Rockstar San Diego

Rockstar San Diego, Inc.
Formerly
 Angel Studios, Inc. (1984–2002)
Subsidiary
Industry Video game industry
Founded 1984 (1984)
Founder Diego Angel
Headquarters Carlsbad, California, U.S.
Key people
 Steve Martin (studio manager)
Number of employees
 Decrease 128 (2011)
Parent Rockstar Games (2002–present)
Divisions RAGE Technology Group

Rockstar San Diego, Inc. (formerly Angel Studios, Inc.) is an American video game developer based in Carlsbad, California. Founded by Colombian artist Diego Angel in 1984, the initial focus of the company was on creating animations and visual effects for various multimedia productions, including films and music videos. Following Angel's business strategy of not focusing on high-risk business sectors, it started out working in the video game industry in the mid-1990s. Their first such project was contract work for done for Mr. Bones (1996).

Angel Studios proceeded to develop their own games in association with Nintendo (Major League Baseball Featuring Ken Griffey Jr. and Ken Griffey Jr.'s Slugfest) and Microsoft (Midtown Madness and Midtown Madness 2), and produced a technically impressive port of Capcom's Resident Evil 2 to Nintendo 64. Impressed with the studio's work on Midtown Madness, Rockstar Games approached Angel Studios with a long-term partnership in 1999, out of which resulted the successful video game series Midnight Club and Smuggler's Run.

In November 2002, Rockstar Games' parent company, Take-Two Interactive, announced that they had acquired Angel Studios. As part of the deal, Angel Studio was renamed Rockstar San Diego and became part of the Rockstar Games umbrella. Since 2004, Rockstar San Diego houses its internal game engine team, RAGE Technology Group, which develops the Rockstar Advanced Game Engine (RAGE), Rockstar Games' proprietary engine that has been used in most titles developed for PC and consoles by Rockstar Games' studios.

History

Beginnings, partnerships, Resident Evil 2 port (1984–1999)

Angel Studios was founded by Diego Angel, a Colombian artist, in 1984,[1] with its corporate headquarters located in Carlsbad, California.[2] The company originally produced 3D work for various media, including films and music videos.[3] Their most famous works were the computer-generated imagery sequences and visual effects in the film The Lawnmower Man, and in the music video for Peter Gabriel's song "Kiss That Frog", both directed by Brett Leonard and released in 1992.[1][4][5][6] The latter won the "Best Special Effects in a Video" award at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards.[6] For effects, such as those used in the film, Angel Studio's graphics team, lead by Brad Hunt, developed an algorithm with which they could visually transform a jet fighter into a dolphin with just a few tweaks.[7] Angel often decided to stop seeking projects for fields in which the company already saw acclaim, if that field involved a "high-risk, capital-intensive business", even if it offered a rich potential.[1] As such, Angel Studios shifted its focus toward the video game industry in the 1990s, joining Nintendo's "Dream Team", a group of companies that would develop video games for the upcoming Nintendo Ultra 64 console, in February 1995.[6] Their first video game project were artwork and cutscenes created for Zono's 1996 game Mr. Bones.[3] Company partner Michael Limber attributed Angel's way of handling his company's businesses as the biggest factor in Angel Studios' surviving of the dot-com bubble, which had a particularly high impact on the multimedia industry in the San Diego County area.[1]

As part of the Dream Team, the company went on to development two sports games featuring American baseball outfielder Ken Griffey Jr.: Major League Baseball and Slugfest, released for Nintendo 64 in 1998 and 1999, respectively.[1] Although both games were received well by critics, Angel decided against making further sports titles, proclaiming that Angel Studios was "not a sports company".[1] Still in conjunction with Nintendo, Angel Studios worked with Shigeru Miyamoto on a vehicular combat game also for Nintendo 64, titled Buggie Boogie.[8] Miyamoto issued three-month contracts to the company, though did not keep any documents and instead returned to company every three months to check on the game's progress.[9] The game would have seen vehicles "eat" each other and absorb their DNA to overtake their powers.[8] After about six to nine months, Miyamoto, unsatisfied with the presented product, canceled the title and instead asked the team to create a fantasy golf game,[9] though that title stayed unreleased as well.[10]

