae Savage, 1955
  • Atractus gigas Myers & Schargel, 2006
  • Atractus guentheri (Wucherer, 1861)
  • Atractus heliobelluomini Silva Haad, 2004
  • Atractus heyeri Esqueda & McDiarmid, 2015
  • Atractus hoogmoedi Prudente & Passos, 2010
  • Atractus hostilitractus Myers, 2003
  • Atractus imperfectus Myers, 2003
  • Atractus indistinctus Prado, 1940
  • Atractus insipidus Roze, 1961
  • Atractus iridescens Peracca, 1896
  • Atractus lancinii Roze, 1961
  • Atractus lasallei Amaral, 1931
  • Atractus latifrons (Günther, 1868)
  • Atractus lehmanni Boettger, 1898
  • Atractus loveridgei Amaral, 1930
  • Atractus macondo Passos, J.D. Lynch & Fernandes, 2009
  • Atractus maculatus (Günther, 1858)
  • Atractus major Boulenger, 1894 – brown ground snake
  • Atractus manizalesensis Prado, 1940
  • Atractus mariselae Lancini, 1969
  • Atractus matthewi Markezich & Barrio-Amorós, 2004
  • Atractus medusa Passos et al., 2009
  • Atractus melanogaster F. Werner, 1916
  • Atractus melas Boulenger, 1908
  • Atractus meridensis Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
  • Atractus micheleae Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
  • Atractus microrhynchus (Cope, 1868)
  • Atractus mijaresi Esqueda & La Marca
  • Atractus modestus Boulenger, 1894 – modest ground snake
  • Atractus multicinctus (Jan, 1865)
  • Atractus multidentatus Passos, Rivas & Barrio-Amorós, 2009
  • Atractus nasutus Passos, Fernandes & J.D. Lynch, 2009
  • Atractus natans Hoogmoed & Prudente, 2003
  • Atractus nicefori Amaral, 1930 – northern ground snake
  • Atractus nigricaudus Schmidt & Walker, 1943
  • Atractus nigriventris Amaral, 1933
  • Atractus obesus Marx, 1960
  • Atractus obtusirostris F. Werner, 1916 – bignose ground snake
  • Atractus occidentalis Savage, 1955
  • Atractus occipitoalbus (Jan, 1862)
  • Atractus ochrosetrus Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
  • Atractus oculotemporalis Amaral, 1932
  • Atractus orcesi Savage, 1955
  • Atractus paisa Passos, Fernandes & J.D. Lynch, 2009
  • Atractus pamplonensis Amaral, 1937
  • Atractus pantostictus Fernandes & Puorto, 1993
  • Atractus paraguayensis F. Werner, 1924
  • Atractus paravertebralis Henle & Ehrl, 1991
  • Atractus paucidens Despax, 1910
  • Atractus pauciscutatus Schmidt & Walker, 1943 – little-scaled ground snake
  • Atractus peruvianus (Jan, 1862)
  • Atractus poeppigi (Jan, 1862) – basin ground snake
  • Atractus potschi Fernandes, 1995
  • Atractus punctiventris Amaral, 1933
  • Atractus pyroni Arteaga et al., 2017 – Pyron's ground snake[8]
  • Atractus resplendens F. Werner, 1901
  • Atractus reticulatus (Boulenger, 1885)
  • Atractus riveroi Roze, 1961
  • Atractus ronnie Passos, Fernandes & Borges-Nojosa, 2007
  • Atractus roulei Despax, 1910 – Roule's ground snake[7]
  • Atractus sanctaemartae Dunn, 1946
  • Atractus sanguineus Prado, 1944
  • Atractus savagei Salazar-Valenzuela, Torres-Carvajal, & Passos, 2014
  • Atractus schach (F. Boie, 1827)
  • Atractus serranus Amaral, 1930
  • Atractus snethlageae Cunha & Nascimento, 1983
  • Atractus spinalis Passos et al., 2013
  • Atractus steyermarki Roze, 1958
  • Atractus surucucu Prudente, 2008
  • Atractus taeniatus Griffin, 1916
  • Atractus tamaensis Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
  • Atractus tamessari Kok, 2006
  • Atractus taphorni Schargel & García-Pérez, 2002
  • Atractus tartarus Passos, Prudente, & Lynch, 2016
  • Atractus thalesdelemai Passos, Fernandes & Zanella, 2005
  • Atractus titanicus Passos, Fernandes & J.D. Lynch, 2009
  • Atractus torquatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854)
  • Atractus touzeti Schargel et al., 2013
  • Atractus trihedrurus Amaral, 1926
  • Atractus trilineatus Wagler, 1828 – three-lined ground snake
  • Atractus trivittatus Amaral, 1933
  • Atractus turikensis Barros, 2000
  • Atractus typhon Passos et al., 2009
  • Atractus variegatus Prado, 1942
  • Atractus ventrimaculatus Boulenger, 1905
  • Atractus vertebralis Boulenger, 1904
  • Atractus vertebrolineatus Prado, 1941
  • Atractus vittatus Boulenger, 1894
  • Atractus wagleri Prado, 1945
  • Atractus werneri Peracca, 1914
  • Atractus zebrinus (Jan, 1862)
  • Atractus zidoki Gasc & Rodriques, 1979

References

  1. 1 2 Boulenger GA (1894). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I-XX. (Genus Atractus, p. 300).
  2. ↑ Köhler G, Kieckbusch M (2014). "Two new species of Atractus from Colombia (Reptilia, Squamata, Dipsadidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3872 (3): 291–300. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3872.3.5.
  3. ↑ "Atractus ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  4. ↑ Costa, G.C. (2010). "Atractus albuquerquei". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2010: e.T176349A7223432. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176349A7223432.en. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  5. ↑ Castro F (2009). "Atractus biseriatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  6. ↑ Lehr E, Aguilar C (2009). "Atractus bocourti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  7. 1 2 Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Atractus bocourti, p. 29; Atractus roulei, p. 227).
  8. 1 2 3 Arteaga A, Mebert K, Valencia JH, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Peñafiel N, Reyes-Puig C, Vieira-Fernandes J, Guayasamin JM (2017). "Molecular Phylogeny of Atractus (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with emphasis on Ecuadorian species and the description of three new taxa". Zookeys 661: 91-123. https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=11224

Further reading

  • Freiberg M (1982). Snakes of South America. Hong Kong: T.F.H. Publications. 189 pp. ISBN 0-87666-912-7. (Genus Atractus, pp. 89–92).
  • Wagler [JG] (1828). "Auszüge aus seinem [sic] Systema Amphibiorum". Isis von Oken 21: 740-744. (Atractus, new genus, pp. 741–742). (in German and Latin).
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