Ashoka Chakra

Illustration of the Ashoka Chakra, as depicted on the flag of India.
The 24 spokes on Ashoka Chakra represent the 24 Tirthankaras
Depiction of a chakravartin, possibly Ashoka, with a 16-spoked wheel (1st century BCE/CE)

The Ashoka Chakra is a depiction of the dharmachakra; represented with 24 spokes. It is so called because it appears on a number of edicts of Ashoka, most prominent among which is the Lion Capital of Ashoka. The most visible use of the Ashoka Chakra today is at the centre of the Flag of India (adopted on 22 July 1947), where it is rendered in a navy blue colour on a white background, replacing the symbol of charkha (spinning wheel) of the pre-independence versions of the flag.

India's highest peacetime military decoration awarded for valour, courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield is also called Ashoka Chakra.

Symbolic history

As per one study, 24 spokes of Ashoka chakra represent 24 Jain Tirthankaras.[1] When Gautama Buddha achieved enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, he came to Sarnath, on the outskirts of Varanasi. There, he found his five disciples Assaji, Mahānāma, Kondañña, Bhaddiya and Vappa, who had earlier abandoned him. He introduced his first teachings to them, thereby establishing the dharmachakra. This is the motive taken up by Ashoka and portrayed on top of his pillars.

According to the Puranas of Hinduism, Ashoka Chakra represent the 24 Rishis or Sages who managed the whole power of the Gayatri Mantra. The 24 letters of the Gayatri Mantra depict those 24 Rishis. Those Rishis represent all the Rishis of the Himalayas, of which the first was Maharshi Vishvamitra and the last was Rishi Yajnavalkya, the author of Yājñavalkya Smṛti which is a Hindu text of the Dharmaśāstra tradition.

However, 12 out of the 24 spokes represent the twelve causal links taught by the Buddha and paṭicȧcasamuppāda (Dependent Origination, Conditional Arising). The first 12 spokes represent 12 stages of suffering. Next 12 spokes represent no cause no effect. So, due to awareness of mind, formation of mental conditioning stops. This process stops the process of birth and death i.e. nibbāna. The twelve causal links, paired with their corresponding symbols, are:

  1. Avidyā ignorance
  2. Sanskāra conditioning of mind unknowingly
  3. Vijñāna consciousness
  4. Nāmarūpa name and form (constituent elements of mental and physical existence)
  5. Ṣalāyatana six senses (eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind)
  6. Sparśa contact
  7. Vedanā sensation
  8. Taṇhā thirst
  9. Upādāna grasping[2]
  10. Bhava coming to be
  11. Jāti being born
  12. Jarāmaraṇa old age[3] and death[4] – corpse being carried.

These 12 in reverse represent a total 24 spokes representing the dharma.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/emperor-ashoka-jain-a-study-658696
  2. ↑ See, for example, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 149; and, Gombrich (2005).
  3. ↑ See Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 279, entry for "Jarā," retrieved 19 Nov 2008 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:1721.pali%5Bpermanent+dead+link%5D . More than simply "old age," the PED provides the additional meanings of "decay, decrepitude"; and, these additional translations are reflected in the Buddha's reputed words in the Jarā Sutta (below). However, for the sake of semantic conciseness, the compound term jarā-maraṇa is here represented as "old age and death."
  4. ↑ See Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 524, entry for "Maraṇa," retrieved 19 Nov 2008 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3896.pali%5Bpermanent+dead+link%5D . The PED further contextualizes maraṇa with "death, as ending this (visible) existence, physical death...." That is, in Buddhism, maraṇa does not refer to death of the conscious process or the end of the associated suffering.
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