Ambulacraria

Ambulacrarians; Temporal range: Early Cambrian - Recent
	Various sea stars and sea urchins among mussel shells in the rocky intertidal zone of Kachemak Bay.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Subkingdom:	Eumetazoa
(unranked):	Bilateria
Superphylum:	Deuterostomia
(unranked):	Ambulacraria
Phyla
	Echinodermata (20,000 species); Hemichordata (71 species);

Ambulacraria or Coelomopora is a Superphylum of invertebrate phyla which includes echinoderms and hemichordates;^[1] a member of this group is called an ambulacrarian. Phylogenetic analysis suggest the echinoderms and hemichordates separated around 533 million years ago.^[2] The Ambulacraria are part of the deuterostomes, a larger clade that also includes the Chordata, Vetulicolia and Saccorhytus.

The two living clades with representative organisms are:

Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, feather stars, sea lilies, etc.)
Hemichordata (acorn worms, Pterobranchia, and possibly graptolites)

The group Xenoturbellida (two species of worm-like animals) has previously been considered to be in this clade, but is now considered to be placed more basally among Metazoans.^[3]

Fossil taxa that may lie on the stem lineage:

Superphylum Ambulacraria
- unranked clade Cambroernida
  - † unranked clade = Eldoniida
    - † Stellostomites Caron, Conway Morris & Shu, 2010^[4]
    - † Velumbrella?
  - † Herpetogaster Caron, Conway Morris & Shu, 2010^[4] - with one species: † Herpetogaster collinsi Caron, Conway Morris & Shu, 2010^[4]
  - † Rotadisciidae
    - † Seputus? Murray, J & MacGabhann ^[5]

References

↑ Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas. "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature. 530 (7588): 89–93. doi:10.1038/nature16520.
↑ Sea Cucumber Genome Imparts Insight on Genes Linked to Organ Regeneration
↑ Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; Rouse, Greg W.; Worsaae, Katrine; Sørensen, Martin V. (June 2011). "Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions". Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 11 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4.
1 2 3 Caron, J.; Conway Morris, S.; Shu, D. (2010). "Tentaculate fossils from the Cambrian of Canada (British Columbia) and China (Yunnan) interpreted as primitive deuterostomes". PLoS ONE. 5 (3): e9586. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009586. PMC 2833208. PMID 20221405.
↑ Murray, J.; MacGabhann, B. A. (2010). "Non-mineralised discoidal fossils from the Ordovician Bardahessiagh Formation, Co. Tyrone, Ireland". Irish Journal of Earth Sciences. 28: 1–12. doi:10.3318/IJES.2010.28.1.

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[1] Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas. "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature. 530 (7588): 89–93. doi:10.1038/nature16520.

[2] Sea Cucumber Genome Imparts Insight on Genes Linked to Organ Regeneration

[3] Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; Rouse, Greg W.; Worsaae, Katrine; Sørensen, Martin V. (June 2011). "Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions". Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 11 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4.

[Caron_2010-4] 1 2 3 Caron, J.; Conway Morris, S.; Shu, D. (2010). "Tentaculate fossils from the Cambrian of Canada (British Columbia) and China (Yunnan) interpreted as primitive deuterostomes". PLoS ONE. 5 (3): e9586. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009586. PMC 2833208. PMID 20221405.

[Murray2010-5] Murray, J.; MacGabhann, B. A. (2010). "Non-mineralised discoidal fossils from the Ordovician Bardahessiagh Formation, Co. Tyrone, Ireland". Irish Journal of Earth Sciences. 28: 1–12. doi:10.3318/IJES.2010.28.1.