1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters

1993 CIA Headquarters shooting
Part of Terrorism in the United States
George Bush Center for Intelligence, near the site of the shooting
Location	Langley, Virginia, U.S.
Date	January 25, 1993 c. 8:00 am (EST)
Target	CIA employees
Attack type	Shooting
Weapons	Chinese-made Kalashnikov rifle
Deaths	2
Non-fatal injuries	3
Victims	Frank Darling and Lansing H. Bennett
Perpetrators	Mir Qazi
Motive	U.S. foreign policy in Muslim countries

On January 25, 1993, outside the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) headquarters campus in Langley, Virginia, Pakistani national Mir Qazi (also spelled as Kasi or Kansi) killed two CIA employees in their cars as they were waiting at a stoplight and wounded three others.

Qazi fled the country and was placed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, sparking a four-year international manhunt. He was captured by a joint FBI-CIA/ISI task force in Pakistan in 1997 and rendered to the US to stand trial. He admitted shooting the victims, was found guilty of capital and first-degree murder, and was executed by lethal injection in 2002.

Background

Mir Qazi, shortly after his capture in 1997

Mir Qazi (or Mir Aimal Kasi) was born in Quetta, Pakistan, either on February 10, 1964, or January 1, 1967.^[1] He entered the US in 1991, taking a substantial sum of cash he had inherited on the death of his father in 1989. He travelled on forged papers he had purchased in Karachi, Pakistan, altering his last name to "Kansi", and later bought a fake green card in Miami.^[2] He stayed with a Kashmiri friend, Zahed Mir,^[3] in his Reston, Virginia, apartment, and invested in a courier firm for which he also worked as a driver.^[4] This work would be decisive in his choice of target: "I used to pass this area almost every day and knew these two left-turning lanes [were] mostly people who work for CIA."^[2]

According to Qazi, he first thought of attacking CIA personnel after buying a Chinese-made AK-47 from a Chantilly gun store. The plan soon became "more important than any other thing to [him]."^[2]

Shootings

At around 8 a.m on January 25, 1993, Qazi stopped a borrowed brown Datsun station wagon^[5] behind a number of vehicles waiting at a red traffic light on the eastbound side of Route 123, Fairfax County.^[6] The vehicles were waiting to make a left turn into the main entrance of CIA headquarters. Qazi emerged from his vehicle with an AK-47 type semi-automatic rifle and proceeded to move among the lines of vehicles, firing a total of 10 rounds into them,^[7] killing Lansing H. Bennett, 66, and Frank Darling, 28. Three others were left with gunshot wounds.^[4] Darling was shot first and later received additional gunshot wounds to the head after Qazi shot the other people. According to a CIA release, "all the victims were full-time or contract employees with the agency." No other details were revealed.^[8]

During his later confession, Qazi said that he only stopped firing because "there wasn't anybody else left to shoot", and that he only shot male passengers because, as a Muslim, "it would be against [his] religion to shoot females".^[4] He was surprised at the lack of an armed response: "I thought I will be arrested, or maybe killed in a shootout with CIA guards or police."^[2]

Qazi climbed back into his vehicle and drove to a nearby park. After 90 minutes of waiting, he realized that he was not being actively sought and drove back to his Reston apartment.^[4] He hid the rifle in a green plastic bag under a sofa, went to a McDonald's to eat, and booked into a Days Inn for the night. He learned from CNN news reports that police had misidentified his vehicle and did not have his license plate number.^[3] The next morning, he took a flight to Quetta, Pakistan. Qazi stated his motive in a prison interview with CNN affiliate WTTG Fox 5: "I was real angry with the policy of the U.S. government in the Middle East, particularly toward the Palestinian people."^[9]

Investigation

An investigative task force (named "Langmur" for "Langley murders") was drawn together from both the FBI and local Fairfax County police. They began sifting through recent AK-47 purchases in Maryland and Virginia—there had been at least 1,600 over the previous year alone. Mir Aimal Qazi name was on the sales slip from a gun store in Chantilly, where he had exchanged another gun for the AK-47^[3] just three days before the shootings.^[4]

This information provided the first solid lead in the investigation when Qazi's roommate, Zahed Mir, reported him missing two days after the shootings.^[4] He also told police how Qazi would get angry watching CNN reports of attacks on Muslims^[3]–in particular, Qazi would later cite the US attacks on Iraq, Israeli killings of Palestinians, and CIA involvement in Muslim countries.^[2][4] Although Mir did not think much of it at the time, Qazi had said he wanted to do "something big", with possible targets, the White House, the Israeli Embassy, and the CIA.^[3]

A police search of Qazi's apartment turned up the hidden AK-47 under the couch. Ballistics tests confirmed it was the weapon used in the shootings, and Qazi became the chief suspect of the investigation.^[3] He was listed as one of the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives.^[10] The search focused on Pakistan, and agents spent the next four years following hundreds of leads, taking them as far afield as Thailand, but to no avail.^[3] Qazi would later reveal that he had spent this time being sheltered by fellow Pashtun tribesmen, in the border regions of Afghanistan, making only brief visits to Pakistan.^[2][4]

