Arbeit macht frei

At Auschwitz I
Theresienstadt in the Czech Republic

Arbeit macht frei ([ˈaɐ̯baɪt ˈmaxt ˈfʁaɪ] ( listen)) is a German phrase meaning "work sets you free". The slogan is known for appearing on the entrance of Auschwitz and other Nazi concentration camps.[1]

Origin

The expression comes from the title of an 1873 novel by German philologist Lorenz Diefenbach, Arbeit macht frei: Erzählung von Lorenz Diefenbach, in which gamblers and fraudsters find the path to virtue through labour.[2][3] The phrase was also used in French (le travail rend libre!) by Auguste Forel, a Swiss entomologist, neuroanatomist and psychiatrist, in his Fourmis de la Suisse (English: "Ants of Switzerland") (1920).[4] In 1922, the Deutsche Schulverein of Vienna, an ethnic nationalist "protective" organization of Germans within the Austrian empire, printed membership stamps with the phrase Arbeit macht frei.

Use by the Nazis

KZ Sachsenhausen
Dachau

The slogan Arbeit macht frei was placed at the entrances to a number of Nazi concentration camps. The slogan's use was implemented by SS officer Theodor Eicke at Dachau concentration camp[5] and then copied by Rudolf Höss at Auschwitz.[6]

The slogan can still be seen at several sites, including over the entrance to Auschwitz I where, according to BBC historian Laurence Rees in his Auschwitz: a New History, the sign was erected by order of commandant Rudolf Höss. The Auschwitz I sign was made by prisoner-labourers including master blacksmith Jan Liwacz, and features an upside-down B, which has been interpreted as an act of defiance by the prisoners who made it.[7][8]

In 1933 the first political prisoners were being rounded up for an indefinite period without charges. They were held in a number of places in Germany. The slogan was first used over the gate of a "wild camp" in the city of Oranienburg, which was set up in an abandoned brewery in March 1933 (it was later rebuilt in 1936 as Sachsenhausen). It can also be seen at the Dachau, Gross-Rosen, and Theresienstadt camps, as well as at Fort Breendonk in Belgium. It has been claimed that the slogan was placed over the entrance gates of the Monowitz camp (also known as Auschwitz III).[9][10] The slogan appeared at the Flossenbürg camp on the left gate post at the camp entry. The original gate posts survive in another part of the camp, but the slogan sign no longer exists.[11] Primo Levi describes seeing the words illuminated over a doorway (as distinct from a gate) at Monowitz.[12]

In 1938 the Austrian political cabaret writer Jura Soyfer and the composer Herbert Zipper, while prisoners at Dachau Concentration Camp, wrote the Dachaulied, or The Dachau Song. They had spent weeks marching in and out of the camp's gate to daily forced labour, and considered the motto Arbeit macht frei over the gate an insult. The song repeats the phrase cynically as a "lesson" taught by Dachau.

In The Kingdom of Auschwitz, Otto Friedrich wrote about Rudolf Höss, regarding his decision to display the motto so prominently at the Auschwitz entrance:

He seems not to have intended it as a mockery, nor even to have intended it literally, as a false promise that those who worked to exhaustion would eventually be released, but rather as a kind of mystical declaration that self-sacrifice in the form of endless labour does in itself bring a kind of spiritual freedom.[13]

The signs are prominently displayed, and were seen by all prisoners and staff—all of whom knew, suspected, or quickly learned that prisoners confined there would likely only be freed by death. The signs' psychological impact was tremendous.[13]

Thefts of Arbeit Macht Frei signs

The Arbeit Macht Frei sign over the Auschwitz I gate was stolen in December 2009 and later recovered by authorities in three pieces. Anders Högström, a Swedish former neo-Nazi, and two Polish men were jailed as a result.[14] The original sign is now in storage at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum and a replica was put over the gate in its place.[15]

On 2 November 2014, the sign over the Dachau gate was stolen.[16] It was found on 28 November 2016 under a tarpaulin at a parking lot in Ytre Arna, a settlement north of Bergen, Norway's second-largest city.[17][18]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Yad Vashem, 1990, vol. 4, p. 1751.
  2. ↑ Connolly, Kate (2009-12-18). "Poland declares state of emergency after 'Arbeit Macht Frei' stolen from Auschwitz". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
  3. ↑ Diefenbach, Lorenz (1873). Arbeit macht frei: Erzählung von Lorenz Diefenbach (in German). J. Kühtmann's Buchhandlung.
  4. ↑ Forel, Auguste (1920). "Les fourmis de la Suisse (2nd Ed.)" (in French). La Chaux-de-Fonds: Imprimarie cooperative. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  5. ↑ Marcuse, Harold (2001-03-22). Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933-2001. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521552042.
  6. ↑ "Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State . Auschwitz 1940-1945 . Surprising Beginnings | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
  7. ↑ "Auschwitz's sign of death and defiance". BBC News. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
  8. ↑ "B - the sculpture". International Auschwitz Committee. Retrieved April 23, 2015.
  9. ↑ Denis Avey with Rob Broomby The Man who Broke into Auschwitz, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 2011 p.236
  10. ↑ Freddie Knoller with Robert Landaw Desperate Journey: Vienna-Paris-Auschwitz, Metro, London, 2002, ISBN 978-184-358028-7 p.158
  11. ↑ KZ-Gedenkstaette Flossenbuerg
  12. ↑ Levi, Primo, trans. Stuart Woolf, If This is a Man. Abacus, London, 2004, p. 28.
  13. 1 2 Friedrich, Otto (August 1994). The Kingdom of Auschwitz. Harper Perennial. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-06-097640-8.
  14. ↑ "Former neo-Nazi jailed for Auschwitz sign theft". The Independent. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
  15. ↑ "Auschwitz sign theft: Swedish man jailed". BBC News. 30 December 2010.
  16. ↑ "Dachau infamous Nazi concentration camp gate stolen". BBC News. 3 November 2014.
  17. ↑ "Stjålet «Arbeit macht frei»-port funnet i Bergen" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2018-10-01.
  18. ↑ "'No usable evidence' in investigation into stolen Dachau sign". Israel National News. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
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