Artocarpus

Artocarpus
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Rosids
Order:Rosales
Family:Moraceae
Tribe:Artocarpeae
Genus:Artocarpus
J.R.Forster & G.Forster
Species

See text

Artocarpus is a genus of approximately 60 trees and shrubs of Southeast Asian and Pacific origin, belonging to the mulberry family, Moraceae. Most species of Artocarpus are restricted to Southeast Asia; a few cultivated species are more widely distributed, especially A. altilis (breadfruit) and A. heterophyllus (jackfruit), which are cultivated throughout the tropics.[1]

Description

All Artocarpus species are laticiferous trees or shrubs that are composed of leaves, twigs and stems capable of producing a milky sap. The fauna type is monoecious and produces unisexual flowers; furthermore, both sexes are present within the same plant. The plants produce small, greenish, female flowers that grow on short, fleshy spikes. Following pollination, the flowers grow into a syncarpous fruit, and these are capable of growing into very large sizes. The stipulated leaves vary from small and entire (Artocarpus integer) to large and lobed (Artocarpus altilis), with the cordate leaves of the species A. altilis ending in long, sharp tips.

Taxonomy

The name Artocarpus is derived from the Greek words artos ("bread") and karpos ("fruit"). This name was coined by Johann Reinhold Forster and J. Georg Adam Forster, a father-and-son team of botanists aboard HMS Resolution on James Cook's second voyage. It is maintained as a conserved name.

Fossil record

Fossil leaves of †Artocarpus dicksoni have been found in Cretaceous formations of West Greenland. Fossil leaves of †Artocarpus ordinarius have been found in Cretaceous stratum at the south bank of the Yukon River just above Rampart, Alaska.[2] 8 fossil species of Artocarpus (†A. capellinii, †A. isseli, †A. macrophylla, †A. massalongoi, †A. multinervis, †A. ovalifolia, †A. sismondai and †A. taramellii) from the lower Oligocene, have been described from a fossil leaves collected from 1857 to 1889 in Santa Giustina and Sassello in Central Liguria, Italy.[3]

Uses

Several species in the genus bear edible fruit and are commonly cultivated: breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), cempedak (Artocarpus integer), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), kwai muk (Artocarpus hypargyreus), lakoocha (Artocarpus lakoocha), pudau (Artocarpus kemando), anjily (a.k.a. Jungle Jack) (Artocarpus hirsutus), chaplaish (Artocarpus chama), and marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus).

Breadfruit and jackfruit are cultivated widely in the tropical Southeast Asia. Other species are cultivated locally for their timber, fruit or edible seeds. Anjily, A. hirsutus, is grown for fruit and timber in the Western Ghats.

Subgenera

Recent phylogenetic research, based on leaf arrangement, leaf anatomical characters and stipules, indicates that there are at least two subgenera in Artocarpus:

  • Subgenus Artocarpus: Perianth of fruit is partially connate (fused).
  • Subgenus Pseudojaca: Perianth is entirely connate.

Subgenus Pseudojaca is allied to the genus Prainea, and some researchers treat this taxon as a third subgenus of Artocarpus.

Selected species

! NameCommon nameGroupSynonym
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) FosbergBreadfruit, seeded breadfruit, antipolo, camansi, anubingArtocarpusArtocarpus communis J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Artocarpus incisus L. f.
Sitodium altile Parkinson
Artocarpus rima Blanco
Artocarpus laevis Hassk.
Artocarpus blancoi (Elmer) Merr.ArtocarpusArtocarpus communis var. blancoi Elmer
Artocarpus camansi BlancoArtocarpus
Artocarpus chama Buch.-Ham.ChaplaishArtocarpusArtocarpus chaplasha Roxb.
Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex BlumeBendo, terapArtocarpus
Artocarpus gomezianus Wall. ex TréculPseudojacaArtocarpus pomiformis Teijsm. & Binn.
Artocarpus gongshanensis S.K.Wu ex C.Y.Wu & S.S.Chang?
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.Nangka, jackfruitArtocarpusArtocarpus integer auct.
Artocarpus integrifolius auct.
Artocarpus hirsutus Lam.Angily, angelin, hirsute artocarpus, aini maram, ainiArtocarpus
Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth.Kwai mukPseudojaca
Artocarpus incisus (Thunb.) L. f.?
Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.CempedakArtocarpusArtocarpus champeden (Lour.) Stokes
Artocarpus integrifolius L. f.
Artocarpus polyphema Pers.
Polyphema champeden Lour.
Radermachia integra Thunb.
Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.Lakoocha, monkey fruitPseudojacaArtocarpus lakoocha Roxb.
Artocarpus mariannensis TréculArtocarpus
Artocarpus nanchuanensis S.S.Chang et al.?
Artocarpus nigrifolius C.Y.Wu?
Artocarpus odoratissimus BlancoMorangbaumArtocarpus
Artocarpus ovatus BlancoPseudojacaArtocarpus cummingianus Trécul
Artocarpus petelotii Gagnepain?
Artocarpus pithecogallus C.Y.Wu?
Artocarpus rigidus BlumeMonkey jackfruitArtocarpus
Artocarpus styracifolius Pierre?
Artocarpus tamaran Becc.Elephant jackArtocarpus
Artocarpus tonkinensis A.Chev. ex Gagnep.Pseudojaca
Artocarpus venenosa Zoll. & Moritzi?
Artocarpus xanthocarpus Merr.?


Notes

  1. ↑ Zerega, Nyree J. C.; Diane Ragone; Timothy J. Motley (2005). "Systematics and Species Limits of Breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae)" (PDF). Systematic Botany. 30 (3): 603–15. doi:10.1600/03636440yy54782134.
  2. ↑ The Tertiary floras of Alaska: Issues 181-184 by Charles Arthur Hollick - 1 January 1936 - U.S. Gov't. Print. Off.
  3. ↑ Oligocene fossil leaves of the Perrando Collection: history, preservation and paleoclimatic meaning by Maria Cristina Bonci, Grazia Vannucci, Simona Tacchino & Michele Piazza - Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 50 (3), 2011, 145-164. Modena, 30 dicembre 2011 - ISSN 0375-7633 - doi:10.4435/BSPI.2011.14
  4. ↑ GRIN. "Species in GRIN for genus Artocarpus". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  5. ↑ "Name - Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. subordinate taxa". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  6. ↑ "Query Results for Genus Genus". IPNI. Retrieved April 6, 2010.

References

  • Zerega, N. J. C. and T. J. Motley. 2001. Artocarpus (Moraceae) molecular phylogeny and the systematics and origins of breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis. Botanical Society of America Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. August 12–16, 2001.

Data related to Artocarpus at Wikispecies

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.