Advanced z-transform

In mathematics and signal processing, the advanced z-transform is an extension of the z-transform, to incorporate ideal delays that are not multiples of the sampling time. It takes the form

F(z,m)=\sum _{{k=0}}^{{\infty }}f(kT+m)z^{{-k}}

where

It is also known as the modified z-transform.

The advanced z-transform is widely applied, for example to accurately model processing delays in digital control.

Properties

If the delay parameter, m, is considered fixed then all the properties of the z-transform hold for the advanced z-transform.

{\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\sum _{k=1}^{n}c_{k}f_{k}(t)\right\}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}c_{k}F_{k}(z,m).

{\mathcal {Z}}\left\{u(t-nT)f(t-nT)\right\}=z^{{-n}}F(z,m).

{\mathcal {Z}}\left\{f(t)e^{{-a\,t}}\right\}=e^{{-a\,m}}F(e^{{a\,T}}z,m).

{\mathcal {Z}}\left\{t^{y}f(t)\right\}=\left(-Tz{\frac {d}{dz}}+m\right)^{y}F(z,m).

\lim _{{k\to \infty }}f(kT+m)=\lim _{{z\to 1}}(1-z^{{-1}})F(z,m).

Consider the following example where $f(t)=\cos(\omega t)$ :

{\begin{aligned}F(z,m)&={\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\cos \left(\omega \left(kT+m\right)\right)\right\}\\&={\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\cos(\omega kT)\cos(\omega m)-\sin(\omega kT)\sin(\omega m)\right\}\\&=\cos(\omega m){\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\cos(\omega kT)\right\}-\sin(\omega m){\mathcal {Z}}\left\{\sin(\omega kT)\right\}\\&=\cos(\omega m){\frac {z\left(z-\cos(\omega T)\right)}{z^{2}-2z\cos(\omega T)+1}}-\sin(\omega m){\frac {z\sin(\omega T)}{z^{2}-2z\cos(\omega T)+1}}\\&={\frac {z^{2}\cos(\omega m)-z\cos(\omega (T-m))}{z^{2}-2z\cos(\omega T)+1}}.\end{aligned}}

If $m=0$ then $F(z,m)$ reduces to the transform

F(z,0)={\frac {z^{2}-z\cos(\omega T)}{z^{2}-2z\cos(\omega T)+1}},

which is clearly just the z-transform of $f(t)$ .

Eliahu Ibraham Jury, Theory and Application of the z-Transform Method, Krieger Pub Co, 1973. ISBN 0-88275-122-0.

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Digital signal processing
Theory	Detection theory Discrete signal Estimation theory Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
Sub-fields	Audio signal processing Digital image processing Speech processing Statistical signal processing
Techniques	Advanced Z-transform Bilinear transform Constant-Q transform Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) Discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) Impulse invariance Integral transform Laplace transform Matched Z-transform method Post's inversion formula Starred transform Z-transform Zak transform
Sampling	Aliasing Anti-aliasing filter Downsampling Nyquist rate / frequency Oversampling Quantization Sampling rate Undersampling Upsampling