In late 1997, Angel Studios was contracted as the developer of a port of Capcom's Resident Evil 2 to Nintendo 64, which was done in two years, by nine full-time developers.[11] The development consumed a total budget of US$1 million.[11][12] Released in November 1999, the port was considered a success for the company, as they managed to fit a game that took up two compact discs for PlayStation into one single Nintendo 64 ROM cartridge.[11] The same year, editors of IGN stated that the port marked the studio as perfectly fit as a developer for Nintendo's then-announced Project Dolphin.[13]

Around the same time, Angel proposed the development of a racing video game title, despite the video game market being overcrowded with such games at the time.[1] For the game's development, Angel decided that his employees should work on their own and find their own ways to produce a fully-fledged video game, which was said to have been major factor for the product's resulting quality, with some developing a sense of ownership over their respective parts.[14] The game would later become Midtown Madness, the May 1999 installment in Microsoft's Madness line of racing titles for the personal computer.[15] Video game designer and programmer on Midtown Madness, Fred Marcus, stated that the studio's impressive physics demos were key to Angel Studios landing contracts with publishers.[16] The game was a success, with Tal Blevins of IGN claiming it to be "[t]he most addictive racing game [he had] ever played."[17] The game spawned a three-title series, which's second entry, Midtown Madness 2 was also developed by Angel Studios and released in 2000.[18] Both titles saw their most acclaimed element being the highly detailed open world environment, combined with an outstanding visual presentation and well-programmed artificial intelligence.[19][20] Angel Studios continued working with Microsoft, although this time on a game revolving around a virtual girlfriend.[21] Dubbed XGirl, the game was planned to be a launch title for Microsoft's Xbox, but was eventually canceled.[21]

Rockstar Games deals and acquisition (1999–2006)

After the release of Midtown Madness, American video game publisher Rockstar Games gained strong interest in the studio, wanting to combine both parties' expertises to develop what would become Midnight Club and Smuggler's Run.[22] The company also worked on a sequel to Bungie West's 2001 game Oni, owned by Rockstar Games' parent company, Take-Two Interactive.[23] Titled Oni 2: Death & Taxes, the game's production was halted for unknown reasons.[24] Early in the two companies' shared history, in a November 2000 interview, Rockstar Games' executive producer, Sam Houser, noted: "I love Angel Studios. [...] I am not going to stop working with them."[25]

On November 20, 2002, Take-Two Interactive announced that it had acquired Angel Studios for US$28 million in cash and 235,679 shares of restricted common stock,[26] making for a combined value of US$34.7 million.[27][28] As part of the deal, Angel Studios was moved to the Rockstar Games umbrella of studios,[29][30] and would henceforth be known as Rockstar San Diego.[31] In a retrospective interview in June 2007, the studio's director of product development, Alan Wasserman, commented that Angel Studio's acquisition through Rockstar Games was anticipated at the studio, as their partnerships from the three years preceding the purchase always turned out to be profitable for both sides.[32]

Following the purchase, Rockstar Games executives reviewed projects in development at the studio, so to sort out what was worth keeping.[22] Dan Houser, creative director at Rockstar Games, remarked that "this cowboy game that looked very good", that being Red Dead Revolver, caught the review team's eyes, despite it being in an unplayable state.[22] Angel Studios had begun work on Red Dead Revolver under the oversight and funding of Japanese publisher Capcom in 2000,[33][34] and the game was announced by Capcom in March 2002.[35] Due to the troubled development leading to that unplayable state of the game, with it missing both the 2002 Tokyo Game Show and 2003 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3),[36][37] Capcom canceled the title in August 2003.[38] However, Rockstar Games acquired the rights to Red Dead Revolver the following December,[39][40] and let Rockstar San Diego go on to develop what would become the first installment in the acclaimed Red Dead series.[22] The game was released in May 2004.[41]