Capture and rendition

In May 1997, an informant walked into the U.S. consulate in Karachi and claimed he could help lead them to Qazi. As proof, he showed a copy of a driver's license application made by Qazi under a false name but bearing his photograph. Apparently, the people who had been sheltering Qazi were now prepared to accept the multimillion-dollar reward offer for his capture. Other sources claim they were pressured by the Pakistani government. Qazi stated "I want to make it clear (that) the people who tricked me ... were Pushtuns, they were owners of land in the Leghari and Khosa clan areas in Dera Ghazi Khan, but I will never name them."^[11]

Qazi was in the Afghan border regions, so the informant was told to lure Qazi into Pakistan where he could be more easily apprehended. Qazi was tempted with a lucrative business offer—smuggling Russian electronic goods into Pakistan—which brought him to Dera Ghazi Khan, in the Punjab province of Pakistan, where he checked into a room at Shalimar Hotel.^[11]

At 4 am on the morning of June 15, 1997, an armed team of FBI agents, working with the Pakistani ISI, raided Qazi's hotel room to arrest him. His fingerprints were taken at the scene, confirming his identity.

There is some dispute over where Qazi was taken next—U.S. authorities claim it was a holding facility run by Pakistani authorities,^[4] while Pakistani sources claim it was the U.S. embassy in Islamabad^[11]–before being flown to the U.S. on June 17 in a C-141 transport.^[4][12]

During the flight, Qazi made a full verbal and written confession to the FBI.^[4]

Qazi's extrajudicial rendition was controversial in Pakistan—no formal request for his extradition was made, and no extradition proceedings were initiated.^[12] U.S. authorities would later assert that the rendition was legal under an extradition treaty signed with the UK, before Partition when India was under colonial rule.^[4] Qazi argued against his rendition in court but his assertions were found to have no basis in law. The Court wrote:

…the treaty between the United States and Pakistan contains no provision that bars forcible abductions, nor does it otherwise 'purport to specify the only way in which one country may gain custody of a national of the other country for the purposes of prosecution.' Id. at 664 (emphasis added). Nor does the treaty provide that, once a request for extradition is made, the procedures outlined in the treaty become the sole means of transferring custody of a suspected criminal from one country to the other. Finally, because Qazi was not returned to the United States via extradition proceedings initiated under the Extradition Treaty between the United States and Pakistan, Qazi's reliance upon United States v. Rauscher did not avail him.^[13]

Trial

On February 16, 1993, Qazi, then a fugitive, was charged with the capital murder of Darling, murder of Bennett, and three counts of malicious wounding for the other victims, along with related firearms charges.

Qazi was tried by a Virginia state court jury over a period of ten days in November 1997, on a plea of not guilty to all charges. During the trial the defense introduced testimony from Dr. Richard Restak, a neurologist and also a neuropsychiatrist, that Qazi was missing tissue from his frontal lobes, a congenital defect that made it hard for him to judge the consequence of his actions. This testimony was re-iterated by another psychiatrist for the defense based upon independent examination. The jury found him guilty, and fixed punishment for the capital murder charge at death.^[4]

On February 4, 1998, Qazi was sentenced to death for the capital murder of Darling, who was shot at the beginning of the attack and again after the other victims had been shot. Among his other punishments were a life sentence for the first-degree murder of Bennett, multiple 20-year sentences for the malicious woundings, and fines totalling $600,000.^[4]

Possible vendetta

Days before Qazi's conviction in November 1997, four U.S. oil executives and their Pakistani taxi driver were shot dead in Karachi, in what has been described as a deliberate response to Qazi's guilty verdict.^[14][15]

Execution

Qazi was executed by lethal injection on November 14, 2002, at Greensville Correctional Center in Jarratt, Virginia,^[16] and his body was repatriated to Pakistan.

Victims

The two fatalities resulting from Qazi's attack were Lansing H. Bennett M.D., 66, and Frank Darling, 28, both CIA employees. Bennett, with experience as a physician, was working as an intelligence analyst assessing the health of foreign leaders.^[17] Darling worked in covert operations.^[3]

The three people wounded in the attack were Calvin Morgan, 61, an engineer; Nicholas Starr, 60, a CIA analyst; and Stephen E. Williams, 48, an AT&T employee.^[3]

Memorials

Central Intelligence Agency memorial wall

The CIA Memorial Wall at their Langley headquarters, on which Bennett and Darling are memorialized

Bennett and Darling were memorialized as the 69th and 70th entries on the CIA's "memorial wall" of stars in the foyer of the Langley headquarters building, although President Clinton, in an address to the CIA, attributed the two individuals as the 55th and 56th stars.^[18]

See also

• 1993 World Trade Center bombing: A similar attack which took place a month later in the city of New York, killing six.
• 2010 Pentagon shooting: A similar shooting where a gunman shot two police officers at the military intelligence headquarters.

References