Amidine

Amidines are a class of oxoacid derivatives.

The oxoacid from which an amidine is derived must be of the form RnE(=O)OH, where R is a substituent. The −OH group is replaced by an −NH2 group and the =O group is replaced by =NR, giving amidines the general structure RnE(=NR)NR2.[1][2][3]

Carboxamidines

The skeletal formula of acetamidine (acetimidamide)

When the parent oxoacid is a carboxylic acid, the resulting amidine is a carboxamidine or carboximidamide (IUPAC name), and has the following general structure:

Carboxamidines are frequently referred to simply as amidines, as they are the most commonly encountered type of amidine in organic chemistry. The simplest amidine is formamidine, HC(=NH)NH2.

Examples of amidines include:

The most common way to make primary amidines is by the Pinner reaction. Reaction of the nitrile with acidic alcohol gives an iminoether; treatment of this with ammonia then completes the conversion to the amidine.

Properties

Amidines are much more basic than amides and are among the strongest uncharged/unionized[4] bases.[5]

Protonation occurs onto the sp² hybridized nitrogen. This occurs because the positive charge can be delocalized onto both nitrogen atoms. The resulting cationic species is known as a amidinium ion[6] and possesses identical C-N bond lengths.

Derivatives

Formamidinium cations

general structure of a formamidinium cation

A notable subclass of amidinium ions are the formamidinium cations; which can be represented by the chemical formula [R2N-CH=NR2]+. Deprotonation of these gives stable carbenes which can be represented by the chemical formula R2N-C:-NR2.[7]

Amidinate salts

An amidinate salt has the general structure M+[RNRCNR]− and can be accessed by reaction of a carbodiimide with an organometallic compound such as methyl lithium.[8] They are used widely as ligands in organometallic complexes.

See also

  • Guanidines — a similar group of compounds where the central Carbon is bonded to three Nitrogens.
  • Imidazolines contain a cyclic amidine.

References

  1. ↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "amidines".
  2. ↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "carboxamidines".
  3. ↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "sulfinamidines".
  4. ↑ Roche VF. Improving Pharmacy Students’ Understanding and Long-term Retention of Acid-Base Chemistry. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 2007;71(6):122.
  5. ↑ Clayden; Greeves; Warren (2001). Organic chemistry. Oxford university press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-19-850346-0.
  6. ↑ Schrader, Thomas; Hamilton, Andrew D., eds. (2005). Functional synthetic receptors. Wiley-VCH. p. 132. ISBN 3-527-30655-2.
  7. ↑ Alder, Roger W.; Blake, Michael E.; Bufali, Simone; Butts, Craig P.; Orpen, A. Guy; Schütz, Jan; Williams, Stuart J. (2001). "Preparation of tetraalkylformamidinium salts and related species as precursors to stable carbenes". Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 (14): 1586–1593. doi:10.1039/B104110J.
  8. ↑ Ulrich, Henri (2007). Chemistry and technology of carbodiimides. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470065105.
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