In 2003, Rockstar San Diego started developing a stealth game, titled Agent, for PlayStation 2 and Xbox.[42] Four artists from the studio traveled to Cairo, Egypt, to take "over 10,000" reference photographs.[43] The game was subsequently put on hold, and again saw the light of day in 2011, the form of Rockstar North's eponymous Agent game, which was announced at E3 2011 as a PlayStation 3-exclusive title.[44] Since 2004, Rockstar San Diego houses RAGE Technology Group, in charge of developing the Rockstar Advanced Game Engine (RAGE).[45] The group was established as part of Rockstar Games moving away from the RenderWare engine, which's developer, Criterion Games, was acquired by Electronic Arts that same year.[45] The engine was first introduced with Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis, also developed by Rockstar San Diego, and released for Xbox 360 and Wii in 2006.[46] RAGE continues being developed on and still finds usage in most of Rockstar Games' personal computer and console titles, such as Grand Theft Auto IV, Max Payne 3 and Grand Theft Auto V.[47] Rockstar San Diego's founder and until-then president, Diego Angel, left the company in May 2005. By January 2006, the studio started searching for talents to produce next-generation games with.[48]

Controversies, Red Dead Redemption, layoffs (2006–present)

On August 26, 2006, former Rockstar San Diego 3D artists Terri-Kim Chuckry and Garrett Flynn, on behalf of them and over one hundred other ex-employees, filed a civil lawsuit against the company, claiming unpaid overtime compensation.[49] The case Garrett Flynn, et al. v. Angel Studios, Inc./Rockstar Games et al. was settled out of court in April 2009, with Rockstar Games awarding the group of ex-employees US$2.75 million.[49] On January 7, 2010, the wives of several Rockstar San Diego employees, collectively known as "Rockstar Spouse",[50] penned an open letter to their Gamasutra-hosted blog,[51][52] depicting mismanagement and dishonesty from higher-ups resulting in terrible working conditions at the company,[53][54][55] starting in March 2009.[56] The letter was followed by multiple ex-Rockstar San Diego employees, both anonymously and publicly, stating that they have had comparable experiences.[57][58][59] While a former staffer at Rockstar Games confirmed claims made in the blog post,[60] and stating that the company was watching of over its studios like the Eye of Sauron does over Middle-earth,[61][62] Rockstar Games denied all claims made, instead saying that they were "saddened" by former employees having found their time at the company unpleasant.[63][64][65] The International Game Developers Association stated that they considered such working conditions to be "deceptive, exploitative, and ultimately harmful".[66]

A few days after the letter, on January 11, sources reported that the company's management had, piece by piece, laid off employees working on the Midnight Club series to instead outsource the development,[67] while other key employees quit themselves, fearing they would have to work on Red Dead Redemption.[68] The development of Red Dead Redemption was similarly affected, with mismanagement leading to multiple delays and unnecessary development cost.[69][70] Red Dead Redemption became a commercial and critical success, selling a total of 13 million copies by July 2013, when Take-Two Interactive chief executive officer Strauss Zelnick listed Red Dead Redemption as one of the company's strategic "permanent franchises", alongside Grand Theft Auto, as well as others.[71][72] Some critics pronounced Red Dead Redemption as the best work ever created by Rockstar San Diego, and among the best by Rockstar Games.[73] Additionally, in November 2017, Business Insider India listed Red Dead Redemption as the 36th-best game ever made, as measured by critical reception.[74] Following the game's May 2010 release, despite five million units already shipped,[75] approximately 40 of the previously 180 staff members were made redundant.[76][77][78] The layoff also included general manager Alan Wasserman, who was succeeded by Steve Martin, for the past four-and-a-half years a producer at Rockstar Vancouver,[73][79] as studio manager.[73][80] By February 2011, Rockstar San Diego's employee count had dropped to 128.[73]

