40s BC
Millennium: | 1st millennium BC |
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This article concerns the period 49 BC – 40 BC.
Events
49 BC
By place and Date
Roman Republic
- Consuls: Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior.
- The Caesar's Civil War commences:
- January 1 – The Roman Senate receives a proposal from Julius Caesar that he and Pompey should lay down their commands simultaneously. The Senate responds that Caesar must immediately surrender his command.
- January 10 – Julius Caesar leads his army across the Rubicon, which separates his jurisdiction (Cisalpine Gaul) from that of the Senate (Italy), and thus initiates a civil war. In response, the Roman Senate invokes the senatus consultum ultimum.
- February – Pompey's flight to Epirus (in Western Greece) with most of the Senate.
- March 9 – Caesar advances against Pompeian forces in Spain.
- April 19 – Siege of Massilia: Caesar commences a siege at Massilia against the Pompeian Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. He leaves the newly raised legions XVII, XVIII and XIX to conduct the siege. Decimus Brutus — victor over the Veneti (see 56 BC) — is in charge of the fleet to blockade the harbor.
- June – Caesar arrives in Spain; seizes the Pyrenees passes against the Pompeians L. Afranius and Marcus Petreius.
- June 7 – Cicero slips out of Italy and goes to Thessaloniki.
- July 30 – Caesar surrounds Afranius and Petreius's army in Ilerda.
- August 2 – Pompeians in Ilerda surrender to Caesar and are granted pardon.
- August 24 – Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in North Africa by the Pompeians under Attius Varus and King Juba I of Numidia (whom he defeated earlier in the Battle of Utica), in the Battle of the Bagradas, and commits suicide.
- September – Brutus defeats the combined Pompeian-Massilian naval forces of the siege of Massilia, while the Caesarian fleet in the Adriatic Sea is defeated near Curicta (Krk).
- September 6 – Massilia surrendered to Caesar, coming back from Spain.
- October – Caesar appointed Dictator in Rome.
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Significant people
- Julius Caesar, Roman dictator (lived 100–44 BC, term 46–44 BC)
- Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician (85–42 BC)
- Mark Antony, Roman politician and general (83–30 BC)
- Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69–30 BC, reigned 51–30 BC)—enters her twenties, has son Caesarion with Julius Caesar, before meeting Mark Antony
- Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus, Roman politician and general (62 BC–AD 14)
- Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (lived 47–30 BC, reigned 44–30 BC)
- Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman politician (died 42 BC)
Births
- Tiberius Claudius Nero, better known as Tiberius. He was born in 42 BC, and eventually became a Roman emperor.
Deaths
- Julius Caesar. Died on March 15, 44 BC.