Following the layoffs, Rockstar San Diego proceeded to only take on supportive development roles for the years following, helping Team Bondi with L.A. Noire in 2011, alongside Rockstar North and Rockstar Leeds,[81] and being part of Rockstar Studios for 2012's Max Payne 3.[82] By February 2012, Rockstar San Diego started hiring staff again, this time for an unannounced open-world game.[83][84] The ad specifically stated that the studio was seeking employees that had "the skill to get the most from next-gen consoles", so to create a game with "open-world game elements", "state-of-the-art visuals" and "dynamic multiplayer".[85][86][87] While many journalists suspected that it would be a sequel to Red Dead Redemption or an entirely new intellectual property,[88][89][90] the game was later uncovered to be Rockstar North's Grand Theft Auto V, on which's development Rockstar San Diego had a minor influence.[91][92][93] Grand Theft Auto V was released in September 2013.[94] In August 2014, Rockstar Games renewed their lease for 52,726 square feet of office space, occupied by Rockstar San Diego, in the Faraday Corporate Center (part of the Carlsbad Research Center business park), located on 2200 Faraday Avenue in Carlsbad, California.[95][96] The deal, comprising US$12.6 million paid to Regent Properties Studio 2200, a subsidiary of Regent Properties, granted Rockstar Games the office space for the following eight years.[96]

Games developed

Year Title Platform(s) Publisher(s) Notes
as Angel Studios
1996 Mr. Bones Sega Saturn Sega Support developer for Zono
1998 Major League Baseball Featuring Ken Griffey Jr. Nintendo 64 Nintendo N/A
1999 Midtown Madness Microsoft Windows Microsoft
Ken Griffey Jr.'s Slugfest Nintendo 64 Nintendo
Resident Evil 2 Capcom Ported only; game developed by Capcom
2000 Midtown Madness 2 Microsoft Windows Microsoft N/A
Midnight Club: Street Racing PlayStation 2 Rockstar Games
Smuggler's Run
2001 Test Drive: Off-Road Wide Open PlayStation 2, Xbox Infogrames
Smuggler's Run 2 PlayStation 2, GameCube Rockstar Games
Transworld Surf PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube Infogrames
as Rockstar San Diego
2003 Midnight Club II PlayStation 2, Xbox, Microsoft Windows Rockstar Games N/A
SpyHunter 2 PlayStation 2, Xbox Midway Games
2004 Red Dead Revolver Rockstar Games
2005 Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Xbox
2006 Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition Remix PlayStation 2, Xbox
Rockstar Games Presents Table Tennis Xbox 360, Wii
2008 Midnight Club: Los Angeles PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
2010 Red Dead Redemption
Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare
2011 L.A. Noire PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, Xbox 360, Xbox One Support developer for Team Bondi
2012 Max Payne 3 PlayStation 3, macOS, Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360 Developed as part of Rockstar Studios
2013 Grand Theft Auto V PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One Support developer for Rockstar North

References

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  3. 1 2 "Rockstar San Diego – ot bezvestnosti k mirovoy slave" Rockstar San Diego – от безвестности к мировой славе [Rockstar San Diego – From Obscurity to World Fame]. Igromania (in Russian). March 4, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
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  73. 1 2 3 4 Chuang, Tamara (February 27, 2011). "Rockstar conquers another frontier". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
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  75. ↑ Graft, Kris (July 15, 2010). "Rockstar: 'Typical' Layoffs Hit Red Dead Redemption Studio". Gamasutra. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  76. ↑ McWhertor, Michael (July 14, 2010). "Rumor: Rockstar Lays Off 40 From Red Dead Redemption Studio [Update]". Kotaku. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  77. ↑ Reilly, Jim (July 14, 2010). "Rockstar San Diego Hit With Layoffs". IGN. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  78. ↑ Bramwell, Tom (July 15, 2010). "Rockstar lays off staff at Red Dead studio". Eurogamer. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
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  80. ↑ Webster, Andrew (July 15, 2010). "Rockstar cleans house, Red Dead Redemption team axed". Ars Technica. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  81. ↑ Totilo, Stephen (May 17, 2011). "Rockstar's Better 'Eye of Sauron' Joke is Unmissable in L.A. Noire". Kotaku. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
  82. ↑ Carless, Simon (June 13, 2009). "Round-Up: Gamasutra Network Jobs, Week Of June 12". GameSetWatch. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
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  89. ↑ Serrels, Mark (February 7, 2012). "Rockstar San Diego Hiring For New Open World Game". Kotaku Australia. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
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